Investigating mechanisms for recruiting and retaining volunteers: The role of habit strength and planning in volunteering engagement

The Significance of Potential Volunteering in Late Adulthood: A Janus-Faced Perspective

This article examines the efficacy of volunteering potential regarding actual volunteering at a later point in time. Volunteering potential consists of two components: past volunteering and the intention to do so in the future. Using two-wave panel data from the German Transitions and Old Age Potential (TOP) study with 1,196 respondents born between 1942 and 1958, binary logistic regression estimates reveal significant adjusted average marginal effects of both potential components on actual volunteering at a later stage (intention: +8.4 percentage points, past volunteering: +6.3 percentage points). Considering both components as an interaction term, analyses provide mixed results. By taking greater account of the potential volunteers, scholars and policy-makers will have better insights into how to assess recruitment potential among older adults.

Factors influencing civil servants' willingness to implement cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Chongqing, China: Based on the theory of planned behavior

Background

Timely bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the key to improving the survival rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Civil servants are potential bystander CPR providers. This study aimed to explore civil servants' willingness to implement CPR in Chongqing, identify the influencing factors and mechanisms affecting civil servants' willingness to perform CPR, and then seek countermeasures to improve civil servants' willingness to implement CPR.

Methods

We introduced the theory of perceived risk into the theory of planned behavior, developed a 7-point Likert scale based on the extended theory of planned behavior, and conducted a questionnaire survey on civil servants in Chongqing, China. Descriptive statistical analysis and one-way ANOVA were employed to explore respondents' willingness and differences. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationship between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and perceived risk and respondents' willingness to implement CPR.

Results

A total of 1235 valid questionnaires were included for analysis. 50.1 % of respondents were willing to implement CPR. Male, over 40 years old, living with the elderly, having previous experience performing CPR on another person, and having higher CPR knowledge scores were associated with a more positive willingness to perform CPR. Attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control had significant positive effects on willingness, and the standardized regression coefficients were 0.164, 0.326 and 0.313, respectively. The perceived risk has a significant negative effect on willingness, and the standardized regression coefficient was -0.109. The four latent variables accounted for 44.2 % of the variance in the willingness of civil servants to implement CPR.

Conclusions

The willingness of civil servants in Chongqing to implement CPR needs to be improved, and the countermeasures to enhance the subjective norm and perceived behavioral control of civil servants should be emphasized, such as developing a social support network for rescuing conduct, establishing regular training mechanisms and improving the practical applicability and popularization of the Chinese-style "Good Samaritan Law" etc., to improve the willingness of civil servants in Chongqing to implement CPR.

Can temporal self-regulation theory and its constructs predict medication adherence? A systematic review and meta-analysis

The relationships between temporal self-regulation theory (TST) constructs (intention, behavioural prepotency and self-regulatory capacity) and medication adherence should be established before further applying the theory to adherence. Searches of PsychINFO, Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and Web of Science were conducted in 2019 (updated November 2021). Studies had to be original quantitative research, assessed the relationship between one of the constructs and adherence in one illness, and used an adult population. The risk of bias was assessed using the NHLBI Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Three meta-analyses were conducted using R. Moderation analyses were also conducted. A total of 57 articles (60 studies) with 13,995 participants were included, with 7 studies included in more than one analysis. Results identified significant correlations between intention (r = .369, [95% CI: .25, .48]), behavioural prepotency (r = .332, [95% CI: .18, .48]), self-regulatory capacity (r = .213, [95% CI: .10, .32]) and adherence. There was some evidence of publication bias and no significant moderators. No studies explored the interactions in the theory, so whilst the constructs adequately predict adherence, future research should apply the theory to adherence in a specific illness to assess these relationships. Pre-registered on Prospero: CRD42019141395.

Using an integrated model of the theory of planned behavior and the temporal self-regulation theory to explain physical activity in patients with coronary heart disease

Background

This study aimed to explore the psychosocial determinants of the physical activity (PA) levels in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) using an integrated theoretical model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the temporal self-regulation theory (TST).

