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Dunlop WL, Lind M, Hopwood CJ. Synthesizing Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory and the Narrative Identity Approach to Examine Personality Dynamics and Regulatory Processes. J Pers 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carlson SE, Smith TW, Parkhurst KA, Tinajero R, Grove JL, Goans C, Hirai M, Ruiz JM. Moving Toward, Moving Against, and Moving Away: An Interpersonal Approach to Construct Validation of the Horney-Coolidge Type Inventory. J Pers Assess 2021; 104:650-659. [PMID: 34748442 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.1991358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Karen Horney's interpersonal theory of adjustment defined three different neurotic trends involving characteristic social behavior and motives: compliant (moving toward people), aggressive (moving against people), and detached (moving away from people). The Horney-Coolidge Type Inventory (HCTI) was developed to assess these trends, but has not been validated using standard methods in the interpersonal perspective. The studies reported here refined the structure of the HCTI, and utilized the structural summary method (SSM) to identify relationships of the three shortened HCTI trend scales with the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) in single university (n = 514) and multisite university (n = 3,283) samples. Results across both studies confirmed predicted interpersonal characteristics of each trend: Compliance was associated with warm submissiveness, aggression was associated with hostile dominance, and detachment was associated with hostile or cold submissiveness. However, analyses of facets within the three HCTI trend domains revealed significant differences. Results are discussed as a potential guide to further refinement of assessments of the Horney maladaptive trends, and support inclusion of Horney's model in current interpersonal theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christian Goans
- Department Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Michiyo Hirai
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley
| | - John M Ruiz
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona
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Du TV, Thomas KM, Lynam DR. An Interpersonal Approach to Social Preference: Examining Patterns and Influences of Liking and Being Bothered by Interpersonal Behaviors of Others. J Pers Disord 2021; 35:708-729. [PMID: 34596422 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2021.35.5.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Personality disorders are rooted in maladaptive interpersonal behaviors. Previously, researchers have assessed interpersonal behaviors using self-ratings of one's own behaviors and third-person ratings of dyadic interactions. Few studies have examined individuals' perceptions of others' interpersonal behaviors. Using a sample of 470 undergraduate students, the authors examined patterns of interpersonal perception as well as influences of these patterns on psychological functioning. Findings showed that people tend to like interpersonal behaviors that are similar to their own and become bothered by behaviors that are the opposite of their own. Such a pattern is particularly characteristic on the warmth dimension and is consistent across different levels of closeness of the relationship. The authors also found small but significant effects of interpersonal perception on personality and general psychological functioning, above and beyond effects of individuals' own interpersonal traits. Such findings highlight the importance of including perceptions of others in investigating interpersonal dynamics when understanding personality disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei V Du
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Du TV, Thomas KM, Lynam DR. An Interpersonal Approach to Social Preference: Examining Patterns and Influences of Liking and Being Bothered by Interpersonal Behaviors of Others. J Pers Disord 2021; 35:708-729. [PMID: 33779283 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2020_34_496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Personality disorders are rooted in maladaptive interpersonal behaviors. Previously, researchers have assessed interpersonal behaviors using self-ratings of one's own behaviors and third-person ratings of dyadic interactions. Few studies have examined individuals' perceptions of others' interpersonal behaviors. Using a sample of 470 undergraduate students, the authors examined patterns of interpersonal perception as well as influences of these patterns on psychological functioning. Findings showed that people tend to like interpersonal behaviors that are similar to their own and become bothered by behaviors that are the opposite of their own. Such a pattern is particularly characteristic on the warmth dimension and is consistent across different levels of closeness of the relationship. The authors also found small but significant effects of interpersonal perception on personality and general psychological functioning, above and beyond effects of individuals' own interpersonal traits. Such findings highlight the importance of including perceptions of others in investigating interpersonal dynamics when understanding personality disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei V Du
