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Kalvoda T, Martinek T, Jungwirth P, Rulíšek L. Hydration numbers of biologically relevant divalent metal cations from ab initio molecular dynamics and continuum solvation methods. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084308. [PMID: 38421065 DOI: 10.1063/5.0192024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydration and, in particular, the coordination number of a metal ion is of paramount importance as it defines many of its (bio)physicochemical properties. It is not only essential for understanding its behavior in aqueous solutions but also determines the metal ion reference state and its binding energy to (bio)molecules. In this paper, for divalent metal cations Ca2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+, we compare two approaches for predicting hydration numbers: (1) a mixed explicit/continuum DFT-D3//COSMO-RS solvation model and (2) density functional theory based ab initio molecular dynamics. The former approach is employed to calculate the Gibbs free energy change for the sequential hydration reactions, starting from [M(H2O)2]2+ aqua complexes to [M(H2O)9]2+, allowing explicit water molecules to bind in the first or second coordination sphere and determining the most stable [M(H2O)n]2+ structure. In the latter approach, the hydration number is obtained by integrating the ion-water radial distribution function. With a couple of exceptions, the metal ion hydration numbers predicted by the two approaches are in mutual agreement, as well as in agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeáš Kalvoda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 160 00 Praha 6, Czechia
| | - Tomas Martinek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 160 00 Praha 6, Czechia
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 160 00 Praha 6, Czechia
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 160 00 Praha 6, Czechia
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Amphlett J, Choi S. The effect of increasing water content on transition metal speciation in deep eutectic solvents. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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3
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Construction of dual coordination networks in epoxidized butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber/CuSO4 composites and mechanical behaviors. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Teichert J, Ruck M. Influence of Common Anions on the Coordination of Metal Cations in Polyalcohols. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Teichert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids Nöthnitzer Str. 40 01187 Dresden Germany
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Qiu X, Hu H, Yang J, Cheng Z, Ji G. A theoretical investigation on the selective extraction of Cu(II) from Ni(II) by 2-aminomethylpyridine derivatives: A DFT study. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Frank P, Benfatto M, Qayyum M. [Cu(aq)] 2+ is structurally plastic and the axially elongated octahedron goes missing. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:204302. [PMID: 29865827 DOI: 10.1063/1.5024693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High resolution (k = 18 Å-1 or k = 17 Å-1) copper K-edge EXAFS and MXAN (Minuit X-ray Absorption Near Edge) analyses have been used to investigate the structure of dissolved [Cu(aq)]2+ in 1,3-propanediol (1,3-P) or 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-P) aqueous frozen glasses. EXAFS analysis invariably found a single axially asymmetric 6-coordinate (CN6) site, with 4×Oeq = 1.97 Å, Oax1 = 2.22 Å, and Oax2 = 2.34 Å, plus a second-shell of 4×Owater = 3.6 Å. However, MXAN analysis revealed that [Cu(aq)]2+ occupies both square pyramidal (CN5) and axially asymmetric CN6 structures. The square pyramid included 4×H2O = 1.95 Å and 1×H2O = 2.23 Å. The CN6 sites included either a capped, near perfect, square pyramid with 5×H2O = 1.94 ± 0.04 Å and H2Oax = 2.22 Å (in 1,3-P) or a split axial configuration with 4×H2O = 1.94, H2Oax1 = 2.14 Å, and H2Oax2 = 2.28 Å (in 1,5-P). The CN6 sites also included an 8-H2O second-shell near 3.7 Å, which was undetectable about the strictly pyramidal sites. Equatorial angles averaging 94° ± 5° indicated significant departures from tetragonal planarity. MXAN assessment of the solution structure of [Cu(aq)]2+ in 1,5-P prior to freezing revealed the same structures as previously found in aqueous 1M HClO4, which have become axially compressed in the frozen glasses. [Cu(aq)]2+ in liquid and frozen solutions is dominated by a 5-coordinate square pyramid, but with split axial CN6 appearing in the frozen glasses. Among these phases, the Cu-O axial distances vary across 1 Å, and the equatorial angles depart significantly from the square plane. Although all these structures remove the dx2-y2 , dz2 degeneracy, no structure can be described as a Jahn-Teller (JT) axially elongated octahedron. The JT-octahedral description for dissolved [Cu(aq)]2+ should thus be abandoned in favor of square pyramidal [Cu(H2O)5]2+. The revised ligand environments have bearing on questions of the Cu(i)/Cu(ii) self-exchange rate and on the mechanism for ligand exchange with bulk water. The plasticity of dissolved Cu(ii) complex ions falsifies the foundational assumption of the rack-induced bonding theory of blue copper proteins and obviates any need for a thermodynamically implausible protein constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frank
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Maurizio Benfatto
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati-INFN, P.O. Box 13, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Teichert J, Doert T, Ruck M. Mechanisms of the polyol reduction of copper(ii) salts depending on the anion type and diol chain length. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14085-14093. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Systematic experiments were carried out to identify the main factors influencing the polyol reduction of copper(ii) compounds to elemental copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Teichert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Thomas Doert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids
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Das AK, Meuwly M. Hydration Control Through Intramolecular Degrees of Freedom: Molecular Dynamics of [Cu(II)(Imidazole)4]. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9024-9031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya K. Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
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Galván-García EA, Agacino-Valdés E, Franco-Pérez M, Gómez-Balderas R. [Cu(H2O) n ]2+ (n = 1–6) complexes in solution phase: a DFT hierarchical study. Theor Chem Acc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-017-2056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jin H, Goyal P, Das AK, Gaus M, Meuwly M, Cui Q. Copper Oxidation/Reduction in Water and Protein: Studies with DFTB3/MM and VALBOND Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2015; 120:1894-910. [PMID: 26624804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b09656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We apply two recently developed computational methods, DFTB3 and VALBOND, to study copper oxidation/reduction processes in solution and protein. The properties of interest include the coordination structure of copper in different oxidation states in water or in a protein (plastocyanin) active site, the reduction potential of the copper ion in different environments, and the environmental response to copper oxidation. The DFTB3/MM and VALBOND simulation results are compared to DFT/MM simulations and experimental results whenever possible. For a copper ion in aqueous solution, DFTB3/MM results are generally close to B3LYP/MM with a medium basis, including both solvation structure and reduction potential for Cu(II); for Cu(I), however, DFTB3/MM finds a two-water coordination, similar to previous Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations using BLYP and HSE, whereas B3LYP/MM leads to a tetrahedron coordination. For a tetraammonia copper complex in aqueous solution, VALBOND and DFTB3/MM are consistent in terms of both structural and dynamical properties of solvent near copper for both oxidation states. For copper reduction in plastocyanin, DFTB3/MM simulations capture the key properties of the active site, and the computed reduction potential and reorganization energy are in fair agreement with experiment, especially when the periodic boundary condition is used. Overall, the study supports the value of VALBOND and DFTB3(/MM) for the analysis of fundamental copper redox chemistry in water and protein, and the results also help highlight areas where further improvements in these methods are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Puja Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Akshaya Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Gaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Gómez-Salces S, Aguado F, Valiente R, Rodríguez F. Unraveling the Coordination Geometry of Copper(II) Ions in Aqueous Solution through Absorption Intensity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9335-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Gómez-Salces S, Aguado F, Valiente R, Rodríguez F. Unraveling the Coordination Geometry of Copper(II) Ions in Aqueous Solution through Absorption Intensity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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de Almeida KJ, Murugan NA, Rinkevicius Z, Hugosson HW, Vahtras O, Ågren H, Cesar A. Conformations, structural transitions and visible near-infrared absorption spectra of four-, five- and six-coordinated Cu(ii) aqua complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:508-19. [DOI: 10.1039/b806423g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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14
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Lü R, Cao Z, Shen G. Comparative study on interaction between copper (II) and chitin/chitosan by density functional calculation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of a New 1D Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Compound Based on Keggin-Type Heteropolyanions and Isopolyanions Decorated by Transition Metal Fragments. J CLUST SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-008-0190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Morré DJ, Heald SM, Coleman J, Orczyk J, Jiang Z, Morré DM. Structural observations of time dependent oscillatory behavior of CuIICl2 solutions measured via extended X-ray absorption fine structure. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:715-26. [PMID: 17320185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface ECTO-NOX proteins exhibit a clock-related, temperature-independent entrainable pattern of periodic (24 min) oscillations in the rate of oxidation of NAD(P)H. Aqueous solutions of copper salts also oxidize NAD(P)H with a similar temperature-independent pattern. For both, five maxima are observed, two of which are separated by 6 min and the remaining three are separated by 4.5 min. In D2O, the pattern is retained but the period length is proportionately increased to 30 min in direct relationship to the 30 h circadian day observed with D2O-grown organisms. With copper solutions, periodic changes in redox potential correlate precisely with the periodic changes in the rates of NAD(P)H oxidation. Consequently, the local environment of the Cu2+ ion in copper chloride solutions was investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Detailed extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analyses revealed a pattern of oscillations closely resembling those of the copper-catalyzed oxidation of NADH. With CuCl2 in D2O, a pattern with a period length of 30 min was observed. The findings suggest a regular pattern of distortion in the axial and/or equatorial oxygen atoms of the coordinated water molecules which correlate with redox potential changes sufficient to oxidize NADH. A metastable equilibrium condition in the ratio of ortho to para nuclear spin orientation of the water associated hydrogen atoms would be kinetically consistent with a 24-30 min timeframe. The temperature independence of the biological clock can thus be understood as the consequence of a physical rather than a chemical basis for the timing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Morré
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Hansen Life Sciences Research Building, Purdue University, 201 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2064, USA.