Method

This was a prospective study conducted at the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China. A total of 279 patients with CHD [176 men aged 26-89 years, mean (M) = 64.69, standard deviation (SD) = 13.17] were selected under the study inclusion criteria by convenience sampling. The data on attitude, subjective norm (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and intention variables for the TPB model and consideration of future consequences (CFC), habit, and self-control (SC) variables for the TST model were collected 1-2 days before the discharge (Time 1, T1) of the participants, and a telephone follow-up was made to assess the participants' self-reported PA levels 1 week after their discharge (Time 2, T2).

Results

The results revealed that only 39.8% of the patients with CHD met the guidelines' recommendations on PA. The data analyses using structural equation modeling (SEM) in the Mplus 8.3 modeling program showed that, in the simple mediation model, attitude, PBC, and CFC were positively related to the intention to practice guideline-recommended levels of PA but SN was not. In addition, intention was shown to mediate the relationships between attitude, PBC, CFC, and PA levels. Furthermore, based on the moderated mediating model, intention and habit were shown to be positively associated with PA levels but SC was not. Moreover, SC played a significant moderating role between intention and PA levels. However, habit strength did not moderate the relationship between intention and PA levels.

Conclusion

An integration of the TPB and TST models offers a good theoretical tool for understanding PA levels in patients with CHD.

Utility of temporal self‐regulation theory in health and social behaviours: A meta‐analysis

PURPOSE

Temporal self-regulation theory was developed to address an observed intention-behaviour gap across behaviours. However, a synthesis of studies has not yet been conducted to investigate the theory's utility to explain behaviour and bridge the intention-behaviour gap. This review aimed to evaluate the predictive ability of temporal self-regulation theory to understanding behaviour and pre-registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021253174).

METHOD

Forward citation searches on the original theory publication through Google Scholar until May 2021 identified 37 eligible articles, including, 12,555 participants assessing at least two of the three theory constructs. Random-effects meta-analyses assessed the strength of associations between theory constructs on behaviour and random effects meta-regressions assessed moderators of behaviour.

RESULTS

Findings provide support for temporal self-regulation theory to explain behaviour with very weak (self-regulatory capacity r = .039, CI = .00, -.07) to moderate (intention r = .331, CI = .26, .40; behavioural pre-potency r = .379, CI = .32, .44) effect sizes. Further, the strength of associations varied across behaviour types and contexts. However, there was high heterogeneity across studies and some moderating effects could not be assessed due to insufficient numbers of studies assessing interactions.

CONCLUSIONS

We urge researchers to assess and report interactions for better understanding of the drivers of behaviour to develop effective interventions for positive behaviour change.

"Our focus is on illness and loneliness": Volunteer work engagement, compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, self-care and motivations to volunteer

They are participating as a volunteer implies active personal positioning accompanying others. Evidence supports that experiences of those who experience an illness, who are hospitalised or feel lonely, impact the volunteers: positive emotions like engagement and Compassion Satisfaction (CS) or, the reverse, Compassion Fatigue (CF). Motivations help us understand why volunteers spend their time on these activities. And self-care practices will be a challenge to counteract the exhausting emotions of volunteering. This research presents a mixed, exploratory and sequential design study on the island of Majorca (Spain). The first phase (n = 216) was quantitative, gathering data from November 2018 to April 2019. Then, the second phase (two focus groups) started with qualitative data collection (July 2019). Firstly, the study determines CS and work engagement levels and examines the relationship between self-care, CF and motivations. Secondly, the study finds out how they recognise their positive and negative emotions, their relationship with self-care and what motivates them to be volunteers. The results show that the volunteers report highly positive feelings associated with their volunteering (CS and engagement) and are backed up by a good level of personal Self-Care. The Understanding and Enhancement motivational functions generate even more positive feelings for the volunteers themselves, who attach a positive value to their experience of caring for others. Despite the positive results collected, we must not ignore the phenomenon of CF in relational volunteering and pain support because it occurs. After all, that could lead to abandonment by volunteers.

Social responsibility and subjective well-being of volunteers for COVID-19: The mediating role of job involvement

Aim

Our study aimed to investigate the effect of social responsibility on the subjective well-being of volunteers for COVID-19 and to examine the mediating role of job involvement in this relationship.

Background

Nowadays, more and more people join volunteer service activities. As we all know, volunteer work contributes to society without any return. Volunteers often have a strong sense of social responsibility and reap subjective well-being in their dedication. Although research shows that social responsibility will drive them to participate in volunteer work actively, it is less clear whether job involvement will impact their subjective well-being.

