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Balázs D, Marik T, Szekeres A, Vágvölgyi C, Kredics L, Tyagi C. Structure-activity correlations for peptaibols obtained from clade Longibrachiatum of Trichoderma: A combined experimental and computational approach. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1860-1873. [PMID: 36915379 PMCID: PMC10006723 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated disease management and plant protection have been discussed with much fervor in the past decade due to the rising environmental concerns of using industrially produced pesticides. Members of the genus Trichoderma are a subject of considerable research today due to their several properties as biocontrol agents. In our study, the peptaibol production of Trichoderma longibrachiatum SZMC 1775, T. longibrachiatum f. bissettii SZMC 12546, T. reesei SZMC 22616, T. reesei SZMC 22614, T. saturnisporum SZMC 22606 and T. effusum SZMC 22611 were investigated to elucidate structure-activity relationships (SARs) between the properties of peptaibols and their 3D structures. The effects of peptaibol mixtures obtained from every Trichoderma strain were examined against nine commonly known bacteria. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC, mg ml-1) were exerted by T. longibrachiatum f. bissettii SZMC 12546 against Gram-positive bacteria, which was also able to inhibit the plant pathogenic Gram-negative Rhizobium radiobacter. Accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulations were performed in aqueous solvent to explore the folding dynamics of 12 selected peptaibol sequences. The most characteristic difference between the peptaibols from group A and B relies in the 'Gly-Leu-Aib-Pro' and 'Gly-Aib-Aib-Pro' motifs ('Aib' stands for α-aminoisobutyric acid), which imparted a significant effect on the folding dynamics in water and might be correlated with their expressed bioactivity. In our aMD simulation experiments, Group A peptaibols showed more restricted folding dynamics with well-folded helical conformations as the most stable representative structures. This structural stability and dynamics may contribute to their bioactivity against the selected bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Balázs
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Marik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Chetna Tyagi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Mulatu A, Megersa N, Tolcha T, Alemu T, Vetukuri RR. Antifungal compounds, GC-MS analysis and toxicity assessment of methanolic extracts of Trichoderma species in an animal model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274062. [PMID: 36149851 PMCID: PMC9506656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been marketed for the management of diseases of crops. However, some Trichoderma species may produce toxic secondary metabolites and it should receive due attention to ensure human safety. In this study, we investigated the in vitro antagonistic potential of T. asperellum AU131 and T. longibrachiatum AU158 as microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) against Fusarium xylarioides and the associated antagonistic mechanism with bioactive substances. Swiss albino mice were used to evaluate the in vivo toxicity and pathogenicity of T. asperellum AU131 and T. longibrachiatum AU158 methanolic extracts and spore suspensions, respectively, in a preliminary safety assessment for use as biofungicides. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to profile volatile organic metabolites (VOCs) present in the methanolic extracts. The agar diffusion assay of the methanolic extracts from both T. asperellum AU131 and T. longibrachiatum AU158 were effective at a concentration of 200 μg/mL (1×107 spores/mL), causing 62.5%, and 74.3% inhibition, respectively. A GC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts from both bioagents identified 23 VOCs which classified as alcohols, acids, sesquiterpenes, ketones and aromatic compounds. The oral administration of methanolic extracts and spore suspensions of each Trichoderma species to female Swiss albino mice over 14 days did not show any significant signs of toxicity, mortality or changes to body weight. It can be concluded that the tested spore suspensions and methanolic extracts were not pathogenic or toxic, respectively, when administered to Swiss albino mice at various doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrasa Mulatu
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Megersa
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Tolcha
- Department of Chemistry, Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Alemu
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ramesh R. Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Cai F, Dou K, Wang P, Chenthamara K, Chen J, Druzhinina IS. The Current State of Trichoderma Taxonomy and Species Identification. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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MIST: a Multilocus Identification System for Trichoderma. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01532-20. [PMID: 32680870 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01532-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid expansion in microbial taxonomy, precise identification of common industrially and agriculturally relevant fungi such as Trichoderma species is challenging. In this study, we introduce the online multilocus identification system (MIST) for automated detection of 349 Trichoderma species based on a set of three DNA barcodes. MIST is based on the reference databases of validated sequences of three commonly used phylogenetic markers collected from public databases. The databases consist of 414 complete sequences of the nuclear rRNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2, 583 sequence fragments of the gene encoding translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), and 534 sequence fragments of the gene encoding RNA polymerase subunit 2 (rpb2). Through MIST, information from different DNA barcodes can be combined and the identification of Trichoderma species can be achieved based on the integrated parametric sequence similarity search (blastn) performed in the manner of a decision tree classifier. In the verification process, MIST provided correct identification for 44 Trichoderma species based on DNA barcodes consisting of tef1 and rpb2 markers. Thus, MIST can be used to obtain an automated species identification as well as to retrieve sequences required for manual identification by means of phylogenetic analysis.IMPORTANCE The genus Trichoderma is important to humankind, with a wide range of applications in industry, agriculture, and bioremediation. Thus, quick and accurate identification of Trichoderma species is paramount, since it is usually the first step in Trichoderma-based research. However, it frequently becomes a limitation, especially for researchers who lack taxonomic knowledge of fungi. Moreover, as the number of Trichoderma-based studies has increased, a growing number of unidentified sequences have been stored in public databases, which has made the species identification more ambiguous. In this study, we provide an easy-to-use tool, MIST, for automated species identification, a list of Trichoderma species, and corresponding sequences of reference DNA barcodes. Therefore, this study will facilitate the research on the biodiversity and applications of the genus Trichoderma.
