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Trichoderma Green Mould Disease of Cultivated Mushrooms. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kwak Y. An Update on Trichoderma Mitogenomes: Complete De Novo Mitochondrial Genome of the Fungal Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma harzianum (Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes), an Ex-Neotype Strain CBS 226.95, and Tracing the Evolutionary Divergences of Mitogenomes in Trichoderma. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1564. [PMID: 34442643 PMCID: PMC8401334 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales), widely used as biofungicides, biofertilizers, and as model fungi for the industrial production of CAZymes, have actively been studied for the applications of their biological functions. Recently, the study of the nuclear genomes of Trichoderma has expanded in the directions of adaptation and evolution to gain a better understanding of their ecological traits. However, Trichoderma's mitochondria have received much less attention despite mitochondria being the most necessary element for sustaining cell life. In this study, a mitogenome of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum CBS 226.95 was assembled de novo. A 27,632 bp circular DNA molecule was revealed with specific features, such as the intronless of all core PCGs, one homing endonuclease, and a putative overlapping tRNA, on a closer phylogenetic relationship with T. reesei among hypocrealean fungi. Interestingly, the mitogenome of T. harzianum CBS 226.95 was predicted to have evolved earlier than those of other Trichoderma species and also assumed with a selection pressure in the cox3. Considering the bioavailability, both for the ex-neotype strain of the T. harzianum species complex and the most globally representative commercial fungal biocontrol agent, our results on the T. harzianum CBS 226.95 mitogenome provide crucial information which will be helpful criteria in future studies on Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyoung Kwak
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, CNRS, Université Paris Sud (Paris XI), Université Paris Saclay, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France;
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Institute for Quality and Safety Assessment of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Sasidharan S, Tuladhar P, Raj S, Saudagar P. Understanding Its Role Bioengineered Trichoderma in Managing Soil-Borne Plant Diseases and Its Other Benefits. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Seifert KA, Zare R, Summerbell RC. In memoriam: Walter Gams (1934–2017). Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1619058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Seifert
- Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Rasoul Zare
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, P.O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran
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Jang S, Kwon SL, Lee H, Jang Y, Park MS, Lim YW, Kim C, Kim JJ. New Report of Three Unrecorded Species in Trichoderma harzianum Species Complex in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:177-184. [PMID: 30294477 PMCID: PMC6171446 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1497792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma (Hypocreaceae, Ascomycota) consists of globally distributed fungi. Among them, T. harzianum, one of the most commonly collected Trichoderma species, had been known as a polyphyletic or aggregate species. However, a total of 19 species were determined from the polyphyletic groups of T. harzianum. Thus, we explored Korean "T. harzianum" specimens that were collected in 2013-2014. These specimens were re-examined based on a recent study with translate elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α) sequences to reveal cryptic Trichoderma species in Korea. As a result, four different species, T. afroharzianum, T. atrobruneum, T. pyramidale, and T. harzianum, were identified. Except T. harzianum, the other three species have not been reported in Korea. In this work, we describe these species and provide figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokyoon Jang
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Lul Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanbyul Lee
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeongseon Jang
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Microbiology, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Soo Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Woon Lim
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changmu Kim
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Inceon, Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Dodd SL, Lieckfeldt E, Samuels GJ. Hypocrea atroviridis sp. nov., the teleomorph of Trichoderma atroviride. Mycologia 2012; 95:27-40. [PMID: 21156586 DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2004.11833129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new species, Hypocrea atroviridis, is described for the teleomorph of Trichoderma atroviride. Based on sequences of ITS-1, 5.8S, and ITS-2 regions of the rDNA complex and translation-elongation factor (EF-1α), T. atroviride and H. atroviridis form a well-supported clade within Trichoderma sect. Trichoderma. The conserved anamorphic phenotype of T. atroviride, observed for both conidial and ascospore derived cultures, was only found within that clade. In contrast, the teleomorph phenotype of H. atroviridis was morphologically indistinguishable from H. rufa, the teleomorph of T. viride. This Hypocrea phenotype may, therefore, be considered to be plesiomorphic within Trichoderma sect. Trichoderma, suggesting that genes controlling the expression of the teleomorph and anamorph evolve at different rates and that the genes controlling expression of the teleomorph are more conserved than are those controlling the expression of the anamorph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Dodd