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Schug RA. Personality Disorder Traits, Rorschach Performance, and Neuropsychological Functioning in the Case of a Serial Killer: The Importance of a Multilevel Approach in the Assessment of Personalities Associated with Extreme and Repetitive Violence. J Pers Assess 2021; 104:559-571. [PMID: 34338084 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.1942023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present paper utilized the case study of an incarcerated serial killer ("Keith") to demonstrate how combining three assessment techniques (the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders, the Rorschach task, and a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological measures) within a multilevel personality assessment framework might elucidate possible personality-based underpinnings of extreme and repetitive violence-representing a "next wave" of serial killer research while also highlighting the empirical and clinical value of an empirically-neglected multilevel assessment approach. Gacono and Meloy's multimethod "levels" model was selected as a multilevel framework, and Leary's recommended examination of inter-level consistency was utilized as an integrative strategy. Results indicated marked divergencies among Keith's data levels in areas of executive abilities, psychotic symptoms, affective/emotional disconnectivity, and sexual disturbance that suggested areas for potential change (perhaps in therapy), while consistencies among levels in social cognition and object relations suggested more stable characteristics that may be resistant to modification. The application of multilevel personality assessment methods to extremely and repetitively violent persons represents an important clinical approach worthy of future study-potentially having implications for research, clinical and forensic assessment, and treatment, and advancing empirical and clinical understandings of the continuum of interpersonal violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Schug
- School of Criminology, Criminal Justice, and Emergency Management, California State University, Long Beach, CA
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Kehl M, Edershile EA, Hopwood CJ, Wright AGC. A response surface analysis investigation of the effects of (mis)alignment between interpersonal values and efficacies on interpersonal problems. J Pers 2021; 89:1143-1158. [PMID: 33871053 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study we examined whether discrepancies between interpersonal values and interpersonal efficacies are associated with distress, and provide a framework through which similar questions regarding intrapersonal alignment may be investigated. METHOD Using interpersonal circumplex scales, we assessed interpersonal values and efficacies in two large samples (undergraduate N = 1,453, community N = 1,099) and used response surface analysis to model the alignment of these variables and their association with interpersonal distress. RESULTS We found that there were significant positive relationships between larger mismatches and greater distress. We also found that extremity in both matches and mismatches predicted more distress. At a more specific level, people who valued warmth but reported low efficacy for warm behavior reported problems related to being too cold to others. CONCLUSION This study highlights the value of elaborating within-person discrepancies across personality levels, provides a model for doing so organized around the interpersonal circumplex, and specifies connections between value-efficacy discrepancies and interpersonal distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Kehl
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Six assumptions of contemporary integrative interpersonal theory of personality and psychopathology. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 41:65-70. [PMID: 33901924 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary integrative interpersonal theory is an evidence-based model of personality, psychopathology, and intervention. In this article, we review six assumptions of contemporary integrative interpersonal theory that distinguish it from other frameworks and suggest five particularly promising and important areas for future research.
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Richardson K, Hart W, Kinrade C. Investigating how self-esteem moderates grandiose narcissism's interpersonal orientation. J Pers 2020; 89:738-753. [PMID: 33326605 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most previous research has treated grandiose narcissism and self-esteem as additive predictors of outcomes, but some theory and evidence suggests they may sometimes interact to predict outcomes. Unfortunately, the nature of this interaction is unclear; we suggest a framework to conceptualize the interaction and test it vis-à-vis the interpersonal circumplex framework. METHOD Participants (N = 598; Mage = 38.39; 327 females; 72.1% White) reported their levels of grandiose narcissism and self-esteem and completed interpersonal circumplex measures of efficacies, values, problems, and sensitivities. RESULTS As self-esteem decreased, grandiose narcissism related (a) more negatively to communal efficacies and values and (b) more positively to sensitivity to others' communal behaviors. Also as self-esteem decreased, unexpectedly, grandiose narcissism related (a) more positively to agentic efficacies and problems and (b) more negatively to sensitivity to others' agentic behaviors. CONCLUSION Overall, the present findings generally support using interaction models over additive models of grandiose narcissism and self-esteem in interpersonal contexts, suggesting that grandiose narcissism becomes generally less communal, more agentic, and more interpersonally problematic as self-esteem decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Richardson
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - William Hart
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Charlotte Kinrade