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Marik T, Tyagi C, Balázs D, Urbán P, Szepesi Á, Bakacsy L, Endre G, Rakk D, Szekeres A, Andersson MA, Salonen H, Druzhinina IS, Vágvölgyi C, Kredics L. Structural Diversity and Bioactivities of Peptaibol Compounds From the Longibrachiatum Clade of the Filamentous Fungal Genus Trichoderma. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1434. [PMID: 31293557 PMCID: PMC6606783 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the structural diversity and bioactivity of peptaibol compounds produced by species from the phylogenetically separated Longibrachiatum Clade of the filamentous fungal genus Trichoderma, which contains several biotechnologically, agriculturally and clinically important species. HPLC-ESI-MS investigations of crude extracts from 17 species of the Longibrachiatum Clade (T. aethiopicum, T. andinense, T. capillare, T. citrinoviride, T. effusum, T. flagellatum, T. ghanense, T. konilangbra, T. longibrachiatum, T. novae-zelandiae, T. pinnatum, T. parareesei, T. pseudokoningii, T. reesei, T. saturnisporum, T. sinensis, and T. orientale) revealed several new and recurrent 20-residue peptaibols related to trichobrachins, paracelsins, suzukacillins, saturnisporins, trichoaureocins, trichocellins, longibrachins, hyporientalins, trichokonins, trilongins, metanicins, trichosporins, gliodeliquescins, alamethicins and hypophellins, as well as eight 19-residue sequences from a new subfamily of peptaibols named brevicelsins. Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase genes were mined from the available genome sequences of the Longibrachiatum Clade. Their annotation and product prediction were performed in silico and revealed full agreement in 11 out of 20 positions regarding the amino acids predicted based on the signature sequences and the detected amino acids incorporated. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed for structural characterization of four selected peptaibol sequences: paracelsins B, H and their 19-residue counterparts brevicelsins I and IV. Loss of position R6 in brevicelsins resulted in smaller helical structures with higher atomic fluctuation for every residue than the structures formed by paracelsins. We observed the formation of highly bent, almost hairpin-like, helical structures throughout the trajectory, along with linear conformation. Bioactivity tests were performed on the purified peptaibol extract of T. reesei on clinically and phytopathologically important filamentous fungi, mammalian cells, and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Porcine kidney cells and boar spermatozoa proved to be sensitive to the purified peptaibol extract. Peptaibol concentrations ≥0.3 mg ml−1 deterred the growth of A. thaliana. However, negative effects to plants were not detected at concentrations below 0.1 mg ml−1, which could still inhibit plant pathogenic filamentous fungi, suggesting that those peptaibols reported here may have applications for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Marik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Chetna Tyagi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Balázs
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szepesi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Bakacsy
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Endre
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Rakk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Heidi Salonen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Platt JL, Spatafora JW. Evolutionary relationships of nonsexual lichenized fungi: molecular phylogenetic hypotheses for the genera Siphula and Thamnolia from SSU and LSU rDNA. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2000.12061183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Platt
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 321 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Joseph W. Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Cordley Hall 2082, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902
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Untereiner WA, Naveau FA. Molecular systematics of the Herpotrichiellaceae with an assessment of the phylogenetic positions ofExophiala dermatitidisandPhialophora americana. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1999.12060994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Untereiner
- MUCL Culture Collection, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Françoise A. Naveau
- MUCL Culture Collection, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Gernandt DS, Stone JK. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA places the nematode parasite, Drechmeria coniospora, in Clavicipitaceae. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1999.12061109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Gernandt
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331–2902
| | - Jeffrey K. Stone
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331–2902
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Lieckfeldt E, Kullnig C, Samuels GJ, Kubicek CP. Sexually competent, sucrose- and nitrate-assimilating strains ofHypocrea jecorina(Trichoderma reesei) from South American soils. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2000.12061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Lieckfeldt
- Institut für Genetik, Humboldt Universität, Chausseestrasse 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kullnig