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology, 301 Buckhout Lab., University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Sanz L, Montero M, Grondona I, Vizcaíno JA, Llobell A, Hermosa R, Monte E. Cell wall-degrading isoenzyme profiles of Trichoderma biocontrol strains show correlation with rDNA taxonomic species. Curr Genet 2005; 46:277-86. [PMID: 15480677 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-004-0532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma is known for being the most frequently used biocontrol agent in agriculture. A fundamental part of the Trichoderma antifungal system relies on a series of genes coding for a variety of extracellular lytic enzymes. Characterization of the polymorphism between five putative isoenzymatic activities [beta-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39, EC 3.2.1.58), beta-1,6-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.75), cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4; EC 3.2.1.21, EC 3.2.1.91), chitinase (EC 3.2.1.30, EC 3.2.1.52), protease (EC 3.4.11; EC 3.4.13-19; EC 3.4.21-24, EC 3.4.99)] was carried out using 18 strains from three sections of Trichoderma. Of these, seven strains were from T. sect. Pachybasium, nine from T. sect. Trichoderma and two from T. sect. Longibrachiatum. Thirty-seven different alleles in total were identified: 13 for beta-1,3-glucanase, four for beta-1,6-glucanase, three for cellulase, eight for chitinase and nine for protease activity. A dendrogram (constructed by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages) based on isoenzymatic data separated the 18 strains into three main enzymatic groups: T. harzianum, T. atroviride/T. viride/T. koningii and T. asperellum/T. hamatum/T. longibrachiatum. Isoenzymatic groupings obtained from biocontrol strains are discussed in relation to their phylogenetic location, based on their sequence of internal transcribed spacer 1 in ribosomal DNA and their antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sanz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Rubio MB, Hermosa MR, Keck E, Monte E. Specific PCR assays for the detection and quantification of DNA from the biocontrol strain Trichoderma harzianum 2413 in soil. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2005; 49:25-33. [PMID: 15688256 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-003-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Strain identification in situ is an important factor in the monitoring of microorganisms used in the field. In this study, we demonstrated the use of sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to detect genomic DNA from Trichoderma harzianum 2413 from soil. Two primers (SCAR A1/SCAR A1c) were tested against DNA of 27 isolates of Trichoderma spp. and amplified a 990-bp fragment from T. atroviride 11 and a 1.5-kb fragment from T. harzianum 2413, using an annealing temperature of 68 degrees C. These fragments showed no significant homology to any sequence deposited in the databases. The primer pair, BR1 and BR2, was designed to the 1.5-kb fragment amplified from T. harzianum 2413, generating a SCAR marker. To test the specificity of these primers, experiments were conducted using the DNA from 27 Trichoderma spp. strains and 22 field soil samples obtained from four different countries. PCR results showed that BR1 and BR2 amplified an 837-bp fragment unique to T. harzianum 2413. Assays in which total DNA was extracted from sterile and nonsterile soil samples, inoculated with spore or mycelium combinations of Trichoderma spp. strains, indicated that the BR1 and BR2 primers could specifically detect T. harzianum 2413 in a pool of mixed DNA. No other soil-microorganisms containing these sequences were amplified using these primers. To test whether the 837-bp SCAR marker of T. harzianum 2413 could be used in real-time PCR experiments, new primers (Q2413f and Q2413r) conjugated with a TaqMan fluorogenic probe were designed. Real-time PCR assays were applied using DNA from sterile and nonsterile soil samples inoculated with a known quantity of spores of Trichoderma spp. strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Rubio
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Lab. 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Lübeck M, Bulat S, Alekhina I, Lieckfeldt E. Delineation of species within the Trichoderma viride/atroviride/koningii complex by UP-PCR cross-blot hybridization. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Schmidt D, Rath PM. Faster genetic identification of medically important aspergilli by using gellan gum as gelling agent in mycological media. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:653-655. [PMID: 12867558 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using gellan gum as a substitute for agar-agar in a mycological medium and sequencing of the ITS 1 and 2 regions resulted in an accurate identification of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus ustus within 24 h of subculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmidt
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Rath
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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Bissett J, Szakacs G, Nolan CA, Druzhinina I, Gradinger C, Kubicek CP. New species of Trichoderma from Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/b03-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven new species of Trichoderma, isolated from soil or tree bark from Siberia, Nepal, northern India, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, and Malaysia, are described based on morphological and physiological characters, and from their phylogenetic position inferred from parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rDNA cluster (ITS1 and 2) and partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1α). Trichoderma sinensis sp. nov. and Trichoderma effusum sp. nov. are additions to Trichoderma section Longibrachiatum. Trichoderma helicum sp. nov., Trichoderma rossicum sp. nov., Trichoderma velutinum sp. nov., and Trichoderma cerinum sp. nov. are additions to section Pachybasium. Trichoderma erinaceum sp. nov. is described in section Trichoderma. The contribution of sequence data in resolving species in Trichoderma is demonstrated by Trichoderma helicum, which is morphologically indistinguishable from Trichoderma tomentosum Bissett, even though the two species are not phylogenetically closely related.Key words: Hypocrea, systematics, taxonomy, phylogeny.