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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De Page L, Merckelbach H. Associations between supernormality ('faking good'), narcissism and depression: An exploratory study in a clinical sample. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 28:182-188. [PMID: 32812299 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We explored underreporting of mental health symptoms and its correlates in adults receiving psychological treatment. We administered the Supernormality Scale (SS), the Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory-2 (Restructured Form, MMPI-2-RF), the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-2) to 147 patients at the start of their treatment. Supernormality (i.e., denial of common symptoms) was positively associated with MMPI-2(-RF) faking good parameters supporting the construct validity of the SS. Narcissism was negatively related to self-reported depression symptoms, but this association failed to reach significance (r = -.15, p = .07). This suggests that patients high on grandiose/overt narcissism might tend to deny common symptoms. The link between supernormality and depression symptoms as measured by the BDI-2 was substantial and negative (r = -.72). Our data suggest that supernormality is associated with constricted self-reports of depression. Given the clinical relevance of symptom underreporting, our preliminary findings require a large-scale replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis De Page
- Mediter Psychotherapy Center, Halle, Belgium.,MSU Hegoa, Centre Hospitalier Jean Titeca (CHJT), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harald Merckelbach
- Forensic Psychology Section, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bliton CF, Pincus AL. Construction and Validation of the Interpersonal Influence Tactics Circumplex (IIT-C) Scales. Assessment 2019; 27:688-705. [PMID: 31342776 DOI: 10.1177/1073191119864661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of interpersonal dispositions (e.g., traits, problems) commonly employs self- and informant-report measures that conform to the two-dimensional interpersonal circumplex (IPC) model. Here, we adopted the IPC and interpersonal theory as a framework for mapping the universe of content of interpersonal influence. Although there are existing measures of influence tactics used in influence research, this literature is divided among disciplines with varying construct definitions and no unifying theory. Here, we define interpersonal influence as the conscious maneuvering of one's behavior to engender desired responses from others in interpersonal situations. The current article details the construction and validation of the Interpersonal Influence Tactics Circumplex (IIT-C) Scales in two samples (Ns = 862, 608). The 64-item IIT-C assesses a comprehensive taxonomy of interpersonal influence tactics conforming to the structure of the IPC. Circumplex structure of the IIT-C was confirmed and replicated. Using the structural summary method for circumplex data, associations with other IPC measures, existing measures of influence, normal personality traits, and pathological personality traits supported the validity of IIT-C scores. The IIT-C assesses a theoretically based and empirically derived set of interpersonal influence tactics and provides a common language for integrating distinct streams of influence research by conforming to the IPC.
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Locke KD. Development and Validation of a Circumplex Measure of the Interpersonal Culture in Work Teams and Organizations. Front Psychol 2019; 10:850. [PMID: 31118910 PMCID: PMC6504781 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal circumplex (IPC) inventories assess a range of dispositions but can condense and compare their findings within a circular model defined by two factors: agency and communion. Whereas other IPC inventories assess individuals, the current research introduces IPC inventories assessing the interpersonal culture (interaction and communication norms) characterizing an entire organization or team-namely, the Circumplex Culture Scan (CCS) and Circumplex Team Scan (CTS). Across an initial development sample (n = 1676), online validation sample (CCS, n = 808; CTS, n = 832), and onsite validation sample (CCS, n = 516 respondents from 21 organizations; CTS, n = 347 respondents from 38 teams), the eight 8-item CCS/CTS octant scales demonstrated good internal consistencies, circumplex properties, reliable within-group agreement and between-group variance (thus justifying aggregation across an organization/team), and convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity in relation to other measures. According to their members, the organizations/teams with the most satisfied members and customers/clients were organizations/teams with considerably stronger communal (e.g., being open and respectful) than uncommunal (e.g., being rude and guarded) norms and somewhat stronger agentic (e.g., being eager and assertive) than unagentic (e.g., being cautious and quiet) norms. The CCS/CTS complements existing IPC and organizational culture measures and helps bridge the IPC and organizational literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D. Locke
- Department of Psychology and Communication Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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Lewis KC, Ridenour JM. The Integration of EMA and Single-Occasion Multimethod Assessment Data for a Complex Psychiatric Patient. Assessment 2019; 27:1532-1546. [PMID: 30678485 DOI: 10.1177/1073191118825313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of multimethod assessment approaches can provide comprehensive information regarding daily interpersonal and personality functioning, increasing opportunities to guide treatment planning in a more personalized, evidence-based manner. The routine implementation of multimethod assessment within clinical settings, however, remains rare, and there are few studies that have reviewed the clinical utility of multimethod assessment. Our goal in this study was to analyze multimethod data collected from a single research subject enrolled in residential treatment in order to illustrate the process of integrating data across both single-occasion (e.g., self-report, performance-based, and behavioral tests) and multitimepoint (ecological momentary assessment of interpersonal experiences) dimensions. Results revealed both areas of convergence and divergence across measures, enabling the development of a complex clinical formulation that sharpened diagnostic considerations and contributed valuable insights to treatment planning. Our findings provide support for the value of incorporating multimethod assessment into routine clinical practice.
