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Mleczko P, Hilszczańska D, Karpowicz F, Kozak M, Leonardi M, Rosa-Gruszecka A, Tereba A, Pacioni G. Tuber wenchuanense, a holarctic truffle with a wide range of host plants and description of its ectomycorrhiza with spruce. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:45-58. [PMID: 36637489 PMCID: PMC9938020 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tuber wenchuanense ascomata (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a species originally described from Sichuan (China), were found in the Tatra Mountains in southern Poland. The purpose of this work was to (i) report and assess the first case of the holarctic natural distribution of a Tuber species, (ii) amend the original description of the species, (iii) summarize data on its host plants and (iv) describe its ectomycorrhiza. Specimens of Tuber wenchuanense from the Tatra Mountains were studied morphologically and molecularly. The ectomycorrhiza of this truffle with Picea abies was described for the first time. The distribution of T. wenchuanense, which is reconstructed based on sequences deposited in the publicly available nucleotide sequence databases, makes it the first holarctic Tuber species and the one with the northernmost habitat. In fact, its habitat is confined mainly to mountain coniferous forests and alpine and arctic tundra; although, according to known observations, the fruiting bodies of T. wenchuanense can be produced only under conifers. Based on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer, this species appears to have low genetic variability over the entire distribution range. The phylogenetic tree showed that some of the unidentified phylotypes from the Rufum clade found by other researchers belong to T. wenchuanense. The ecological implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mleczko
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Hilszczańska
- Department of Forest Ecology, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Filip Karpowicz
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Rosa-Gruszecka
- Department of Forest Ecology, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090, Raszyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Tereba
- Department of Forest Ecology, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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Nakano S, Obase K, Nakamura N, Kinoshita A, Kuroda K, Yamanaka T. Mitospore formation on pure cultures of Tuber japonicum (Tuberaceae, Pezizales) in vitro. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:353-360. [PMID: 35641704 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The members of the genus Tuber are Ascomycota that form ectomycorrhizal associations with various coniferous and broadleaf tree species. In the teleomorphic stage, the species of the genus produce fruit bodies known as true truffles. Recent studies have discovered mitosporic structures, including spore mats, of several Tuber species on forest soils, indicating the presence of a cryptic anamorphic stage or an unknown reproductive strategy. Here, we report in vitro mitospore formation on the mycelium of T. japonicum, which belongs to the Japonicum clade, collected in several regions in Japan. Twenty of the 25 strains formed mitospores on modified Melin-Norkrans agar medium, indicating that mitospore formation is likely a common trait among strains of T. japonicum. The fungus forms repeatedly branched conidiophores on aerial hyphae on colonies and generates holoblastic mitospores sympodially on the terminal and near apical parts and/or occasionally on the middle and basal parts of the conidiogenous cells. Mitospores are hyaline and elliptical, obovate, oblong, or occasionally bacilliform, with a vacuole and often distinct hilar appendices. Formation of mitospores by T. japonicum in vitro is useful in understanding the functions of mitospores in the genus Tuber under controlled environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Nakano
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
- Mushroom Research Laboratory, Hokuto Corporation, 800-8 Shimokomazawa, Nagano, 381-0008, Japan
| | - Keisuke Obase
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Noritaka Nakamura
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kinoshita
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 4-11-16 Kurokami, Chuo, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-0862, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kuroda
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 92-25 Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0123, Japan
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Büntgen U, Peter M, Tegel W, Stobbe U, Elburg R, Sproll L, Molinier V, Čejka T, Isaac EL, Egli S. Eco-archaeological excavation techniques reveal snapshots of subterranean truffle growth. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:951-961. [PMID: 34776232 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite its status as a highly-prized and coveted fungi in gastronomy, many aspects of the subterranean life cycle of the Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum) are still unknown, because in situ observations of the formation and maturation of truffle fruitbodies remain difficult. Here, we adopted a suite of archaeological fine-scale excavating techniques to provide unique spatiotemporal snapshots of Burgundy truffle growth at three sites in southern Germany. We also recorded the relative position, fresh weight, maturity level and genotype composition of all excavated fruitbodies. Varying by a factor of thousand, the fresh weight of 73 truffle ranged from 0.1 to 103.2 g, with individual maturity levels likely representing different life cycle stages from completely unripe to fully ripe and even decaying. While only a slightly positive relationship between fruitbody weight and maturity level was found, our results suggest that genetically distinct specimens can exhibit different life cycle stages at the same period of time and under the same environmental conditions. We therefore argue that truffles are likely able to grow, mature and ripe simultaneously between early summer and late winter of the following year. Our case study should encourage further eco-archaeological truffle excavations under different biogeographic settings and at different seasons of the year to gain deeper insights into the fungi's subterranean ecology. The expected cross-disciplinary findings will help truffle hunters and farmers to improve their harvest practices and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe), 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic; Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | | | - Rengert Elburg
- Archaeological Heritage Office Saxony, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Čejka
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe), 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth L Isaac
