1
|
Wingfield MJ, Hurley B, Wingfield B, Slippers B. Tree health in South Africa: Retrospect and prospect. S AFR J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2020/8038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
South Africa is a country with very limited natural forest cover. Consequently, the timber and fibre needs of the country cannot be provided for from indigenous forest. It is largely for this reason that South Africa initially developed a highly productive plantation forest industry, which today makes a substantial contribution to the local economy. These plantations are based on non-native species of Eucalyptus, Pinus and Australian Acacia. In the early years of establishment, South African plantations were relatively free of pest and pathogen problems. But, over time, an increasing number of insects, fungi and bacteria have emerged as serious threats to the sustainability of the forestry industry. Numerous native pests and pathogens, especially insects, have adapted to these introduced tree species to cause damage or disease. The problem is compounded by the accidental introduction of non-native pests and pathogens, and this has been at a rapidly increasing rate over the past three decades. Some of these introduced pests and pathogens also threaten the fitness and even the survival of many indigenous South African tree species. Fortunately, South Africa has developed an impressive knowledge base and range of integrated management options to deal with these problems. This development was first driven by government programmes, and in more recent years by public–private partnerships between industry, universities and government. It is clear from the pattern of emergence of pests and pathogens in recent years that South Africa will deal with an increasing number of these problems and a continuously changing tree health environment. This requires robust investment in both quarantine and mitigation mechanisms to protect the country’s biodiversity as well as to ensure the sustainability of its wood and fibre industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Brett Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Brenda Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kinge TR, Goldman G, Jacobs A, Ndiritu GG, Gryzenhout M. A first checklist of macrofungi for South Africa. MycoKeys 2020; 63:1-48. [PMID: 32089638 PMCID: PMC7015970 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.63.36566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrofungi are considered as organisms that form large fruiting bodies above or below the ground that are visible without the aid of a microscope. These fungi include most basidiomycetes and a small number of ascomycetes. Macrofungi have different ecological roles and uses, where some are edible, medicinal, poisonous, decomposers, saprotrophs, predators and pathogens, and they are often used for innovative biotechnological, medicinal and ecological applications. However, comprehensive checklists, and compilations on the diversity and distribution of mushrooms are lacking for South Africa, which makes regulation, conservation and inclusion in national biodiversity initiatives difficult. In this review, we compiled a checklist of macrofungi for the first time (excluding lichens). Data were compiled based on available literature in journals, books and fungorium records from the National Collection of Fungi. Even if the list is not complete due to numerous unreported species present in South Africa, it still represents an overview of the current knowledge of the macromycetes of South Africa. The list of names enables the assessment of gaps in collections and knowledge on the fungal biodiversity of South Africa, and downstream applications such as defining residency status of species. It provides a foundation for new names to be added in future towards developing a list that will be as complete as possible, and that can be used by a wide audience including scientists, authorities and the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tonjock Rosemary Kinge
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South AfricaUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, North West Region, CameroonUniversity of BamendaBambiliCambodia
| | - Gary Goldman
- MushroomFundi, Cape Town, South AfricaMushroomFundiCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Adriaana Jacobs
- National Collection of Fungi, Mycology Unit, Plant Health and Protection, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South AfricaNational Collection of FungiPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - George Gatere Ndiritu
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Karatina University, P.O. Box 1957, Karatina 10101, KenyaKaratina UniversityKaratinaKenya
| | - Marieka Gryzenhout
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South AfricaUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Coetzee MPA, Wingfield BD, Bloomer P, Ridley GS, Wingfield MJ. Molecular identification and phylogeny ofArmillariaisolates from South America and Indo-Malaysia. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2004.11833113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Paulette Bloomer
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Geoff S Ridley
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wingfield BD, Ambler JM, Coetzee MP, de Beer ZW, Duong TA, Joubert F, Hammerbacher A, McTaggart AR, Naidoo K, Nguyen HD, Ponomareva E, Santana QS, Seifert KA, Steenkamp ET, Trollip C, van der Nest MA, Visagie CM, Wilken PM, Wingfield MJ, Yilmaz N. IMA Genome-F 6: Draft genome sequences of Armillaria fuscipes, Ceratocystiopsis minuta, Ceratocystis adiposa, Endoconidiophora laricicola, E. polonica and Penicillium freii DAOMC 242723. IMA Fungus 2016; 7:217-27. [PMID: 27433447 PMCID: PMC4941685 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.01.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of Armillaria fuscipes, Ceratocystiopsis minuta, Ceratocystis adiposa, Endoconidiophora laricicola, E. polonica, and Penicillium freii DAOMC 242723 are presented in this genome announcement. These six genomes are from plant pathogens and otherwise economically important fungal species. The genome sizes range from 21 Mb in the case of Ceratocystiopsis minuta to 58 Mb for the basidiomycete Armillaria fuscipes. These genomes include the first reports of genomes for the genus Endoconidiophora. The availability of these genome data will provide opportunities to resolve longstanding questions regarding the taxonomy of species in these genera. In addition these genome sequences through comparative studies with closely related organisms will increase our understanding of how these pathogens cause disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda D. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Jon M. Ambler