- Institut für Biochemische Technologie und Mikrobiologie, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Gary J. Samuels
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA 20705
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Institut für Biochemische Technologie und Mikrobiologie, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Wien, Austria
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Myllys L, Lohtander K, Tehler A. β-tubulin, ITS and group I intron sequences challenge the species pair concept in Physcia aipolia and P. caesia. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2001.12063165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leena Myllys
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Anders Tehler
- Sektionen för kryptogambotanik, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
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Filizola PRB, Luna MAC, de Souza AF, Coelho IL, Laranjeira D, Campos-Takaki GM. Biodiversity and phylogeny of novel Trichoderma isolates from mangrove sediments and potential of biocontrol against Fusarium strains. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:89. [PMID: 31122261 PMCID: PMC6532204 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies carried out with novel 13 strains of Trichoderma, isolated from mangrove sediments (PE, Brazil) using morphophysiological and molecular characterization, followed evaluation of biocontrol using Fusarium strains isolated from Caatinga soil (PE, Brazil). Trichoderma strains were characterized by polyphasic taxonomic approach, and the extracted DNA was amplified with primers ITS 1 and 4, and sequenced. The biocontrol evaluation was conducted at 24 and 48 h of growth intervals by Tukey test, with a significance of 5%. Antibiosis tests were assessed in vitro by dual plate and partition plate techniques against Fusarium strains. RESULTS Trichoderma molecular identification, sequences of 500 bp were amplified, deposited into GenBank, and used for phylogenetic analyses. The strains were identified as T. asperellum (10), as T. harzianum (2) and one as T. longibrachiatum. Growth rate presented an average of 0.1207 cm h-1 for Trichoderma and lower growth rate of 0.031 cm h-1 for Fusarium spp., respectively. Antibiosis tests presented the best antagonist level of efficiency for T. asperellum UCP 0149 against F. solani UCP 1395 (82.2%) and F. solani UCP 1075 (70.0%), followed by T. asperellum UCP 0319 against F. solani UCP1083 (73.4%) and T. asperellum UCP 0168 against F. solani UCP1098 (71.5%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in this study as tool for identification of novel Trichoderma strains serve as basis for development of several sustainable use for biotechnological processes. Those Trichoderma strains found promising for the management antagonistic potential and interaction could aid the conduct of biotechnological biocontrol of contaminants, and improve environmental conditions for the health of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Rego Barros Filizola
- Northeast Network for Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900 Brazil
- Nucleus of Research in Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50050-590 Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio Cavalcanti Luna
- Northeast Network for Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900 Brazil
- Nucleus of Research in Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50050-590 Brazil
| | - Adriana Ferreira de Souza
- Northeast Network for Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900 Brazil
- Nucleus of Research in Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50050-590 Brazil
| | - Iwanne Lima Coelho
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900 Brazil
| | - Delson Laranjeira
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900 Brazil
| | - Galba Maria Campos-Takaki
- Nucleus of Research in Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50050-590 Brazil
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Chaverri P, Castlebury LA, Overton BE, Samuels GJ. Hypocrea/Trichoderma: species with conidiophore elongations and green conidia. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2004.11833023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Chaverri
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology, 301 Buckhout Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Lisa A. Castlebury
- U.S.D.A.-A.R.S., Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Room 304, B011A, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Barrie E. Overton
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology, 301 Buckhout Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Gary J. Samuels
- U.S.D.A.-A.R.S., Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Room 304, B011A, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
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Samuels GJ, Dodd SL, Gams W, Castlebury LA, Petrini O. Trichodermaspecies associated with the green mold epidemic of commercially grownAgaricus bisporus. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2003.11833257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L. Dodd
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Rm. 304, B-011A, BARC-W, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Walter Gams
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa A. Castlebury
