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Villacañas de Castro C, Hoffmeister TS. Friend or foe? A parasitic wasp shifts the cost/benefit ratio in a nursery pollination system impacting plant fitness. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4220-4232. [PMID: 32489591 PMCID: PMC7246216 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nursery pollination systems are species interactions where pollinators also act as fruit/seed herbivores of the plant partner. While the plants depend on associated insects for pollination, the insects depend on the plants' reproductive structures for larval development. The outcome of these interactions is thus placed on a gradient between mutualism and antagonism. Less specialized interactions may fluctuate along this gradient with the ecological context, where natural enemies can play an important role. We studied whether a natural enemy may impact the level of seed consumption of a nursery pollinator and how this in turn may influence individual plant fitness. We used the plant Silene latifolia, its herbivore Hadena bicruris, and its ectoparasitoid Bracon variator as a model plant-herbivore-natural enemy system. We investigated seed output, germination, survival, and flower production as proxies for individual plant fitness. We show that B. variator decreases the level of seed consumption by H. bicruris larvae which in turn increased seed output in S. latifolia plants, suggesting that parasitism by B. variator may act as a regulator in the system. However, our results also show that plant survival and flower production decrease with higher seed densities, and therefore, an increase in seed output may be less beneficial for plant fitness than estimated from seed output alone. Our study should add another layer to the complex discussion of whether parasitoids contribute to plant fitness, as we show that taking simple proxies such as seed output is insufficient to determine the net effect of multitrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. Hoffmeister
- Population and Evolutionary Ecology GroupInstitute of EcologyFB 02University of BremenBremenGermany
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Magdaraog PM, Tanaka T, Harvey JA. WASP-ASSOCIATED FACTORS ACT IN INTERSPECIES COMPETITION DURING MULTIPARASITISM. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:87-107. [PMID: 26890630 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coexistence or displacement of parasitoids in hosts during intrinsic competitive interactions between different parasitoid species (multiparasitism) may depend on their life history traits and behavior. Intense competition for possession of hosts may lead to the elimination of the inferior competitor through physical attack and/or physiological suppression. However, the mechanisms of physiological suppression during multiparasitism remain unclear. Previous work has shown that first instar larvae of the solitary endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis possess well-developed mandibles that are used to kill competitors. Two gregarious endoparasitoids, Cotesia kariyai and C. rufricus, share host resources especially when the time gap of oviposition is short. Here, we investigated the physiological influence of wasp-regulatory factors of the three endoparasitoids, M. pulchricornis, C. kariyai, and C. ruficrus, in their common host Mythimna separata. We found that MpVLP alone (or with venom) deleteriously affected the development of the two gregarious species. Similarly, CkPDV plus venom had toxic effect on M. pulchricornis eggs and immature larvae, although they were not harmful to immature stages of C. ruficrus. Cotesia kariyai and C. ruficrus were able to coexist mainly through the expression of regulatory factors and both could successfully emerge from a multiparasitized host. The injection of CkPDV plus venom after oviposition in L5 host larvae facilitated C. ruficrus development and increased the rate of successful parasitism from 9% to 62%. This suggests that the two gregarious parasitoid wasps exhibit strong phylogenetic affinity, favoring their coexistence and success in multiparasitized hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Magdaraog
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands and Amsterdam Free University
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Bili M, Cortesero AM, Outreman Y, Poinsot D. Host specialisation and competition asymmetry in coleopteran parasitoids. Oecologia 2016; 182:111-8. [PMID: 27147548 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
When specialists and generalists compete for a limited resource, specialists are more constrained because they are less likely to find an alternative resource. In parasitoids with overlapping host ranges, asymmetric competition should therefore exist where specialists are more likely to win the host in a contest. Competition between parasitoids has been studied mostly in hymenopterans. In hymenopteran parasitoid wasps, females must reach the host to lay their eggs and can thus strongly influence the outcome of competition between future offspring by killing eggs or larvae of competitors. We studied competition between the free-ranging larvae of two sympatric coleopteran parasitoid rove beetles (one specialist, Aleochara bilineata and a generalist, Aleochara bipustulata) with overlapping host ranges competing in agricultural fields for pupae of the cabbage root fly. In these species, females lay their eggs in the soil, then first instars find the host where they will develop as solitary parasitoids and deal with potential competitors. Because adult longevity and fecundity favour the generalist, we postulated that first instars of the specialist would be superior larval competitors. Accordingly, we studied the outcome of encounters between first instars of the two species provided with a single host. Irrespective of its release prior to or simultaneously with its generalist competitor, the larva of the specialist most often won. Moreover, specialist larvae still won half of the encounters when generalist larvae were given a 24-h advantage. This might explain the coexistence of the two species in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Bili
- Université Rennes 1, UMR1349 IGEPP, 35000, Rennes, France. .,Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.