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Locke KD, Sayegh L, Weber C, Turecki G. Interpersonal Self-Efficacy, Goals, and Problems of Persistently Depressed Outpatients: Prototypical Circumplex Profiles and Distinctive Subgroups. Assessment 2018; 25:988-1000. [PMID: 30392413 DOI: 10.1177/1073191116672330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Severely and persistently depressed outpatients ( n = 138) completed interpersonal circumplex measures of self-efficacy, problems, and values/goals. Compared with normative samples, patients showed deficits in agency: They reported less self-efficacy, especially for being assertive, tough, and influential; stronger goals, especially to avoid conflict or humiliation; and more problems, especially with being too timid, inhibited, and accommodating. Circular and structural summary indices suggested greater variability among patients in goal profiles than in efficacy or problem profiles; nonetheless, latent profile analyses identified coherent subgroups of patients with distinct patterns of efficacy (e.g., lacking confidence for speaking up vs. setting boundaries) and problems (e.g., being overly inhibited vs. self-sacrificing) as well as goals (e.g., to be included vs. unobtrusive). Women and those with more severe symptoms were overrepresented in the least agentic groups. The results show how observing patients through multiple circumplex surfaces simultaneously can help clarify their interpersonal dispositions and inform interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliane Sayegh
- 2 Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,3 McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Gustavo Turecki
- 2 Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,3 McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Hopwood CJ, Good EW. Structure and correlates of interpersonal problems and sensitivities. J Pers 2018; 87:843-855. [PMID: 30320881 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interpersonal dysfunction is an important marker of individual differences in personality and well-being. Existing research on interpersonal dysfunction focuses primarily on the problematic behaviors of individuals without considering how sensitivity to others' behavior impacts functioning. In this study, we test the structure and correlates of a model of relationship dysfunction that integrates the problems individuals bring to relationships with their sensitivities to others' behavior. We specifically examine the conjoint structure of interpersonal problems and sensitivities using a circumplex framework and associations between dimensions derived from this structure and personality, well-being, attachment, and response style variables. METHOD We evaluated competing measurement models and examined validity correlations of interpersonal problems and sensitivities in two samples (Study 1: N = 955; 79.2% women; Mage = 19.43; Study 2: N = 1,005; 72.1% women; Mage = 19.77). RESULTS Six factors capturing general (nonspecific problems and sensitivities) and stylistic (warmth and dominance for both problems and sensitivities) variation in interpersonal dysfunction were empirically distinguishable and provided incremental information about external criteria. CONCLUSIONS Results support problems and sensitivities as overlapping but distinct sources of information about interpersonal dysfunction, and they specifically suggest an integrative six-factor model with considerable potential for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan W Good
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Hopwood CJ. Interpersonal Dynamics in Personality and Personality Disorders. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and basic personality psychologists interact less than they should, given their similar interests. In clinical personality psychology, available evidence supports a transition from the current categorical system to a hierarchical trait scheme for diagnosing the stable features of personality disorder. However, trait models do not capture the dynamic aspects of personality disorders as they have been described in the clinical literature, and thus miss a clinically critical feature of personality pathology. In contrast, basic personality psychologists have coalesced around a consensual structure of individual differences and become increasingly interested in the dynamic processes that underlie and contextualize traits. But trait psychology models are not sufficiently specific to characterize dynamic personality processes. In this paper, I filter clinical descriptions of personality disorders through the lens of interpersonal theory to specify a recursive within–situation interpersonal pattern of motives, affects, behaviours, and perceptions that could contribute to the stable between–situation patterns of maladaptive behaviour of historical interest to both basic and clinical personality psychologists. I suggest that this interpersonal model adds specificity to recent proposals regarding processes in the basic personality literature and has significant potential to advance research on personality dynamics. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Dowgwillo EA, Roche MJ, Pincus AL. Examining the Interpersonal Nature of Criterion A of theDSM–5Section III Alternative Model for Personality Disorders Using Bootstrapped Confidence Intervals for the Interpersonal Circumplex. J Pers Assess 2018; 100:581-592. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2018.1464016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Roche