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Lee CF, Hseu TH. Genetic relatedness of Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium species based on molecular approaches. Can J Microbiol 2002; 48:831-40. [PMID: 12455615 DOI: 10.1139/w02-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular approaches including internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of ribosomal DNA, universal primer polymerase chain reaction (UP-PCR) fingerprinting, and DNA-DNA hybridization were used to study the genetic relatedness of species within Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium. In the analysis of ITS and 5.8S sequences of ribosomal DNA, parsimony analysis demonstrated that forty-one strains were distributed into five main groups supported by high bootstrap values. The species of Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium were clustered into groups I, II, and IV, with the strains of Trichoderma fasculatum and Trichoderma strictipile forming a separate branch, an independent group V. Some species within each group showed nearly identical sequence differences (fewer than 1-3 bp). UP-PCR and DNA-DNA hybridization were further used to clarify the genetic relatedness of these species with highly similar ITS sequences. Highly similar or identical UP-PCR profiles and high values of DNA complementarity (>70%) were observed among some species, Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma pubescens; Trichoderma croceum, Trichoderma polysporum and Trichoderma album, Trichoderma crassum and Trichoderma flavofuscum; and Trichoderma strictipile and Trichoderma fasciculatum. Although every species can be differentiated morphologically, the species showed highly similar molecular characteristics in the above cases, indicating that they could be conspecific. However, in some cases (Trithoderma longipile, T. crassum and T. flavofuscum; Trichoderma fertile and Trichoderma minutisporum; Trichoderma tomentosum, Trichoderma inhamatum and Trichoderma harzianum) there were discriminative patterns of UP-PCR and (or) low levels (<50%) of DNA-DNA hybridization; even their ITS sequences were similar, suggesting a closely phylogenetic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fu Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Production of TMC- 151, TMC- 154 and TMC- 171, a new class of antibiotics, is specific to ‘Gliocladium roseum’ group. MYCOSCIENCE 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02489678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Guarro J, Antolín-Ayala MI, Gené J, Gutiérrez-Calzada J, Nieves-Díez C, Ortoneda M. Fatal case of Trichoderma harzianum infection in a renal transplant recipient. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:3751-5. [PMID: 10523593 PMCID: PMC85751 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.11.3751-3755.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the second known case of human infection by Trichoderma harzianum. A disseminated fungal infection was detected in the postmortem examination of a renal transplant recipient and confirmed in culture. The only other reported infection by this fungus caused peritonitis in a diabetic patient. The in vitro antifungal susceptibilities of the clinical strain and three other strains of Trichoderma species to six antifungal drugs are provided. This case illustrates the widening spectrum of opportunistic Trichoderma spp. in immunocompromised patients and emphasizes the problems in diagnosing invasive fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain.
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Chen X, Romaine CP, Tan Q, Schlagnhaufer B, Ospina-Giraldo MD, Royse DJ, Huff DR. PCR-based genotyping of epidemic and preepidemic Trichoderma isolates associated with green mold of Agaricus bisporus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:2674-8. [PMID: 10347059 PMCID: PMC91394 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.6.2674-2678.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR to estimate genetic variation among isolates of Trichoderma associated with green mold on the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Of 83 isolates examined, 66 were sampled during the recent green mold epidemic, while the remaining 17 isolates were collected just prior to the epidemic and date back to the 1950s. Trichoderma harzianum biotype 4 was identified by RAPD analysis as the cause of almost 90% of the epidemic-related episodes of green mold occurring in the major commercial mushroom-growing region in North America. Biotype 4 was more closely allied to T. harzianum biotype 2, the predominant pathogenic genotype in Europe, than to the less pathogenic biotype 1 and Trichoderma atroviride (formerly T. harzianum biotype 3). No variation in the RAPD patterns was observed among the isolates within biotype 2 or 4, suggesting that the two pathogenic biotypes were populations containing single clones. Considerable genetic variation, however, was noted among isolates of biotype 1 and T. atroviride from Europe. Biotype 4 was not represented by the preepidemic isolates of Trichoderma as determined by RAPD markers and PCR amplification of an arbitrary DNA sequence unique to the genomes of biotypes 2 and 4. Our findings suggest that the onset of the green mold epidemic in North America resulted from the recent introduction of a highly virulent genotype of the pathogen into cultivated mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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