| | - A M Cortesero
- Université Rennes 1, UMR1349 IGEPP, 35000, Rennes, France.,Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Y Outreman
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1349 IGEPP, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - D Poinsot
- Université Rennes 1, UMR1349 IGEPP, 35000, Rennes, France.,Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
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Bonsignore CP, Manti F, Castiglione E. Interactions between pupae of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) and parasitoids in a Pinus forest. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:621-628. [PMID: 26104534 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids are significant enemies of many economically important insects and there is some evidence to suggest that their actions have a role in terminating the outbreaks of forest Lepidoptera populations. In this study, we examined the impact of parasitoids on the pupae of the pine processionary moth, and highlighted the presence of several parasitoid species for this developmental stage. A higher rate of parasitism was found when the pupal density in the soil was reduced, but the rate of parasitism was not influenced by pupal morphological traits or by the presence or absence of a cocoon around a pupa. Of the external factors examined, a delay in the time of descent of larvae from the trees had a positive effect on the level of parasitism. Observational data indicated that dipteran and hymenopteran were the most abundant parasitoids to emerge from moth pupae. Our study highlights the complexity of the parasitoid-host dynamics, and stresses the importance of carefully determining environmental effects on host-parasitoid relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Bonsignore
- Laboratorio di Entomologia ed Ecologia Applicata - Dipartimento PAU,Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria,Salita Melissari s.n,89100 Reggio Calabria,Italy
| | - F Manti
- Laboratorio di Entomologia ed Ecologia Applicata - Dipartimento PAU,Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria,Salita Melissari s.n,89100 Reggio Calabria,Italy
| | - E Castiglione
- Laboratorio di Entomologia ed Ecologia Applicata - Dipartimento PAU,Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria,Salita Melissari s.n,89100 Reggio Calabria,Italy
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Wang XY, Jennings DE, Duan JJ. Trade-offs in parasitism efficiency and brood size mediate parasitoid coexistence, with implications for biological control of the invasive emerald ash borer. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection; State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; 2 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road Haidian Beijing 100091 China
| | - David E. Jennings
- Department of Entomology; University of Maryland; College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Jian J. Duan
- Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit; United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Newark DE 19713 USA
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Thiel A, Weeda AC. Haploid, diploid, and triploid--discrimination ability against polyploid mating partner in the parasitic wasp, Bracon brevicornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:ieu153. [PMID: 25527596 PMCID: PMC5657901 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Because the quality of mating partners varies, females of several taxa have evolved the ability to discriminate against low-quality mates. Although males in the Hymenoptera are usually haploid, diploid males may occur in species with complementary sex determination. Diploid males are almost always sterile in most of the species studied so far. They are thus of very low quality as mating partners, especially when females mate only once in life. We hypothesize that hymenopteran females might have evolved the ability to discriminate against infertile diploid males and avoid mating with them. To test this hypothesis, we studied diploid male fitness in the parasitoid wasp Bracon brevicornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by measuring survival rate and fertility and then estimated their chances of actually mating with a female. Flow cytometry was used to determine the ploidy level of wasps. The fitness costs of mating a diploid male are indeed high in this species: only 15% were able to sire daughters, of which 97% were triploid and hardly able to produce viable offspring. In contrast to the hypothesis of unsuitable mate discrimination though, no evidence was found for increased rejection of diploid males by females. Male discrimination against an unsuitable partner did also not occur: triploid females elicited the same intensity of courtship behavior in males than did diploid ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Thiel
- Population & Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen, FB 2, Leobener Str. NW2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne C Weeda
- Population & Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen, FB 2, Leobener Str. NW2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Labouche A, Bernasconi G. Cost limitation through constrained oviposition site in a plant‐pollinator/seed predator mutualism. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne‐Marie Labouche
- Institute of Biology, Evolutionary Botany University of Neuchâtel Emile Argand 11 Neuchâtel CH‐2000 Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Quartier Sorge Lausanne CH‐1015 Switzerland
| | - Giorgina Bernasconi
- Institute of Biology, Evolutionary Botany University of Neuchâtel Emile Argand 11 Neuchâtel CH‐2000 Switzerland