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Rm. 304, B-011A, BARC-W, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
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14
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Dodd SL, Lieckfeldt E, Samuels GJ. Hypocrea atroviridis sp. nov., the teleomorph of Trichoderma atroviride. Mycologia 2012; 95:27-40. [PMID: 21156586 DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2004.11833129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new species, Hypocrea atroviridis, is described for the teleomorph of Trichoderma atroviride. Based on sequences of ITS-1, 5.8S, and ITS-2 regions of the rDNA complex and translation-elongation factor (EF-1α), T. atroviride and H. atroviridis form a well-supported clade within Trichoderma sect. Trichoderma. The conserved anamorphic phenotype of T. atroviride, observed for both conidial and ascospore derived cultures, was only found within that clade. In contrast, the teleomorph phenotype of H. atroviridis was morphologically indistinguishable from H. rufa, the teleomorph of T. viride. This Hypocrea phenotype may, therefore, be considered to be plesiomorphic within Trichoderma sect. Trichoderma, suggesting that genes controlling the expression of the teleomorph and anamorph evolve at different rates and that the genes controlling expression of the teleomorph are more conserved than are those controlling the expression of the anamorph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Dodd
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology, 301 Buckhout Lab., University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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15
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Ortiz-García S, Gernandt DS, Stone JK, Johnston PR, Chapela IH, Salas-Lizana R, Alvarez-Buylla ER. Phylogenetics of Lophodermium from pine. Mycologia 2012; 95:846-59. [PMID: 21148992 DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2004.11833044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lophodermium comprises ascomycetous fungi that are both needle-cast pathogens and asymptomatic endophytes on a diversity of plant hosts. It is distinguished from other genera in the family Rhytismataceae by its filiform ascospores and ascocarps that open by a longitudinal slit. Nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA were used to infer phylogenetic relationships within Lophodermium. Twenty-nine sequences from approximately 11 species of Lophodermium were analyzed together with eight sequences from isolates thought to represent six other genera of Rhytismataceae: Elytroderma, Lirula, Meloderma, Terriera, Tryblidiopsis and Colpoma. Two putative Meloderma desmazieresii isolates occurred within the Lophodermium clade but separate from one another, one grouped with L. indianum and the other with L. nitens. An isolate of Elytroderma deformans also occurred within the Lophodermium clade but on a solitary branch. The occurrence of these genera within the Lophodermium clade might be due to problems in generic concepts in Rhytismataceae, such as emphasis on spore morphology to delimit genera, to difficulty of isolating Rhytismataceae needle pathogens from material that also is colonized by Lophodermium or to a combination of both factors. We also evaluated the congruence of host distribution and several morphological characters on the ITS phylogeny. Lophodermium species from pine hosts formed a monophyletic sister group to Lophodermium species from more distant hosts from the southern hemisphere, but not to L. piceae from Picea. The ITS topology indicated that Lophodermium does not show strict cospeciation with pines at deeper branches, although several closely related isolates have closely related hosts. Pathogenic species occupy derived positions in the pine clade, suggesting that pathogenicity has evolved from endophytism. A new combination is proposed, Terriera minor (Tehon) P.R. Johnst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Ortiz-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. 04510, México
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Alternative reproductive strategies of Hypocrea orientalis and genetically close but clonal Trichoderma longibrachiatum, both capable of causing invasive mycoses of humans. Microbiology (Reading) 2008; 154:3447-3459. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/021196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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KUHLS K, LIECKFELDT E, BÖRNER T, GUÉHO E. Molecular reidentification of human pathogenic Trichoderma isolates as Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma citrinoviride. Med Mycol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-280x.1999.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lee CF, Liu DYT, Lai MT, Hseu TH. Reidentification of cellulolytic enzyme-producing Trichoderma strains W-10 and G-39. Can J Microbiol 2006; 52:570-4. [PMID: 16788725 DOI: 10.1139/w06-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Strain W-10, originally identified as Trichoderma koningii, and its supposed mutant G-39, published for production and gene expression of cellulase and xylanase, demonstrated morphological characteristics distinct from those of T. koningii, respectively. To clarify the identification derived from morphological characteristics, several methods were used, including electrophoretic karyotyping, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) analysis of rDNA, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting using the universal primer L45. All the molecular characteristics showed that strains G-39 and W-10 were identical to T. reesei and T. longibrachiatum, respectively. The results strongly supported that T. koningii G-39 and W-10 should be reassigned as T. reesei and T. longibrachiatum, respectively. Strain G-39 should be considered a mutant from T. reesei QM9414 whose spores were contaminated with those of strain W-10 during a laboratory operation. According to this, we declare that T. koningii G-39 and W-10 must be renamed as T. reesei and T. longibrachiatum, respectively.Key words: PCR fingerprinting, electrophoretic karyotypes, ITS, Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fu Lee
