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Clarke PJF, Szeremeta E, Van Bockstaele B, Notebaert L, Meeten F, Todd J. Contamination fear and attention bias variability early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Behav Res Ther 2024; 175:104497. [PMID: 38422560 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a dramatic increase in the salience and importance of information relating to both the risk of infection, and factors that could mitigate against such risk. This is likely to have contributed to elevated contamination fear concerns in the general population. Biased attention for contamination-related information has been proposed as a potential mechanism underlying contamination fear, though evidence regarding the presence of such biased attention has been inconsistent. A possible reason for this is that contamination fear may be characterised by variability in attention bias that has not yet been examined. The current study examined the potential association between attention bias variability for both contamination-related and mitigation-related stimuli, and contamination fear during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. A final sample of 315 participants completed measures of attention bias and contamination fear. The measure of average attention bias for contamination-related stimuli and mitigation-related stimuli was not associated with contamination fear (r = 0.055 and r = 0.051, p > 0.10), though both attention bias variability measures did show a small but statistically significant relationship with contamination fear (r = 0.133, p < 0.05; r = 0.147, p < 0.01). These attention bias variability measures also accounted for significant additional variance in contamination fear above the average attention bias measure (and controlling for response time variability). These findings provide initial evidence for the association between attention bias variability and contamination fear, underscoring a potential target for cognitive bias interventions for clinical contamination fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J F Clarke
- Cognition and Emotion Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Australia.
| | - Elise Szeremeta
- Cognition and Emotion Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Bram Van Bockstaele
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Australia; Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lies Notebaert
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Frances Meeten
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Jemma Todd
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Australia
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Al Mohaddesin FR, Moghimi A, Fadardi JS. Disgust-reduction evaluative conditioning (DREC) and brain stimulation in patients with contamination-based obsessive-compulsive disorder: a protocol for a randomized control trial. Trials 2023; 24:750. [PMID: 38001473 PMCID: PMC10675853 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative emotional valence of a stimulus can be altered if paired with a pleasant stimulus, a phenomenon referred to as evaluative conditioning. Disgust, as a central emotion in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), particularly in the contamination subtype, may be an appropriate target for such a method. We know that disgust processing and OCD pathophysiology share in some brain areas, including the orbitofrontal cortex, as the neuromodulation techniques targeted in this area have been able to decrease OCD symptoms. We aim to conduct a randomized clinical trial to investigate the evaluative conditioning effect on disgust reduction in patients with contamination-based OCD when administered with or without neuromodulation targeted orbitofrontal cortex. METHOD In a single-blind randomized control trial (RCT), 55 patients with contamination-based OCD will be randomly assigned to four arms. In a factorial design, they will receive 10 sessions of evaluative conditioning training (either sham or real) plus cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the orbitofrontal cortex (either sham or real). The intensity of disgust experience and clinical symptoms will be investigated as primary outcomes and quantitative electroencephalogram and cognitive functions as secondary outcomes. The data will be collected at three assessment levels: baseline, after completing intervention sessions, and 2-month follow-up. DISCUSSION The present RCT is the first study that applies evaluative conditioning training in the OCD clinical sample. It will clarify the effect of the evaluative conditioning method alone and with tDCS on disgust reduction in patients with contamination-based OCD. It will provide initial evidence for such an emotion modulation method in the OCD population. The effect of this emotion-focused protocol on cognitive functions and electroencephalogram components is also of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05907369. Registered on 16 June 2023. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Moghimi
- Rayan Research Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Javad Salehi Fadardi
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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3
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Sandoval-Lentisco A, López-Nicolás R, López-López JA, Sánchez-Meca J. Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory and Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: A reliability generalization meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:28-42. [PMID: 35849418 PMCID: PMC10084361 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (FOCI) and its pediatric version, the Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI), are instruments for evaluating obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. METHOD A reliability generalization meta-analysis was conducted to estimate an average reliability of the scores and to identify study characteristics that explained the heterogeneity among scores. Using Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) and Cronbach's α, a total of 23 and 20 independent samples were included in the meta-analysis for the FOCI and C-FOCI. RESULTS We found an average KR-20 of 0.826 for the FOCI's Symptom Checklist and an α of 0.882 FOCI's Symptom Severity. An average KR-20 of 0.740 was found for the C-FOCI's Symptom Checklist, while an average α of 0.794 was found for the C-FOCI's Symptom Severity. Moderator analyses showed that the source of the coefficients (i.e., whether they were reported by the authors of the primary study or estimated by the meta-analysts) was an important variable for the FOCI Symptom Severity, and that the focus of the study (i.e., whether it was psychometric or applied) and the sample size were relevant for the C-FOCI Symptom Checklist. CONCLUSIONS Considering that the FOCI and C-FOCI are scales characterized by their brevity and ease of use, and the reliabilities obtained here, both scales are well suited for screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubén López-Nicolás
- Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Julio Sánchez-Meca
- Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Cakiroglu S, Cosgun S, Gormez V. The prevalence and severity of misophonia in the Turkish population and validation of the Amsterdam Misophonia Scale-Revised. Bull Menninger Clin 2022; 86:159-180. [DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2022.86.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Amsterdam Misophonia Scale-Revised (AMISOS-R) is a self-report scale that measures the presence and severity of symptoms experienced in response to specific auditory stimuli. This cross-sectional, descriptive study aims to evaluate psychometric properties of the AMISOS-R in the Turkish language and to examine psychosocial factors associated with misophonia. A total of 374 individuals (female/male: 154/220) between 15 and 45 years of age were included in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit indices were at a good level, and they supported the single-factor structure. Test-retest results and Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed that the scale had high reliability. Misophonia scores were also found to be moderately correlated with obsessive-compulsive disorder and neuroticism. The AMISOS-R was found to be a valid and reliable tool to evaluate misophonia in the Turkish language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Cakiroglu
- Child and adolescent psychiatrist, Istanbul Göztepe Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yalçin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sefa Cosgun
- Child and adolescent psychiatrist, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Vahdet Gormez
- Associate professor and child and adolescent psychiatrist, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Medicine Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Núñez-Núñez RM, Rubio-Aparicio M, Marín-Martínez F, Sánchez-Meca J, López-Pina JA, López-López JA. A Reliability Generalization Meta-analysis of the Padua Inventory-Revised (PI-R). Int J Clin Health Psychol 2021; 22:100277. [PMID: 34703467 PMCID: PMC8517387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective: The Padua Inventory-Revised (PI-R) is a widely applied instrument to measure obsessive-compulsive symptoms in clinical and nonclinical samples. We conducted a reliability generalization meta-analysis on the PI-R. Method: An exhaustive literature search yielded 118 empirical studies that had applied the PI-R, from which 30 studies (33 samples) reported an original reliability estimate. Results: Assuming a random-effects model, the average internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was .92 (95% CI [.91, .93]) for the total scores, and ranged from .74 to .89 for the subscales. Assuming mixed-effects models, moderator analyses showed a positive statistically significant association between the standard deviation of the total scores and the reliability coefficients (p = .002; R2 = .38). Conclusions: In terms of reliability, the PI-R scale was found to be adequate for both research and clinical purposes, although exhibiting large heterogeneity across studies. Future empirical studies using the PI-R should be required to provide at least one reliability estimate based on their own data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Núñez-Núñez
- Department of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - María Rubio-Aparicio
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Alicante, Spain
- Corresponding author: Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante), Spain
| | | | - Julio Sánchez-Meca
- Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Spain
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Loosen AM, Skvortsova V, Hauser TU. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and information seeking during the Covid-19 pandemic. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:309. [PMID: 34021112 PMCID: PMC8138954 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased mental-health symptoms as a reaction to stressful life events, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, are common. Critically, successful adaptation helps to reduce such symptoms to baseline, preventing long-term psychiatric disorders. It is thus important to understand whether and which psychiatric symptoms show transient elevations, and which persist long-term and become chronically heightened. At particular risk for the latter trajectory are symptom dimensions directly affected by the pandemic, such as obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. In this longitudinal large-scale study (N = 406), we assessed how OC, anxiety and depression symptoms changed throughout the first pandemic wave in a sample of the general UK public. We further examined how these symptoms affected pandemic-related information seeking and adherence to governmental guidelines. We show that scores in all psychiatric domains were initially elevated, but showed distinct longitudinal change patterns. Depression scores decreased, and anxiety plateaued during the first pandemic wave, while OC symptoms further increased, even after the ease of Covid-19 restrictions. These OC symptoms were directly linked to Covid-related information seeking, which gave rise to higher adherence to government guidelines. This increase of OC symptoms in this non-clinical sample shows that the domain is disproportionately affected by the pandemic. We discuss the long-term impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on public mental health, which calls for continued close observation of symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa M Loosen
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Vasilisa Skvortsova
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
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Sánchez-Meca J, Marín-Martínez F, López-López JA, Núñez-Núñez RM, Rubio-Aparicio M, López-García JJ, López-Pina JA, Blázquez-Rincón DM, López-Ibáñez C, López-Nicolás R. Improving the reporting quality of reliability generalization meta-analyses: The REGEMA checklist. Res Synth Methods 2021; 12:516-536. [PMID: 33742752 DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reliability generalization (RG) is a meta-analytic approach that aims to characterize how reliability estimates from the same test vary across different applications of the instrument. With this purpose RG meta-analyses typically focus on a particular test and intend to obtain an overall reliability of test scores and to investigate how the composition and variability of the samples affect reliability. Although several guidelines have been proposed in the meta-analytic literature to help authors improve the reporting quality of meta-analyses, none of them were devised for RG meta-analyses. The purpose of this investigation was to develop REGEMA (REliability GEneralization Meta-Analysis), a 30-item checklist (plus a flow chart) adapted to the specific issues that the reporting of an RG meta-analysis must take into account. Based on previous checklists and guidelines proposed in the meta-analytic arena, a first version was elaborated by applying the nominal group methodology. The resulting instrument was submitted to a list of independent meta-analysis experts and, after discussion, the final version of the REGEMA checklist was reached. In a pilot study, four pairs of coders applied REGEMA to a random sample of 40 RG meta-analyses in Psychology, and results showed satisfactory inter-coder reliability. REGEMA can be used by: (a) meta-analysts conducting or reporting an RG meta-analysis and aiming to improve its reporting quality; (b) consumers of RG meta-analyses who want to make informed critical appraisals of their reporting quality, and (c) reviewers and editors of journals who are considering submissions where an RG meta-analysis was reported for potential publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sánchez-Meca