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Nahberger TU, Benucci GMN, Kraigher H, Grebenc T. Effect of earthworms on mycorrhization, root morphology and biomass of silver fir seedlings inoculated with black summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:6167. [PMID: 33731841 PMCID: PMC7971050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Tuber have gained a lot of attention in recent decades due to their aromatic hypogenous fruitbodies, which can bring high prices on the market. The tendency in truffle production is to infect oak, hazel, beech, etc. in greenhouse conditions. We aimed to show whether silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) can be an appropriate host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, and how earthworms in the inoculation substrate would affect the mycorrhization dynamics. Silver fir seedlings inoculated with Tuber. aestivum were analyzed for root system parameters and mycorrhization, how earthworms affect the bare root system, and if mycorrhization parameters change when earthworms are added to the inoculation substrate. Seedlings were analyzed 6 and 12 months after spore inoculation. Mycorrhization with or without earthworms revealed contrasting effects on fine root biomass and morphology of silver fir seedlings. Only a few of the assessed fine root parameters showed statistically significant response, namely higher fine root biomass and fine root tip density in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 6 months after inoculation, lower fine root tip density when earthworms were added, the specific root tip density increased in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 12 months after inoculation, and general negative effect of earthworm on branching density. Silver fir was confirmed as a suitable host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, with 6% and 35% mycorrhization 6 months after inoculation and between 36% and 55% mycorrhization 12 months after inoculation. The effect of earthworms on mycorrhization of silver fir with Tuber aestivum was positive only after 6 months of mycorrhization, while this effect disappeared and turned insignificantly negative after 12 months due to the secondary effect of grazing on ectomycorrhizal root tips.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 426 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hojka Kraigher
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Truffles: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Biotechnological Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Genotypic diversity of the Asiatic black truffle, Tuber himalayense, collected in spontaneous and highly productive truffle grounds. Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Meadows I, Gaskill K, Stefanile L, Sharpe S, Davis J. Persistence of Tuber melanosporum in truffle orchards in North Carolina, USA. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:705-711. [PMID: 32815065 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to determine the persistence of mycorrhization by Tuber melanosporum in truffle orchards established with European and American species of oak and common hazel trees in North Carolina. The trees had reportedly been inoculated and colonized by T. melanosporum prior to planting. Root samples were collected from 95 trees among seven orchards in 2015 and roots were analyzed by morphology and quantitative PCR. Samples that tested negative for T. melanosporum or where ectomycorrhizal morphology was not observed were analyzed by sequencing to identify the mycorrhizal fungal symbiont present. The presence of T. melanosporum was detected in all seven orchards. In six orchards, T. melanosporum was detected on all trees, but in only two of fifteen trees in one orchard. Other species of Tuber including T. brennemanii, T. canaliculatum, and T. lyonii, species of Scleroderma, and members of the Pezizales were also detected by sequence analysis. Sporocarps of T. aestivum and T. brumale were found in 2017 and 2018 in separate orchards in North Carolina after the survey was conducted. Overall, results indicate that T. melanosporum has persisted in truffle orchards sampled in North Carolina. Indigenous and contaminating fungal species, including Tuber species, were also detected and present a challenge to the truffle industry in North Carolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Meadows
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Mountain Research Station, Waynesville, NC, 28786, USA.
| | - Kelly Gaskill
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC, 28759, USA
| | - Leonora Stefanile
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC, 28759, USA
| | - Suzette Sharpe
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Mountain Research Station, Waynesville, NC, 28786, USA
| | - Jeanine Davis
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC, 28759, USA
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Bai Y, Wang Q, Liao K, Jian Z, Zhao C, Qu J. Fungal Community as a Bioindicator to Reflect Anthropogenic Activities in a River Ecosystem. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3152. [PMID: 30622523 PMCID: PMC6308625 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal community interacts with the ambient environment and can be used as a bioindicator to reflect anthropogenic activities in aquatic ecosystems. Several studies have investigated the impact of anthropogenic activities on the fungal community and found that community diversity and composition are influenced by such activities. Here we combined chemical analysis of water properties and sequencing of fungal internal transcribed spacer regions to explore the relationship between water quality indices and fungal community diversity and composition in three river ecosystem areas along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance (i.e., less-disturbed mountainous area, wastewater-discharge urban area, and pesticide and fertilizer used agricultural area). Results revealed that the level of anthropogenic activity was strongly correlated to water quality and mycoplankton community. The increase in organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in water improved the relative abundance of Schizosaccharomyces, which could be used as a potential biomarker to reflect pollutant and nutrient discharge. We further applied a biofilm reactor using water from the three areas as influent to investigate the differences in fungal communities in the formed biofilms. Different community compositions were observed among the three areas, with the dominant fungal phyla in the biofilms found to be more sensitive to seasonal effects than those found in water. Finally, we determined whether the fungal community could recover following water quality restoration. Our biofilm reactor assay revealed that the recovery of fungal community would occur but need a long period of time. Thus, this study highlights the importance of preserving the original natural aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaojuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kailingli Liao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Jian
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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