- Department of Applied Science, National Hsinchu University of Education, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Szekeres A, Láday M, Kredics L, Varga J, Antal Z, Hatvani L, Manczinger L, Vágvölgyi C, Nagy E. Rapid identification of clinical Trichoderma longibrachiatum isolates by cellulose-acetate electrophoresis-mediated isoenzyme analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12:369-75. [PMID: 16524414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-acetate electrophoresis was used to investigate isoenzyme polymorphism among ten clinical and 11 non-clinical isolates of Trichoderma. Initial testing of 13 enzyme systems for activity and resolution of bands showed that seven were appropriate for identifying the different species. Each of the enzyme systems investigated (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, peptidases A, B and D, and phosphoglucomutase) was diagnostic for at least one species. On the basis of the results of isoenzyme analysis, several isolates identified originally as Trichoderma pseudokoningii, T. koningii or T. citrinoviride were re-identified as T. longibrachiatum, in agreement with sequence analysis data for the internal transcribed spacer region of the isolates. The availability of a quick, inexpensive and reliable diagnostic tool for the identification of T. longibrachiatum isolates is important, as most clinical Trichoderma isolates belong to T. longibrachiatum. Furthermore, as many different enzyme systems are available, the method may also be suitable for the identification of other clinically relevant fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Druzhinina IS, Kopchinskiy AG, Komoń M, Bissett J, Szakacs G, Kubicek CP. An oligonucleotide barcode for species identification in Trichoderma and Hypocrea. Fungal Genet Biol 2006; 42:813-28. [PMID: 16154784 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 06/12/2005] [Accepted: 06/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest obstructions to studies on Trichoderma has been the incorrect and confused application of species names to isolates used in industry, biocontrol of plant pathogens and ecological surveys, thereby making the comparison of results questionable. Here we provide a convenient, on-line method for the quick molecular identification of Hypocrea/Trichoderma at the genus and species levels based on an oligonucleotide barcode: a diagnostic combination of several oligonucleotides (hallmarks) specifically allocated within the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 (ITS1 and 2) sequences of the rDNA repeat. The barcode was developed on the basis of 979 sequences of 88 vouchered species which displayed in total 135 ITS1 and 2 haplotypes. Oligonucleotide sequences which are constant in all known ITS1 and 2 of Hypocrea/Trichoderma but different in closely related fungal genera, were used to define genus-specific hallmarks. The library of species-, clade- and genus-specific hallmarks is stored in the MySQL database and integrated in the TrichOKey v. 1.0 - barcode sequence identification program with the web interface located on . TrichOKey v. 1.0 identifies 75 single species, 5 species pairs and 1 species triplet. Verification of the DNA-barcode was done by a blind test on 53 unknown isolates of Trichoderma, collected in Central and South America. The obtained results were in a total agreement with phylogenetic identification based on tef1 (large intron), NCBI BLAST of vouchered records and postum morphological analysis. We conclude that oligonucleotide barcode is a powerful tool for the routine identification of Hypocrea/Trichoderma species and should be useful as a complement to traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Druzhinina
- Division of Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/1665, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
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Untereiner WA, Naveau FA, Bachewich J, Angus A. Evolutionary relationships ofHyphodiscus hymeniophilus(anamorphCatenulifera rhodogena) inferred from β-tubulin and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/b05-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During an investigation of lignicolous ascomycetes from Luxembourg, we isolated a Phialophora -like species that produced striking red colonies. To confirm the identity of this fungus as Catenulifera rhodogena , we compared it with isolates of Catenulifera rhodogena and Hyphodiscus hymeniophilus on a variety of media. Portions of the β-tubulin gene and the nuclear ribosomal DNA cistron (internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and large subunit (LSU)) were sequenced to examine the relationship