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Martin P.A. Coetzee
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Z. Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Tuan A. Duong
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Fourie Joubert
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Alistair R. McTaggart
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Kershney Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Hai D.T. Nguyen
- Biodiversity (Mycology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Ponomareva
- Biodiversity (Mycology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Quentin S. Santana
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Keith A. Seifert
- Biodiversity (Mycology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Emma T. Steenkamp
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Conrad Trollip
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Magriet A. van der Nest
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Cobus M. Visagie
- Biodiversity (Mycology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - P. Markus Wilken
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Neriman Yilmaz
- Biodiversity (Mycology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Otieno W, Sierra AP, Termorshuizen A. Characterization of Armillaria isolates from tea (Camellia sinensis) in Kenya. Mycologia 2012; 95:160-75. [PMID: 21156603 DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2004.11833146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Armillaria is a primary root rot pathogen of tea (Camellia sinensis) in Kenya. The main species presently described in this country are A. mellea and A. heimii. A survey covering fourteen districts of Kenya was carried out and forty-seven isolates of Armillaria collected. Cultural morphology, rhizomorph characteristics, somatic incompatibility and features of basidiomata were used to characterize the isolates, together with molecular analysis based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the intergenic spacer (IGS) regions and sequence of the IGS region. It can be concluded that two Armillaria species were present and they were different from A. mellea. The first group was morphologically similar to A. heimii but this was contradicted by the molecular data, suggesting that A. heimii could be a complex of several species. The second group was different from the first and morphological and molecular data strongly suggest that it could be a new Armillaria species.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wingfield MJ, Coetzee MP, Crous PW, Six D, Wingfield BD. Fungal phoenix rising from the ashes? IMA Fungus 2010; 1:149-53. [PMID: 22679573 PMCID: PMC3348778 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2010.01.02.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
During May 2010, sporocarps of what appeared to be an Armillaria sp. were found in large clumps in historic Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens on the foot of Table Mountain, Cape Town, South Africa. These sporocarps could be physically linked to the roots of unidentified dead trees and Protea spp. The aim of this study was to identify the Armillaria sp. found fruiting in Kirstenbosch. To achieve this goal isolates were made from the mycelium under the bark of dead roots linked to sporocarps. The ITS and IGS-1 regions were sequenced and compared to sequences of Armillaria spp. available on GenBank. Cladograms were generated using ITS sequences to determine the phylogenetic relationship of the isolates with other Armillaria spp. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses showed that the isolates represented A. mellea. They were also identical to isolates of this species previously discovered in the Company Gardens in South Africa and introduced from Europe apparently by the early Dutch Settlers. Armillaria mellea is alien and apparently invasive in Cape Town, fruits profusely and has the potential to spread to sensitive native forests on the foothills of the City.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Martin P.A. Coetzee
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Six
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Brenda D. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mwenje E, Wingfield BD, Coetzee MP, Wingfield MJ. Molecular characterisation of Armillaria species from Zimbabwe. MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2003; 107:291-6. [PMID: 12825497 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756203007408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Armillaria species are amongst the most important pathogens of trees and have a world-wide distribution. In recent years, the taxonomy of Northern Hemisphere Armillaria spp. has been extensively treated, but those occurring in Africa are poorly known. Previously, isolates of Armillaria from Zimbabwe have been grouped based on morphology and biochemical tests. In this study, six isolates representing the three previously characterized groups of Armillaria spp. occurring in Zimbabwe were analysed using DNA-based techniques. Three distinct clusters emerged from both PCR-RFLP and analysis of sequence data for the IGS-1 rRNA operon. The three groups corresponded to those previously identified based on morphology and biochemical tests. Differences in IGS-1 sequences strongly suggest that the Zimbabwean groups represent three distinct taxa. Isolates belonging to Group I, previously assumed to be to A. heimii, were similar to those identified as A. fuscipes from South Africa and La Reunion. Group II isolates resided in a clade apart from all other isolates and appear to represent A. heimii. The remaining isolates residing in Group III clustered with isolates from Zambia and Cameroon. These are different from A. heimii and A. fuscipes and apparently represent an undescribed taxon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Mwenje
- Department of Applied Biology and Biochemistry, National University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|