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Abstract
The theory of electron transfer reactions establishes the conceptual foundation for redox solution chemistry, electrochemistry, and bioenergetics. Electron and proton transfer across the cellular membrane provide all energy of life gained through natural photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration. Rates of biological charge transfer set kinetic bottlenecks for biological energy storage. The main system-specific parameter determining the activation barrier for a single electron-transfer hop is the reorganization energy of the medium. Both harvesting of light energy in natural and artificial photosynthesis and efficient electron transport in biological energy chains require reduction of the reorganization energy to allow fast transitions. This review article discusses mechanisms by which small values of the reorganization energy are achieved in protein electron transfer and how similar mechanisms can operate in other media, such as nonpolar and ionic liquids. One of the major mechanisms of reorganization energy reduction is through non-Gibbsian (nonergodic) sampling of the medium configurations on the reaction time. A number of alternative mechanisms, such as electrowetting of active sites of proteins, give rise to non-parabolic free energy surfaces of electron transfer. These mechanisms, and nonequilibrium population of donor-acceptor vibrations, lead to a universal phenomenology of separation between the Stokes shift and variance reorganization energies of electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Matyushov
- School of Molecular Sciences and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, PO Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Electron transfer in nonpolar media violates the temperature scaling predicted by the fluctuation–dissipation theorem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
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3
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Matyushov DV, Newton MD. Electrode reactions in slowly relaxing media. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:194506. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5003022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA
| | - Marshall D. Newton
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
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4
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Waskasi MM, Newton MD, Matyushov DV. Impact of Temperature and Non-Gaussian Statistics on Electron Transfer in Donor–Bridge–Acceptor Molecules. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2665-2676. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza M. Waskasi
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Marshall D. Newton
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Dmitry V. Matyushov
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, United States
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5
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Dinpajooh M, Newton MD, Matyushov DV. Free energy functionals for polarization fluctuations: Pekar factor revisited. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:064504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4975625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhasan Dinpajooh
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - Marshall D. Newton
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
| | - Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA
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6
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Waskasi MM, Kodis G, Moore AL, Moore TA, Gust D, Matyushov DV. Marcus Bell-Shaped Electron Transfer Kinetics Observed in an Arrhenius Plot. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9251-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza M. Waskasi
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Gerdenis Kodis
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ana L. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Devens Gust
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Dmitry V. Matyushov
- School of Molecular Sciences and ‡Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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7
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Hoekstra RM, Telo JP, Wu Q, Stephenson RM, Nelsen SF, Zink JI. Solvent Effects on the Coexistence of Localized and Delocalized 4,4′-Dinitrotolane Radical Anion by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8825-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1017859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Hoekstra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396
| | - João P. Telo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396
| | - Qin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396
| | - Rachel M. Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396
| | - Stephen F. Nelsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396
| | - Jeffrey I. Zink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396
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8
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Villa I, Sanchez F, Perez-Tejeda P. Study of the electron transfer reaction between [Co(EDTA)]−
and [Ru(NH3
)5
py]2+
in methanol-water mixtures. INT J CHEM KINET 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Lebard DN, Matyushov DV. Dynamical transition, hydrophobic interface, and the temperature dependence of electrostatic fluctuations in proteins. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:061901. [PMID: 19256862 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.061901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations have revealed a dramatic increase, with increasing temperature, of the amplitude of electrostatic fluctuations caused by water at the active site of metalloprotein plastocyanin. The increased breadth of electrostatic fluctuations, expressed in terms of the reorganization energy of changing the redox state of the protein, is related to the formation of the hydrophobic protein-water interface, allowing large-amplitude collective fluctuations of the water density in the protein's first solvation shell. On top of the monotonic increase of the reorganization energy with increasing temperature, we have observed a spike at approximately 220 K also accompanied by a significant slowing of the exponential collective Stokes shift dynamics. In contrast to the local density fluctuations of the hydration-shell waters, these spikes might be related to the global property of the water solvent crossing the Widom line or undergoing a weak first-order transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Lebard
- Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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10
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Raineri FO, Friedman HL. Solvent Control of Electron Transfer Reactions. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470141663.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Alstrum-Acevedo JH, Brennaman MK, Meyer TJ. Chemical approaches to artificial photosynthesis. 2. Inorg Chem 2006; 44:6802-27. [PMID: 16180838 DOI: 10.1021/ic050904r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of artificial photosynthesis is to use the energy of the sun to make high-energy chemicals for energy production. One approach, described here, is to use light absorption and excited-state electron transfer to create oxidative and reductive equivalents for driving relevant fuel-forming half-reactions such as the oxidation of water to O2 and its reduction to H2. In this "integrated modular assembly" approach, separate components for light absorption, energy transfer, and long-range electron transfer by use of free-energy gradients are integrated with oxidative and reductive catalysts into single molecular assemblies or on separate electrodes in photelectrochemical cells. Derivatized porphyrins and metalloporphyrins and metal polypyridyl complexes have been most commonly used in these assemblies, with the latter the focus of the current account. The underlying physical principles--light absorption, energy transfer, radiative and nonradiative excited-state decay, electron transfer, proton-coupled electron transfer, and catalysis--are outlined with an eye toward their roles in molecular assemblies for energy conversion. Synthetic approaches based on sequential covalent bond formation, derivatization of preformed polymers, and stepwise polypeptide synthesis have been used to prepare molecular assemblies. A higher level hierarchial "assembly of assemblies" strategy is required for a working device, and progress has been made for metal polypyridyl complex assemblies based on sol-gels, electropolymerized thin films, and chemical adsorption to thin films of metal oxide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Alstrum-Acevedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #3290, 27599-3290, USA
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12
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13
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Abstract
We develop a linear response theory of solvation of ionic and dipolar solutes in anisotropic, axially symmetric polar solvents. The theory is applied to solvation in polar nematic liquid crystals. The formal theory constructs the solvation response function from projections of the solvent dipolar susceptibility on rotational invariants. These projections are obtained from Monte Carlo simulations of a fluid of dipolar spherocylinders which can exist both in the isotropic and nematic phases. Based on the properties of the solvent susceptibility from simulations and the formal solution, we have obtained a formula for the solvation free energy which incorporates the experimentally available properties of nematics and the length of correlation between the dipoles in the liquid crystal. The theory provides a quantitative framework for analyzing the steady-state and time-resolved optical spectra and makes several experimentally testable predictions. The equilibrium free energy of solvation, anisotropic in the nematic phase, is given by a quadratic function of cosine of the angle between the solute dipole and the solvent nematic director. The sign of solvation anisotropy is determined by the sign of dielectric anisotropy of the solvent: solvation anisotropy is negative in solvents with positive dielectric anisotropy and vice versa. The solvation free energy is discontinuous at the point of isotropic-nematic phase transition. The amplitude of this discontinuity is strongly affected by the size of the solute becoming less pronounced for larger solutes. The discontinuity itself and the magnitude of the splitting of the solvation free energy in the nematic phase are mostly affected by microscopic dipolar correlations in the nematic solvent. Illustrative calculations are presented for the equilibrium Stokes shift and the Stokes shift time correlation function of coumarin-153 in 4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl and 4,4-n-heptyl-cyanopiphenyl solvents as a function of temperature in both the nematic and isotropic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Kapko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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14
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Lopes-Costa T, Lopez-Cornejo P, Villa I, Perez-Tejeda P, Prado-Gotor R, Sanchez F. Salt and Solvent Effects on the Kinetics of the Oxidation of the Excited State of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ Complex by S2O82-. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:4196-201. [PMID: 16553370 DOI: 10.1021/jp055189l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The title reaction was studied in different reaction media: aqueous salt solutions (NaNO3) and water-cosolvent (methanol) mixtures. The observed rate constants, k(obs), show normal behavior in the solutions containing the electrolyte, that is, a negative salt effect. However, the solvent effect is abnormal, because a decrease of the rate constant is observed when the dielectric constant of the reaction medium decreases. These effects (the normal and the abnormal) can be explained using the Marcus-Hush treatment for electron transfer reactions. To apply this treatment, the true, unimolecular, electron-transfer rate constants, k(et), have been obtained from k(obs) after calculation of the rate constants corresponding to the formation of the encounter complex from the separate reactants, k(D), and the dissociation of this complex, k(-D). This calculation has been carried out using an exponential mean spherical approach (EMSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lopes-Costa
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Profesor García Gonzalez s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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15