of isolates of Catenulifera rhodogena and Hyphodiscus hymeniophilus from different substrates and to test the hypothesis that Cadophora and Catenulifera are congeneric. The phylogenetic position of Catenulifera within the Ascomycota was investigated based on the analysis of the small-subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences. The isolates examined were indistinguishable micromorphologically and closely related phylogenetically. Three strains of Catenulifera rhodogena from bark or wood and one strain from Piptoporus betulinus formed a strongly supported clade in analyses of β-tubulin and ITS sequences. This clade did not encompass the ex-type isolates of Cistella rubescens and Scopulariopsis rhodogena or a second isolate of Catenulifera rhodogena from Piptoporus betulinus. Analysis of partial LSU sequences confirmed the close phylogenetic relationship of Catenulifera rhodogena and Hyphodiscus hymeniophilus but provided no evidence that the isolates could be grouped by substrate or that Catenulifera is synonymous with Cadophora. The position of Catenulifera within the Helotiales was not resolved based on the comparison of LSU and SSU sequences, but the isolate for which we obtained complete SSU sequence grouped with the root endophyte Phialocephala fortinii. Comparison of ITS sequences confirmed the close phylogenetic relationship of Hyphodiscus to members of the Dermateaceae and Hyaloscyphaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Untereiner
- Department of Botany, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
- Euroscreen, Route de Lennik 808, Bâtiment C, Brussels, B-1070 Belgium
| | - Françoise A. Naveau
- Department of Botany, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
- Euroscreen, Route de Lennik 808, Bâtiment C, Brussels, B-1070 Belgium
| | - Jason Bachewich
- Department of Botany, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
- Euroscreen, Route de Lennik 808, Bâtiment C, Brussels, B-1070 Belgium
| | - Andrea Angus
- Department of Botany, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
- Euroscreen, Route de Lennik 808, Bâtiment C, Brussels, B-1070 Belgium
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Antal Z, Varga J, Kredics L, Szekeres A, Hatvani L, Manczinger L, Vágvölgyi C, Nagy E. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA polymorphism within the emerging filamentous fungal pathogen Trichoderma longibrachiatum. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:31-35. [PMID: 16388027 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of the emerging fungal pathogen Trichoderma longibrachiatum was examined at the level of mitochondrial DNA. The 17 investigated strains, comprising nine clinical and eight non-clinical isolates, exhibited seven and ten different mitochondrial DNA profiles by using the restriction enzymes BsuRI and Hin6I, respectively. The sizes of mitochondrial DNAs varied from 34.9 to 39.5 kb. The discriminatory power of the method was higher than that of internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis and therefore should be more suitable for identification and epidemiological investigations. However, clinical and non-clinical isolates did not form separate clusters on the resulting dendrogram and thus there was no indication of a correlation between genetic structure and pathogenicity of the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Antal
- Microbiological Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and University of Szeged, PO Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - László Kredics
- Microbiological Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and University of Szeged, PO Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | - Elisabeth Nagy
- Microbiological Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and University of Szeged, PO Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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Ogawa Y, Suda A, Kusama-Eguchi K, Watanabe K, Tokumasu S. Intraspecific groups of Umbelopsis ramanniana inferred from nucleotide sequences of nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions and sporangiospore morphology. MYCOSCIENCE 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-005-0257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Druzhinina I, Kubicek CP. Species concepts and biodiversity in Trichoderma and Hypocrea: from aggregate species to species clusters? J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2005; 6:100-12. [PMID: 15633245 PMCID: PMC1389624 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2005.b0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma/Hypocrea is a genus of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi containing members important to mankind as producers of industrial enzymes and biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, but also as opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised humans. Species identification, while essential in view of the controversial properties of taxa of this genus, has been problematic by traditional methods. Here we will present a critical survey of the various identification methods in use. In addition, we will present an update on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the 88 taxa (which occur as 14 holomorphs, 49 teleomorphs and 25 anamorphs in nature) of Trichoderma/Hypocrea that have been confirmed by a combination of morphological, physiological and genetic approaches.