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University at Altoona
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Boudreaux MJ, Ozer DJ, Oltmanns TF, Wright AGC. Development and validation of the Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Problems. Psychol Assess 2017. [PMID: 28627918 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The interpersonal circumplex (IPC) is a well-established model of social behavior that spans basic personality and clinical science. Although several measures are available to assess interpersonal functioning (e.g., motives, traits) within an IPC framework, researchers studying interpersonal difficulties have relied primarily on a single measure, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex Scales (IIP-C; Horowitz, Alden, Wiggins, & Pincus, 2000). Although the IIP-C is a widely used measure, it is currently the only measure specifically designed to assess maladaptive interpersonal behavior using the IPC framework. The purpose of the current study is to describe a new 64-item measure of interpersonal problems, called the Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Problems (CSIP). Interpersonal problems derived from a pool of 400 personality-related problems were assessed in two large university samples. In the scale development sample (N = 1,197), items that best characterized each sector of the IPC were identified, and a set of eight 8-item circumplex scales was developed. Psychometric properties of the resulting measure were then examined in the validation sample (N = 757). Results from confirmatory circumplex structural analyses indicated that the CSIP fit well to a quasi-circumplex model. The CSIP converged with the IIP-C and the Revised Interpersonal Adjective Scales (Wiggins, 1995), and associated in theoretically expected ways with broader assessments of adaptive- and maladaptive-range personality traits and symptoms of psychological distress. The CSIP augments the IIP-C with additional content, thereby helping to extend the underlying constructs, and provides an alternative means for studying the interpersonal consequences of personality and psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Dowgwillo EA, Pincus AL. Differentiating Dark Triad Traits Within and Across Interpersonal Circumplex Surfaces. Assessment 2016; 24:24-44. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191116643161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent discussions surrounding the Dark Triad (narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) have centered on areas of distinctiveness and overlap. Given that interpersonal dysfunction is a core feature of Dark Triad traits, the current study uses self-report data from 562 undergraduate students to examine the interpersonal characteristics associated with narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism on four interpersonal circumplex (IPC) surfaces. The distinctiveness of these characteristics was examined using a novel bootstrapping methodology for computing confidence intervals around circumplex structural summary method parameters. Results suggest that Dark Triad traits exhibit distinct structural summary method parameters with narcissism characterized by high dominance, psychopathy characterized by a blend of high dominance and low affiliation, and Machiavellianism characterized by low affiliation on the problems, values, and efficacies IPC surfaces. Additionally, there was some heterogeneity in findings for different measures of psychopathy. Gender differences in structural summary parameters were examined, finding similar parameter values despite mean-level differences in Dark Triad traits. Finally, interpersonal information was integrated across different IPC surfaces to create profiles associated with each Dark Triad trait and to provide a more in-depth portrait of associated interpersonal dynamics.
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Hopwood CJ, Thomas KM, Luo X, Bernard N, Lin Y, Levendosky AA. Implementing Dynamic Assessments in Psychotherapy. Assessment 2016; 23:507-517. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191116649658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we organize multimethod, multitimescale data around the interpersonal situation, a conceptual framework that can be used to integrate personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy constructs in order to guide the assessment of clinical dynamics. We first describe the key variables of the interpersonal situation model and articulate methods for assessing those variables as they manifest (a) across different levels of personality, (b) across situations, and (c) within situations. We next use a case to demonstrate how to assess aspects of the interpersonal situation in a manner that enhances case conceptualization and facilitates the evaluation of clinical hypotheses. We also use this case to highlight challenges and decisions involved in implementing dynamic assessment in psychotherapy. We conclude by outlining areas in need of further exploration toward a more sophisticated approach to clinical practice that involves the routine assessment of dynamic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaochen Luo
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Yanli Lin
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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