Workplace Surface Acting and Employee Insomnia: A Moderated Mediation Model of Psychological Detachment and Dispositional Mindfulness

Kindergarten teachers' emotional intelligence and surface acting: the chain mediating effects of self-efficacy and work engagement

Background

Emotional labor, distinct from physical and mental labor, has gained significant attention in contemporary organizational psychology research. As a strategy for performing emotional labor, surface acting refers to the process of faking emotions to meet the demands of organizations' norms. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and surface acting among Chinese kindergarten teachers, focusing on the mediating role of self-efficacy and work engagement.

Methods

Integrating the conservation of resources theory and the job demands-resources model, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 1,017 Chinese kindergarten teachers using Wong & Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, and Surface Acting Scale. SPSS 26.0 was used to conduct descriptive statistics and correlation tests. Structural equation modeling and mediation analysis were constructed using AMOS 28.0.

Results

The results showed reveals several key findings. Firstly, kindergarten teachers' emotional intelligence significantly positively predicted surface acting rather than negatively. Secondly, self-efficacy and work engagement, respectively, mediate the relationship between emotional intelligence and surface acting in kindergarten teachers. Additionally, self-efficacy and work engagement have chain mediating effects in the relationship between kindergarten teachers' emotional intelligence and surface acting.

Conclusion

The research findings reveal the influencing mechanism of kindergarten teachers' emotional intelligence on surface acting, providing a theoretical basis and practical implications for understanding and promoting the reasonable use of surface acting by kindergarten teachers in the Chinese context.

The Effect of Nurses' Perceived Social Support on Job Burnout: The Mediating Role of Psychological Detachment

AIMS

To investigate the impacts of social support and psychological detachment on nurses' job burnout, as well as to validate psychological detachment's mediating effect.

DESIGN

The study was conducted using a questionnaire-based cross-sectional design.

METHODS

From October 2023 to March 2024, convenience sampling was used to distribute electronic questionnaires (including a general information questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Psychological Detachment Scale, and the Social Support Scale) to investigate the current state of job burnout, psychological detachment, and social support among nurses. A total of 325 nurses were included in the study. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 29.0 software and the SPSS Process 4.1 plug-in.

RESULTS

Results showed that both social support and psychological detachment were negatively correlated with job burnout. Excluding general demographic characteristics, social support was negatively associated with job burnout through psychological detachment, where psychological detachment mediated social support and emotionally exhausting job burnout with a mediating effect of 8.93%.

CONCLUSION

Nurses' job burnout can be mitigated by both social support and psychological detachment, with psychological detachment acting as a mediation of the effect of social support.

IMPACT

Nursing managers should take measures to enhance the social support of nurses appropriately. At the same time, it is necessary to arrange work reasonably and establish a solid communication mechanism to improve nurses' psychological detachment and reduce nurses' job burnout.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

No patient or public involvement.

The mediating role of surface and deep acting and the moderating effect of occupational identity in workplace violence and sleep quality among psychiatric nurses: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Psychiatric nurses often encounter patients with mental health disorders and consequently experience prolonged periods of high stress, increased workload, and frequent incidents of workplace violence. These aspects can lead to a higher incidence of poor sleep quality. This study examined the interplay between workplace violence and emotional labour (surface and deep acting) to suggest measures for enhancing sleep quality among psychiatric nurses.

METHODS

A total of 300 completed and valid online questionnaires were collected. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to measure sleep quality, Workplace Violence Scale (WVS) to measure the occurrence of workplace violence, and Emotional Labour Scale to measure surface and deep acting. The data were analysed using Hayes' PROCESS macro with SPSS. Independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to compare differences in sleep quality and emotional labour (surface and deep acting) between psychiatric nurses with different demographics.

RESULTS

The prevalence of poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5) was 55% among the nurses. Surface acting in emotional labour partially mediated the relationship between workplace violence and sleep quality(a1*b1=0.035,95%CI: 0.002, 0.079), whereas deep acting had a suppressive effect(a2*b2=-0.033,95%CI: -0.071, -0.003). Occupational identity had a positive moderating effect on the relationship between workplace violence and surface acting(Effect=0.091,95%CI: 0.004, 0.179).

CONCLUSIONS

The relationship between workplace violence and poor sleep quality was partially mediated by surface acting and suppressed by deep acting. Moreover, nurses with higher occupational identity engaged in more surface acting after workplace violence. Workplace violence, surface acting, and deep acting emerged as significant factors influencing sleep quality among psychiatric nurses. Deep acting can reduce the impact of workplace violence on sleep quality. The results provide a new and expanded view of the interplay between workplace violence and emotional labour concerning sleep quality. Interprofessional collaboration with clinicians, administrators, educators, and spiritual leaders can contribute to the development of related education and training.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2200062347. https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=173264.

Moderating effect of family structure on the relationship between early clinical exposure and emotional labor of nursing students: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Emotional labor is an essential component of nursing practice and is important for Generation Z nursing students born from the mid-1990s to early 2010s. They will become the backbone of the nursing workforce but present more emotional regulation problems. Studies on emotional labor are limited to clinical nurses and influencing factors at the individual level. The impacts of external systems on emotional labor of nursing students have not been explored. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between early clinical exposure and emotional labor and test the moderating effect of family structure on the relationship.