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Sanz L, Montero M, Grondona I, Vizcaíno JA, Llobell A, Hermosa R, Monte E. Cell wall-degrading isoenzyme profiles of Trichoderma biocontrol strains show correlation with rDNA taxonomic species. Curr Genet 2005; 46:277-86. [PMID: 15480677 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-004-0532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma is known for being the most frequently used biocontrol agent in agriculture. A fundamental part of the Trichoderma antifungal system relies on a series of genes coding for a variety of extracellular lytic enzymes. Characterization of the polymorphism between five putative isoenzymatic activities [beta-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39, EC 3.2.1.58), beta-1,6-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.75), cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4; EC 3.2.1.21, EC 3.2.1.91), chitinase (EC 3.2.1.30, EC 3.2.1.52), protease (EC 3.4.11; EC 3.4.13-19; EC 3.4.21-24, EC 3.4.99)] was carried out using 18 strains from three sections of Trichoderma. Of these, seven strains were from T. sect. Pachybasium, nine from T. sect. Trichoderma and two from T. sect. Longibrachiatum. Thirty-seven different alleles in total were identified: 13 for beta-1,3-glucanase, four for beta-1,6-glucanase, three for cellulase, eight for chitinase and nine for protease activity. A dendrogram (constructed by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages) based on isoenzymatic data separated the 18 strains into three main enzymatic groups: T. harzianum, T. atroviride/T. viride/T. koningii and T. asperellum/T. hamatum/T. longibrachiatum. Isoenzymatic groupings obtained from biocontrol strains are discussed in relation to their phylogenetic location, based on their sequence of internal transcribed spacer 1 in ribosomal DNA and their antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sanz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Rubio MB, Hermosa MR, Keck E, Monte E. Specific PCR assays for the detection and quantification of DNA from the biocontrol strain Trichoderma harzianum 2413 in soil. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2005; 49:25-33. [PMID: 15688256 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-003-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Strain identification in situ is an important factor in the monitoring of microorganisms used in the field. In this study, we demonstrated the use of sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to detect genomic DNA from Trichoderma harzianum 2413 from soil. Two primers (SCAR A1/SCAR A1c) were tested against DNA of 27 isolates of Trichoderma spp. and amplified a 990-bp fragment from T. atroviride 11 and a 1.5-kb fragment from T. harzianum 2413, using an annealing temperature of 68 degrees C. These fragments showed no significant homology to any sequence deposited in the databases. The primer pair, BR1 and BR2, was designed to the 1.5-kb fragment amplified from T. harzianum 2413, generating a SCAR marker. To test the specificity of these primers, experiments were conducted using the DNA from 27 Trichoderma spp. strains and 22 field soil samples obtained from four different countries. PCR results showed that BR1 and BR2 amplified an 837-bp fragment unique to T. harzianum 2413. Assays in which total DNA was extracted from sterile and nonsterile soil samples, inoculated with spore or mycelium combinations of Trichoderma spp. strains, indicated that the BR1 and BR2 primers could specifically detect T. harzianum 2413 in a pool of mixed DNA. No other soil-microorganisms containing these sequences were amplified using these primers. To test whether the 837-bp SCAR marker of T. harzianum 2413 could be used in real-time PCR experiments, new primers (Q2413f and Q2413r) conjugated with a TaqMan fluorogenic probe were designed. Real-time PCR assays were applied using DNA from sterile and nonsterile soil samples inoculated with a known quantity of spores of Trichoderma spp. strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Rubio
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Lab. 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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28
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Lübeck M, Bulat S, Alekhina I, Lieckfeldt E. Delineation of species within the Trichoderma viride/atroviride/koningii complex by UP-PCR cross-blot hybridization. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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29
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Hypocrea phyllostachydis and its Trichoderma anamorph, a new bambusicolous species from France. Mycol Prog 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-006-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of two species of Hypocrea with Trichoderma anamorphs. Mycol Prog 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-006-0037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Lee CF, Hseu TH. Genetic relatedness of Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium species based on molecular approaches. Can J Microbiol 2002; 48:831-40. [PMID: 12455615 DOI: 10.1139/w02-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular approaches including internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of ribosomal DNA, universal primer polymerase chain reaction (UP-PCR) fingerprinting, and DNA-DNA hybridization were used to study the genetic relatedness of species within Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium. In the analysis of ITS and 5.8S sequences of ribosomal DNA, parsimony analysis demonstrated that forty-one strains were distributed into five main groups supported by high bootstrap values. The species of Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium were clustered into groups I, II, and IV, with the strains of Trichoderma fasculatum and Trichoderma