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Muriel F, Jiménez R, Pérez-Tejeda P, López-Cornejo P, López-Pérez G, Sánchez F. Estimation of the reorganization and reaction free energies for electron transfer processes from optical and thermal data. An application to the reaction [Fe II(CN) 5pzCo III(NH 3) 5] → [Fe III(CN) 5pzCo II(NH 3) 5]. NEW J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b508755d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Liu M, Ito N, Maroncelli M, Waldeck DH, Oliver AM, Paddon-Row MN. Solvent Friction Effect on Intramolecular Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:17867-76. [PMID: 16351118 DOI: 10.1021/ja055596a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
U-shaped donor-bridge-acceptor molecules with different electronic couplings have been investigated as a function of temperature in solvents with slow polarization relaxation, in particular, N-methylacetamide (NMA) and N-methylpropionamide (NMP). At high temperature, the electron-transfer rate is well described by a nonadiabatic model; however, the rate at low temperature is controlled by the solvent friction. The change of the electron-transfer mechanism is discussed and compared with theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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17
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Abstract
We present a microscopic theory of equilibrium solvation in solvents with zero dipole moment and nonzero quadrupole moment (quadrupolar solvents). The theory is formulated in terms of autocorrelation functions of the quadrupolar polarization (structure factors). It can be therefore applied to an arbitrary dense quadrupolar solvent for which the structure factors are defined. We formulate a simple analytical perturbation treatment for the structure factors. The solute is described by coordinates, radii, and partial charges of constituent atoms. The theory is tested on Monte Carlo simulations of solvation in model quadrupolar solvents. It is also applied to the calculation of the activation barrier of electron transfer reactions in a cleft-shaped donor-bridge-acceptor complex dissolved in benzene with the structure factors of quadrupolar polarization obtained from molecular-dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli A Milischuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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18
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Garcia-Fernandez E, Prado-Gotor R, Sanchez F. “Abnormal” Salt and Solvent Effects on Anion/Cation Electron-Transfer Reactions: An Interpretation Based on Marcus−Hush Treatment. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:15087-92. [PMID: 16852909 DOI: 10.1021/jp052073g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salt and solvent effects on the kinetics of the reactions [Fe(CN)6]3- + [Ru(NH3)5pz](2+) right arrow over left arrow [Fe(CN)6]4- + [Ru(NH3)5pz]3+ (pz = pyrazine) have been studied through T-jump measurements. The forward and reverse reactions show different behaviors: "abnormal" salt and solvent effects in the first case and normal effects in the second one. These facts imply an asymmetric behavior of anion/cation reactions depending on the charge of the oxidant. The results can be rationalized by using the Marcus-Hush treatment for electron-transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garcia-Fernandez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry. University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García Gonzalez S/N, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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19
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Jang S, Newton MD. Theory of torsional non-Condon electron transfer: A generalized spin-boson Hamiltonian and its nonadiabatic limit solution. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:024501. [PMID: 15638592 DOI: 10.1063/1.1828431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper develops a theory of electron transfer with torsionally induced non-Condon (NC) effects. The starting point of the theory is a generalized spin-boson Hamiltonian, where an additional torsional oscillator bilinearly coupled to other bath modes causes a sinusoidal NC modulation. We derive closed form time dependent nonadiabatic rate expressions for both sudden and relaxed initial conditions, which are applicable for general spectral densities and energetic condition. Under the assumption that the torsional motion is not correlated with the polaronic shift of the bath, simple stationary limit rate expression is obtained. Model calculations of this rate expression illustrate the effects of torsional quantization and gating on the driving force and temperature dependences of the electron transfer rate. The classical limit of the rate expression consists of three Marcus-type terms, and is shown to agree very well with the exact numerical result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogjoo Jang
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
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20
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Matyushov DV. Solvent reorganization energy of electron-transfer reactions in polar solvents. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:7532-56. [PMID: 15267667 DOI: 10.1063/1.1676122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A microscopic theory of solvent reorganization energy in polar molecular solvents is developed. The theory represents the solvent response as a combination of the density and polarization fluctuations of the solvent given in terms of the density and polarization structure factors. A fully analytical formulation of the theory is provided for a solute of arbitrary shape with an arbitrary distribution of charge. A good agreement between the analytical procedure and the results of Monte Carlo simulations of model systems is achieved. The reorganization energy splits into the contributions from density fluctuations and polarization fluctuations. The polarization part is dominated by longitudinal polarization response. The density part is inversely proportional to temperature. The dependence of the solvent reorganization energy on the solvent dipole moment and refractive index is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Matyushov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA.