Methods

The data were collected in the precaution zone in Shanghai, China, from April to May 2022. A sample of 302 volunteers for COVID-19 completed the social responsibility scale, subjective well-being scale and job involvement scale in the form of an electronic questionnaire on their mobile phones. A structural equation model was adopted to verify the research hypotheses.

Results

Social responsibility was significantly and positively related to volunteers’ subjective well-being and job involvement (p < 0.05). Job involvement fully mediates the relationship between volunteers’ social responsibility and subjective well-being.

Conclusion

Social responsibility is critical to predicting volunteers’ subjective well-being. Job involvement plays an intervening mechanism in explaining how social responsibility promotes volunteers’ subjective well-being.

Knowledge Mapping of Volunteer Motivation: A Bibliometric Analysis and Cross-Cultural Comparative Study

Volunteers play an indispensable role in several major events and activities. The purpose of this study is to review studies on volunteer motivation from 2000 to 2021 and to discover the development trends in this field. The Web of Science Core Collection is the main literature data resource, from which 162 papers on volunteer motivation published in the SSCI were selected. Using two visualization analysis tools, CiteSpace and VOSviewer, this study conducts bibliometric analysis and systematic review from multiple dimensions, identifying the authors, countries, institutions, and journals with high productivity in this field. Additionally, we explored highly cited papers, authors, and journals in this field. This study aims to find the research hotspots and theoretical basis through co-occurrence analysis and cluster analysis of keywords and explore the evolution through the time zone map drawn with CiteSpace. Moreover, we focus on the influence of Chinese and Western cultures (represented by China and the United States) on volunteer motivation. It was found that Chinese volunteers were more affected by collectivism, whereas American volunteers were more affected by individualism. The conclusion of this study constructs a clear framework for research on volunteer motivation, which provides researchers with a deeper and thorough understanding of the connotation of volunteer motivation, providing guidance and support for future research in this field.

Does Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Matter to College Students' Sustained Volunteering? A Mixed-Methods Study

Based on the self-determination theory (SDT), this study used a mixed-methods (i.e., quantitative and qualitative approaches) design to explore the role of basic psychological need satisfaction (BPNS) played in sustained volunteering. Quantitative analysis of 803 college student volunteers revealed that competence and relatedness need satisfaction had significant associations with sustained volunteering, while autonomy need satisfaction did not. Furthermore, latent profile analyses identified five profiles of BPNS: low (Profile 1), relatively low (Profile 2), moderate (Profile 3), low autonomy-high competence and relatedness (Profile 4), and high (Profile 5). Volunteers in Profile 4 and Profile 5 reported higher sustained volunteering than those in other profiles. Subsequent qualitative synthesis of interview data from 33 college student volunteers found that competence need satisfaction (45.58%) was mentioned most frequently among the factors promoting sustained volunteering, then followed by relatedness (27.43%) and autonomy need satisfaction (11.06%). These findings highlight the important role of BPNS, especially competence and relatedness need satisfaction, in promoting college students' long-term volunteering.

Understanding the predictors of hand hygiene using aspects of the theory of planned behaviour and temporal self-regulation theory

OBJECTIVE

Adherence to proper hand hygiene practice is relatively low and is particularly salient in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Having a greater understanding of the psychosocial predictors of engaging in proper hand hygiene is warranted. One way to do this is through the application of a combined theory of planned behaviour and temporal self-regulation theory model.

DESIGN

A prospective two-part study was conducted between May - November 2020, with N = 232 Australians. At time one, variables from both the theory of planned behaviour (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and intention) and temporal self-regulation theory (habit, environmental cues, and planning) were completed.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

One week later, engagement in proper hand hygiene behaviour over the previous week was assessed.

RESULTS

Two hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted, with 47% of variance accounted for in intention, with subjective norm being the strongest predictor, and 38% of variance accounted for in hand hygiene behaviour, with intention being the strongest predictor. Environmental cues also moderated the relationship between intention and behaviour.

CONCLUSIONS

To increase intention, incorporating subjective norm messages in advertisements may be helpful. Incorporating environmental cues in places where hand washing is recommended may assist in increasing hand hygiene.