strictipile forming a separate branch, an independent group V. Some species within each group showed nearly identical sequence differences (fewer than 1-3 bp). UP-PCR and DNA-DNA hybridization were further used to clarify the genetic relatedness of these species with highly similar ITS sequences. Highly similar or identical UP-PCR profiles and high values of DNA complementarity (>70%) were observed among some species, Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma pubescens; Trichoderma croceum, Trichoderma polysporum and Trichoderma album, Trichoderma crassum and Trichoderma flavofuscum; and Trichoderma strictipile and Trichoderma fasciculatum. Although every species can be differentiated morphologically, the species showed highly similar molecular characteristics in the above cases, indicating that they could be conspecific. However, in some cases (Trithoderma longipile, T. crassum and T. flavofuscum; Trichoderma fertile and Trichoderma minutisporum; Trichoderma tomentosum, Trichoderma inhamatum and Trichoderma harzianum) there were discriminative patterns of UP-PCR and (or) low levels (<50%) of DNA-DNA hybridization; even their ITS sequences were similar, suggesting a closely phylogenetic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fu Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Stenroos S, Hyvonen J, Myllys L, Thell A, Ahti T. Phylogeny of the Genus Cladonia s.lat. (Cladoniaceae, Ascomycetes) Inferred from Molecular, Morphological, and Chemical Data. Cladistics 2002; 18:237-278. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2002.tb00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lübeck M, Poulsen SK, Lübeck PS, Jensen DF, Thrane U. Identification of Trichoderma strains from building materials by ITS1 ribotyping, UP-PCR fingerprinting and UP-PCR cross hybridization. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 185:129-34. [PMID: 10754236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the role of Trichoderma in sick building syndrome, it is essential to be able to accurately identify species. Forty-four strains of Trichoderma spp. isolated from Danish buildings damaged by water leaks were identified using ITS1 ribotyping and universally primed PCR, UP-PCR. Ribotyping allowed the assignment of the strains into three distinct groups. High similarity of UP-PCR banding profiles of the strains allowed species designation for almost all strains (43 out of 44) when compared with the UP-PCR banding profiles obtained from reference strains of T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum and T. viride. However, cross hybridization of UP-PCR products showed that the latter strain had high DNA homology to the ex-type strain of T. hamatum. The combined approach is a convenient way for reliable identification of Trichoderma strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lübeck
- Department of Plant Biology, Plant Pathology Section, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Abstract
Fungal infections, especially those caused by opportunistic species, have become substantially more common in recent decades. Numerous species cause human infections, and several new human pathogens are discovered yearly. This situation has created an increasing interest in fungal taxonomy and has led to the development of new methods and approaches to fungal biosystematics which have promoted important practical advances in identification procedures. However, the significance of some data provided by the new approaches is still unclear, and results drawn from such studies may even increase nomenclatural confusion. Analyses of rRNA and rDNA sequences constitute an important complement of the morphological criteria needed to allow clinical fungi to be more easily identified and placed on a single phylogenetic tree. Most of the pathogenic fungi so far described belong to the kingdom Fungi; two belong to the kingdom Chromista. Within the Fungi, they are distributed in three phyla and in 15 orders (Pneumocystidales, Saccharomycetales, Dothideales, Sordariales, Onygenales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Ophiostomatales, Microascales, Tremellales, Poriales, Stereales, Agaricales, Schizophyllales, and Ustilaginales).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain.
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35
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Richter S, Cormican MG, Pfaller MA, Lee CK, Gingrich R, Rinaldi MG, Sutton DA. Fatal disseminated Trichoderma longibrachiatum infection in an adult bone marrow transplant patient: species identification and review of the literature. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1154-60. [PMID: 10074541 PMCID: PMC88664 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.4.1154-1160.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma longibrachiatum was recovered from stool surveillance cultures and a perirectal ulcer biopsy specimen from a 29-year-old male who had received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The amphotericin B (2.0 microgram/ml) and itraconazole (1.0 microgram/ml) MICs for the organism were elevated. Therapy with these agents was unsuccessful, and the patient died on day 58 posttransplantation. At autopsy, histologic sections from the lungs, liver, brain, and intestinal wall showed infiltration by branching septate hyphae. Cultures were positive for Trichoderma longibrachiatum. While Trichoderma species have been recognized to be pathogenic in profoundly immunosuppressed hosts with increasing frequency, this is the first report of probable acquisition through the gastrointestinal tract. Salient features regarding the identification of molds in the Trichoderma longibrachiatum species aggregate are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Richter
- Departments of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, San Antonio, Texas 78284, USA
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