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21
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LeBard DN, Lilichenko M, Matyushov DV, Berlin YA, Ratner MA. Solvent Reorganization Energy of Charge Transfer in DNA Hairpins. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035546x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David N. LeBard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Mark Lilichenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Yuri A. Berlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Mark A. Ratner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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22
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Amini A, Harriman A. Computational methods for electron-transfer systems. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-5567(03)00027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Kaplan R, Napper AM, Waldeck DH, Zimmt MB. The Role Played by Orbital Energetics in Solvent Mediated Electronic Coupling†. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011603f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Kaplan
- Chemistry Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, and Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - A. M. Napper
- Chemistry Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, and Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - D. H. Waldeck
- Chemistry Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, and Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - M. B. Zimmt
- Chemistry Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, and Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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24
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Nelsen SF, Trieber DA, Ismagilov RF, Teki Y. Solvent effects on charge transfer bands of nitrogen-centered intervalence compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:5684-94. [PMID: 11403600 DOI: 10.1021/ja003436n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer parameters are extracted from the optical spectra of intervalence bis(hydrazine) radical cations. Compounds with 2-tert-butyl-3-phenyl-2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-containing charge-bearing units that are doubly linked by 4-sigma-bond and by 6-sigma-bond saturated bridges are compared with ones having tert-butylisopropyl- and diphenyl-substituted charge bearing units and others having the aromatic units functioning as the bridge. Solvent effect studies show that the optical transition energy (E(op)) does not behave as dielectric continuum theory predicts but that solvent reorganization energy may be usefully separated from the vibrational reorganization energy by including linear terms in both the Pekar factor (gamma) and the Gutmann donor number (DN) in correlating the solvent effect. Solvation of the bridge for these compounds is too large to ignore, which makes dielectric continuum theory fail to properly predict solvent effects on either E(op) or the free energy for comproportionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Nelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396, USA.
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25
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Electron transfer reactions in solvent mixtures: the excess component of solvent reorganization free energy. Coord Chem Rev 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(99)00238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Vath P, Zimmt MB. A Spectroscopic Study of Solvent Reorganization Energy: Dependence on Temperature, Charge Transfer Distance, and the Type of Solute−Solvent Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993667k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vath
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Matthew B. Zimmt
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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27
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Matyushov DV, Voth GA. A Theory of Electron Transfer and Steady-State Optical Spectra of Chromophores with Varying Electronic Polarizability. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991246x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Derr DL, Elliott CM. Temperature Dependence of the Outer-Sphere Reorganization Energy. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991755z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nelsen SF, Ismagilov RF, Gentile KE, Powell DR. Temperature Effects on Electron Transfer within Intervalence Bis(Hydrazine) Radical Cations. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja984047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Nelsen
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396
| | - Rustem F. Ismagilov
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396
| | - Kevin E. Gentile
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396
| | - Douglas R. Powell
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396
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Vath P, Zimmt MB, Matyushov DV, Voth GA. A Failure of Continuum Theory: Temperature Dependence of the Solvent Reorganization Energy of Electron Transfer in Highly Polar Solvents. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp990494q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Elliott CM, Derr DL, Matyushov DV, Newton MD. Direct Experimental Comparison of the Theories of Thermal and Optical Electron-Transfer: Studies of a Mixed-Valence Dinuclear Iron Polypyridyl Complex. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja981067d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Michael Elliott
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Daniel L. Derr
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Marshall D. Newton
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599minus sign3290
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Kumar K, Kurnikov IV, Beratan DN, Waldeck DH, Zimmt MB. Use of Modern Electron Transfer Theories To Determine Electronic Coupling Matrix Elements in Intramolecular Systems. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980113t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Igor V. Kurnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - David N. Beratan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Matthew B. Zimmt
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, and Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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34
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Matyushov DV, Schmid R, Ladanyi BM. A Thermodynamic Analysis of the π* and ET(30) Polarity Scales. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961609i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Branka M. Ladanyi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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35
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“Overscreening” in a polar liquid as a result of coupling between polarization and density fluctuations. Electrochim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(96)00330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Nonlocal dielectric response of water and reorganization energies for outer sphere electron transfer reactions. Electrochim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)00083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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38
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Matyushov DV, Schmid R. Optical and radiationless intramolecular electron transitions in nonpolar fluids: Relative effects of induction and dispersion interactions. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Matyushov DV, Schmid R. Charge separation/recombination reactions in non-polar fluids: a molecular description. Mol Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00268979500100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Matyushov DV, Schmid R. Stationary points in the temperature dependence of electron transfer rates. Chem Phys Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(94)00193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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