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Shivaiah V, Das SK. Fivefold Coordination of a CuII-Aqua Ion: A Supramolecular Sandwich Consisting of Two Crown Ether Molecules and a Trigonal-Bipyramidal [Cu(H2O)5]2+ Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:245-8. [PMID: 16312006 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Shivaiah V, Das SK. Fivefold Coordination of a CuII-Aqua Ion: A Supramolecular Sandwich Consisting of Two Crown Ether Molecules and a Trigonal-Bipyramidal [Cu(H2O)5]2+ Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Schwenk CF, Rode BM. Extendedab initioquantum mechanical/molecular mechanical molecular dynamics simulations of hydrated Cu2+. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1614224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schwenk CF, Rode BM. New Insights into the Jahn-Teller Effect through ab initio Quantum-Mechanical/Molecular-Mechanical Molecular Dynamics Simulations of CuII in Water. Chemphyschem 2003; 4:931-43. [PMID: 14562438 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200300659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The CuII hydration shell structure has been studied by means of classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations including three-body corrections and hybrid quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical (QM/MM) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at the Hartree-Fock level. The copper(II) ion is found to be six-fold coordinated and [Cu(H2O)6]2+ exhibits a distorted octahedral structure. The QM/MM MD approach reproduces correctly the experimentally observed Jahn-Teller effect but exhibits faster inversions (< 200 fs) and a more complex behaviour than expected from experimental data. The dynamic Jahn-Teller effect causes the high lability of [Cu(H2O)6]2+ with a ligand-exchange rate constant some orders or magnitude higher than its neighbouring ions NiII and ZnII. Nevertheless, no first-shell water exchange occurred during a 30-ps simulation. The structure of the hydrated ion is discussed in terms of radial distribution functions, coordination numbers, and various angular distributions and the dynamical properties as librational and vibrational motions and reorientational times were evaluated, which lead to detailed information about the first hydration shell. Second-shell water-exchange processes could be observed within the simulation time scale and yielded a mean ligand residence time of approximelty 20 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian F Schwenk
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Lebedeva NV, Bagryanskaya EG, Gorelik VR, Koptyug IV, Sagdeev RZ. Temperature and Salt Addition Effect on the Micellized Radical Pairs Recombination Studied by Stimulated Nuclear Polarization. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp004481k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Lebedeva
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - V. R. Gorelik
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I. V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - R. Z. Sagdeev
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Pasquarello A, Petri I, Salmon PS, Parisel O, Car R, Toth E, Powell DH, Fischer HE, Helm L, Merbach A. First solvation shell of the Cu(II) aqua ion: evidence for fivefold coordination. Science 2001; 291:856-9. [PMID: 11157161 DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5505.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We determined the structure of the hydrated Cu(II) complex by both neutron diffraction and first-principles molecular dynamics. In contrast with the generally accepted picture, which assumes an octahedrally solvated Cu(II) ion, our experimental and theoretical results favor fivefold coordination. The simulation reveals that the solvated complex undergoes frequent transformations between square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal configurations. We argue that this picture is also consistent with experimental data obtained previously by visible near-infrared absorption, x-ray absorption near-edge structure, and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. The preference of the Cu(II) ion for fivefold instead of sixfold coordination, which occurs for other cations of comparable charge and size, results from a Jahn-Teller destabilization of the octahedral complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pasquarello
- Institut Romand de Recherche Numérique en Physique des Matériaux (IRRMA), PPH-Ecublens, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Marini GW, Liedl KR, Rode BM. Investigation of Cu2+ Hydration and the Jahn−Teller Effect in Solution by QM/MM Monte Carlo Simulations. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp992015t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard W. Marini
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernd M. Rode
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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D’Angelo P, Bottari E, Festa MR, Nolting HF, Pavel NV. Structural investigation of copper(II) chloride solutions using x-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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W. Neilson G, K. Adya A. Chapter 4. Neutron diffraction studies on liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1039/pc093101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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