- Department of Basic Psychology & Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa Maria Núñez-Núñez
- Department of Behavioral & Health Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen López-Ibáñez
- Department of Basic Psychology & Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rubén López-Nicolás
- Department of Basic Psychology & Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Hook RW, Grant JE, Ioannidis K, Tiego J, Yücel M, Wilkinson P, Chamberlain SR. Trans-diagnostic measurement of impulsivity and compulsivity: A review of self-report tools. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 120:455-469. [PMID: 33115636 PMCID: PMC7116678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impulsivity and compulsivity are important constructs, relevant to understanding behaviour in the general population, as well as in particular mental disorders (e.g. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder). The current paper provides a narrative review of self-report impulsivity and compulsivity scales. METHODS A literature search was conducted using the following terms: ("impulsivity" OR "compulsivity") AND ("self-report" OR "questionnaire" OR "psychometric" OR "scale"). RESULTS 25 impulsive and 11 compulsive scales were identified, which varied considerably in psychometric properties, convenience, and validity. For impulsivity, the most commonly used scales were the BIS and the UPPS-P, whilst for compulsivity, the Padua Inventory was commonly used. The majority of compulsivity scales measured OCD symptoms (obsessions and compulsions) rather than being trans-diagnostic or specific to compulsivity (as opposed to obsessions). Scales capable of overcoming these limitations were highlighted. DISCUSSION This review provides clarity regarding relative advantages and disadvantages of different scales relevant to the measurement of impulsivity and compulsivity in many contexts. Areas for further research and refinement are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne W Hook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, USA
| | - Konstantinos Ioannidis
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- Neural Systems and Behaviour Lab, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Australia
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom; Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom; Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
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Paz C, Evans C, Valdiviezo-Oña J, Osejo-Taco G. Acceptability and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Translation of the Schwartz Outcome Scale-10 (SOS-10-E) Outside the United States: A Replication and Extension in a Latin American Context. J Pers Assess 2020; 103:695-704. [PMID: 33006483 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1825963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Schwartz Outcome Scale-10 is a 10-item measure that has proven utility for assessing well-being and mental health and measuring change over time. Although there is a Spanish translation of the measure created in the United States for the Latino population, its acceptability and psychometric properties have not been studied in unilingual Spanish speakers, nor outside the United States. The aim of the present study is to explore these properties in larger samples, clinical and non-clinical, from Latin America adding convergent validity checking and exploration of effects of gender and age on scores. A qualitative study was conducted with 11 participants to test for dialect/language issues, then a psychometric exploration of data from 886 participants in a non-clinical sample and 172 in a clinical sample. The results showed good psychometric characteristics and suggest that the SOS-10-E can be used in Latin America. A cutoff of 42.51 differentiates clinical scores from non-clinical. Future studies are needed to explore sensitivity to change and check replication in other Spanish speaking populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Paz
- School of Psychology, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Chris Evans
- Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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Alcocer-Bruno C, Ferrer-Cascales R, Rubio-Aparicio M, Ruiz-Robledillo N. The Medical Outcome Study-HIV Health Survey: A systematic review and reliability generalization meta-analysis. Res Nurs Health 2020; 43:610-620. [PMID: 32856343 DOI: 10.1002/nur.22070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Medical Outcome Study-HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) is one of the most used questionnaires for the evaluation of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) in both medical settings and research studies. This study aimed to estimate the average reliability of the MOS-HIV scores and to evaluate the characteristics of the studies that could explain the variability between reliability estimates. Furthermore, the study aimed to estimate the induction rate of the reliability of the MOS-HIV. A systematic review of the previous literature, including studies that reported α and/or test-retest coefficients with the data at hand for the total score of the MOS-HIV and the subscales, was conducted. Fifty studies (52 samples; N = 14,132) were included in the reliability generalization meta-analysis. The average α coefficient for the total score of MOS-HIV was .91 and above .80 for all of the subscales, except for role functioning, which had an average coefficient of .76. Different study dimensions were related to the heterogeneity of reliability between studies. Reliability induction was found to be 76.1%. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the MOS-HIV is a reliable instrument for HRQoL evaluation in PLWHIV, for clinical and research purposes. In the clinical practice of health services, nurses could employ this gold standard for reliable evaluations of HRQoL in PLWHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Alcocer-Bruno
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rosario Ferrer-Cascales
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Rubio-Aparicio
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nicolás Ruiz-Robledillo
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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