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Harvey JA, Poelman EH, Tanaka T. Intrinsic inter- and intraspecific competition in parasitoid wasps. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 58:333-51. [PMID: 23092242 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Immature development of parasitoid wasps is restricted to resources found in a single host that is often similar in size to the adult parasitoid. When two or more parasitoids of the same or different species attack the same host, there is competition for monopolization of host resources. The success of intrinsic competition differs between parasitoids attacking growing hosts and parasitoids attacking paralyzed hosts. Furthermore, the evolution of gregarious development in parasitoids reflects differences in various developmental and behavioral traits, as these influence antagonistic encounters among immature parasitoids. Fitness-related costs (or benefits) of competition for the winning parasitoid reveal that time lags between successive attacks influence the outcome of competition. Physiological mechanisms used to exclude competitors include physical and biochemical factors that originate with the ovipositing female wasp or her progeny. In a broader multitrophic framework, indirect factors, such as plant quality, may affect parasitoids through effects on immunity and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Boivin G, Martel V. Size-induced reproductive constraints in an egg parasitoid. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1694-1700. [PMID: 23103981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The size of adult parasitoids is influenced by the quantity and quality of resources available during immature development. Gregarious development of endoparasitoids results in scramble competition where the resources are shared among individuals developing into the same host. Individuals that developed gregariously are therefore smaller and that reduced size generally translates into lower fitness due to reductions in several life history traits including longevity, mobility and traits linked to reproduction. We measured the reproductive constraints induced by size in Anaphes listronoti (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a facultative gregarious egg parasitoid of Curculionidae. Size decreased with number of immatures developing in a host egg for both male and female A. listronoti. This reduction in size induced a reproductive cost as both males and females produced fewer gametes when developing gregariously. Contrarily to other egg parasitoids, A. listronoti males are not prospermatogenic and produced some sperm during their adult life. Their spermatogeny index is estimated at 0.6-0.7 that places this species as moderately synspermatogenic. Female A. listronoti have an ovigeny index of 0.70 and are therefore moderately synovigenic. Large females that developed singly received a full sperm complement only when mated by a large male that also developed singly. When mating with a small triplet male, a large female received less than half her sperm complement. Large males were able to mate three females before the number of sperm transferred started to decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Boivin
- Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Boulevard Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Qc, Canada J3B 3E6.
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Harvey JA, Tanaka T, Kruidhof M, Vet LE, Gols R. The ‘usurpation hypothesis’ revisited: dying caterpillar repels attack from a hyperparasitoid wasp. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Harvey JA, Pashalidou F, Soler R, Bezemer TM. Intrinsic competition between two secondary hyperparasitoids results in temporal trophic switch. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Burkhardt A, Delph LF, Bernasconi G. Benefits and costs to pollinating, seed-eating insects: the effect of flower size and fruit abortion on larval performance. Oecologia 2009; 161:87-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Harvey JA, Gols R, Strand MR. Intrinsic competition and its effects on the survival and development of three species of endoparasitoid wasps. ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA 2009; 130:238-248. [PMID: 20148060 PMCID: PMC2770194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In natural systems, pre-adult stages of some insect herbivores are known to be attacked by several species of parasitoids. Under certain conditions, hosts may be simultaneously parasitised by more than one parasitoid species (= multiparasitism), even though only one parasitoid species can successfully develop in an individual host. Here, we compared development, survival, and intrinsic competitive interactions amongst three species of solitary larval endoparasitoids, Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson, and Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in singly parasitised and multiparasitised hosts. The three species differed in certain traits, such as in host usage strategies and adult body size. Campoletis sonorensis and M. demolitor survived equally well to eclosion in two host species that differed profoundly in size, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) and the larger Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (both Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Egg-to-adult development time in C. sonorensis and M. demolitor also differed in the two hosts. Moreover, adult body mass in C. sonorensis (and not M. demolitor) was greater when developing in H. virescens larvae. We then monitored the outcome of competitive interactions in host larvae that were parasitised by one parasitoid species and subsequently multiparasitised by another species at various time intervals (0, 6, 24, and 48 h) after the initial parasitism. These experiments revealed that M. croceipes was generally a superior competitor to the other two species, whereas M. demolitor was the poorest competitor, with C. sonorensis being intermediate in this capacity. However, competition sometimes incurred fitness costs in M. croceipes and C. sonorensis, with longer development time and/or smaller adult mass observed in surviving wasps emerging from multiparasitised hosts. Our results suggest that rapid growth and large size relative to competitors of a similar age may be beneficial in aggressive intrinsic competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Multitrophic Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Terrestrial Ecology, Heteren, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Department of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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LAURENNE NINA, KARATOLOS NIKOS, QUICKE DONALDLJ. Hammering homoplasy: multiple gains and losses of vibrational sounding in cryptine wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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