METHODS

The cross-sectional study recruited 467 nursing students using convenience sampling from seven colleges and universities in mainland China. An e-survey created on WJX.CN was used to collect data in January 2023. Emotional labor (surface acting and deep acting) was measured with the Emotional Labor scale. Early clinical exposure (exposure or not and times of exposure) and family structure (nuclear family, extended family, and single-parent family) were assessed with self-reported questions. Descriptive statistics and the linear mixed-effects modeling were used to do the analyses.

RESULTS

The mean scores of surface acting and deep acting were 26.66 ± 5.66 and 13.90 ± 2.40, respectively. A significant difference in scores of surface acting was not observed for exposure or not, whereas such a significant difference was found for times of exposure. Nursing students from extended families demonstrated significantly lower scores on surface acting while exposed to clinical practice compared with those from nuclear families. Family structure moderated the relationship between times of exposure and surface acting of nursing students when exposed to clinical practice for one time, but the significance disappeared when the times of exposure increased. No significant findings of early clinical exposure on deep acting were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Early clinical exposure influenced emotional labor, and students from extended families were more likely to get benefits from early clinical exposure. Studies are needed to help students from nuclear families get comparable benefits on emotional labor as those from extended families, and improve deep acting by early clinical exposure.

The interaction between mental resilience and insomnia disorder on negative emotions in nurses in Guangdong Province, China

Objective

To investigate the current status of psychological resilience, insomnia and negative emotions among nurses in Guangdong Province, China. And to explore the effects of the interaction between psychological resilience and insomnia on negative emotions.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey method was used to select 1874 nurses in Guangdong Province from February 2023 to April 2023 for the survey. The Chinese version of the Psychological Resilience Scale (PRS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21)were used in this study. We use SPSS 26.0 for statistical analysis. A simple effect analysis was established to analyze the association between psychological resilience, insomnia and negative emotions by using psychological resilience, insomnia and the interaction term.

Results

The overall PRS and ISI scores were (59.79 ± 17.29) and (9.83 ± 5.97). The scores of DASS-21 each dimension were (8.19 ± 9.02) for depression emotion,(7.93 ± 7.66) for anxiety emotion and (10.58 ± 9.77) for stress emotion. The results of the interaction effect analysis indicated that psychological resilience and insomnia exhibited statistically significant differences in the between-subjects effect test for depression emotion (r2 = 0.136, P<0.01), anxiety emotion (r2 = 0.127, P<0.01), and stress emotion (r2 = 0.142, P<0.01).

Conclusion

The nurses exhibited moderate levels of psychological resilience. Most of them have varying degrees of insomnia, with majority being classified as mild insomnia. Additionally, they demonstrated varying degrees of negative emotions. There was a negative correlation between psychological resilience and insomnia. Psychological resilience was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety and stress emotions. Insomnia was positively correlated with depression, anxiety and stress emotions. Furthermore, the interaction between psychological resilience and insomnia had an effect on all three dimensions of negative emotions. Consequently, hospital administrators may implement efficacious intervention strategies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and improving workplace climate in a timely manner according to the different psychological tolerance and severity of insomnia of nurses in order to reduce the occurrence of negative emotions among nurses and improve their mental health.

The relationships between burnout, general wellbeing, and psychological detachment with turnover intention in Chinese nurses: a cross-sectional study

Background

It is critical to minimize nurse turnover to improve the quality of care and patient safety. In-depth investigation is required to better understand the factors related to nurses' turnover intentions.

Aim

This study aimed to determine the relationships between burnout, general wellbeing, and psychological detachment with turnover intention among nurses in China.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling was conducted in one hospital in China between January 2023 and March 2023. A total of 536 nurses were surveyed using the General Wellbeing Schedule (GWB), the Maslach Burnout Inventory scale (MBI), the Psychological Detachment scale, and the Turnover Intention scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 statistical software. The chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis were used to explore the factors related to turnover intention.

Results

Our data demonstrated that the turnover intention scores were 13 (10, 15.75), with 56% of nurses exhibiting a high level of turnover intention. Binary logistic regression analysis results indicated that being on a contract (OR = 4.385, 95% CI = 2.196-8.754), working in the pediatrics (OR = 2.392, 95% CI = 1.267-4.514) or obstetrics (OR = 2.423, 95% CI = 1.145-5.126) department, and experiencing burnout (OR = 1.024, 95% CI = 1.008-1.041) were associated with a heightened level of turnover intention. Conversely, organizational satisfaction (OR = 0.162, 95% CI = 0.033-0.787) and general wellbeing (OR = 0.967, 95% CI = 0.946-0.989) were identified as factors that hindered the intention to leave.

Conclusions

Findings from this study suggest that nurses were employed on a contract basis, working in pediatric or obstetric departments, expressing dissatisfaction with the organization, reporting low general wellbeing, and experiencing high levels of burnout that require special attention. The identification of these risk factors can inform targeted interventions and support programs aimed at improving the wellbeing and retention of nurses in these settings.