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Nakao T, Shimada M, Yoshikawa K, Tokunaga T, Nishi M, Kashihara H, Takasu C, Wada Y, Yoshimoto T. Prognostic impact of the combination of p16 INK4a, p21 and Immunoscore in rectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2024; 29:1152-1160. [PMID: 38896182 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-024-02519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between p16INK4a and p21, a marker of cellular senescence, and the Immunoscore, an immunological prognostic indicator, in rectal cancer patients undergoing curative surgery were investigated. METHODS A total of 82 patients who underwent curative surgery for rectal cancer were evaluated. The resected specimens were analyzed for p16INK4a, p21, CD3 and CD8 expression by immunohistochemistry. Immunoscore was calculated on the basis of CD3 and CD8 expressions. The clinicopathological characteristics and long-term outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS Among the 82 patients, 24 (29.3%) were p16INK4a-positive and 11 (13.4%) were p21-positive. The patients were classified into the following five Immunoscore groups (IS0-5). IS0, IS1 and IS2 were classified as the low Immunoscore group (45 patients, 54.9%) and IS3 and IS4 as the high Immunoscore group (37 patients, 45.1%). There was no significant difference in age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, depth of invasion of the tumor, lymph node metastasis and histological classification of the tumor with p16INK4a or p21 expression or Immunoscore. p16INK4a-positive expression and low Immunoscore each showed a tendency to indicate poor prognosis of disease-free survival (DFS). Patients with the combination of p16INK4a and p21 positivity and with p16INK4a positivity and low Immunoscore showed significantly poor prognosis of DFS. Patients with p21 positive positivity and low Immunoscore tended to have worse DFS. CONCLUSIONS p16INK4a, p21 and Immunoscore may be prognostic indicators of rectal cancer. The combination of them may provide more accurate prognostic prediction than either factor alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nakao
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 7708503, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 7708503, Japan
| | - Kozo Yoshikawa
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 7708503, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 7708503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nishi
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 7708503, Japan
| | - Hideya Kashihara
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 7708503, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 7708503, Japan
| | - Yuma Wada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 7708503, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshimoto
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 7708503, Japan
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Elkhamisy FAA, Aboelkomsan EA, Foda AAM. Differences in Clinicopathological Features, P16Ink4a and P57KIP2 Immunohistochemical Expressions, and Survival Between Colorectal Carcinoma in Rectosigmoid and Other Colonic Locations. Cureus 2024; 16:e62061. [PMID: 38989391 PMCID: PMC11234920 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background One unique criterion of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the different locations within the colorectum. Different CRC sidedness/locations could have distinct criteria, including risk factors, morphological features, genetic alterations, prognostic factors, and clinical outcomes. Nearly half of the CRC cases occur in the rectal-sigmoid locations, while other colonic locations constitute the other half. Investigating specific protein expression patterns in the rectosigmoid CRC (rsCRC) compared to other colonic (ocCRC) locations helps understand the disease pathogenesis, predict prognosis, and design personalized treatments. This study is the first to compare P16Ink4a and P57KIP2 immunohistochemical (IHC) expression in rsCRC to ocCRC and examine their relationship to disease outcomes in both locations. Materials and methods A comparative cross-sectional study used tissue microarray slides from rsCRC and ocCRC that were immunohistochemically stained by anti-P16Ink4a and P57KIP2 antibodies. A semi-quantitative scoring system classified each marker's expression as positive or negative. The statistical analysis compared clinicopathological features, P16Ink4a and P57KIP2 expressions, and their relationship to clinical outcomes in rsCRC and ocCRC cases. Results One hundred fifty CRCs were distributed into the rsCRC cases (n=86, 57.3%) and the ocCRC cases (n=64, 42.7%). The rsCRC cases had a significantly lower age <40 years (P=0.002), higher frequency of mismatch repair (MMR) proficient status (P=0.003), and perineural invasion (P=0.008), with lower disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (P=0.03, and P=0.015, respectively). Significantly higher positive P16Ink4a and P57KIP2 IHC expressions were found in the rsCRCs compared to the ocCRCs (P=0.02, and P=0.03, respectively); however, their relationship to the hazards (HR) of recurrence (HR=4.02, P=0.058, and HR=0.36, P=0.14, respectively) and mortality (HR=2.56, P=0.21, and HR=0.23, P=0.58, respectively) in the rsCRC group was statistically nonsignificant. In the ocCRC group, P16Ink4a positivity was significantly associated with a higher disease recurrence and mortality hazard (HR=8.19, P=0.007, and HR=5.57, P=0.037, respectively), while P57KIP2 positivity was significantly associated with a lower mortality hazard (HR=0.12, P=0.027). Conclusion The rsCRCs differ from ocCRCs in clinicopathological criteria and protein expression patterns. Though P16Ink4a and P57KIP2 IHC expressions are higher in the rsCRC than in the ocCRC, their value as outcome predictors is higher in the ocCRCs rather than the rsCRCs. P16Ink4a and P57KIP2 can act as prognostic markers and be suitable targets for therapy modulation in the ocCRC group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abd AlRahman M Foda
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EGY
- Pathology Department, General Medicine Practice Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, SAU
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3
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Hosny G, Ahmed OA, Ahmed RM, Fadel SA. Expression of p16 Tumor Suppressor Protein in Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors; Immunohistochemical Study. Int J Surg Pathol 2024; 32:66-74. [PMID: 37170541 DOI: 10.1177/10668969231168358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors represent small percentage of malignant ovarian neoplasms but they affect significantly young age group. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the immunohistochemical expression of p16 tumor suppressor protein in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (five dysgerminoma, eight immature teratoma, and nine yolk sac tumors), twenty mature cystic teratoma tumors and twenty normal ovarian tissue were immunohistochemically stained with p16 monoclonal antibody. Ki67 immunohistochemical staining was done for malignant ovarian germ cell tumors to assess proliferation. RESULTS We found that p16 tumor suppressor protein is overexpressed in all malignant ovarian germ cell tumors in both nuclear and cytoplasmic locations compared to control and to mature cystic teratoma (p-value <0.001). Cytoplasmic p16 expression was significantly correlated to Ki67 proliferation index in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (p-value = 0.033, r = 0.445). CONCLUSION Overexpression of p16 in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors denotes that dysfunction of the cyclin dependent kinase pathway is involved in tumorigenesis of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Hosny
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Omar A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rania Makboul Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sabah Ahmed Fadel
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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4
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Gallus R, Rizzo D, Rossi G, Mureddu L, Galli J, Artuso A, Bussu F. p16 Expression in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Surrogate or Independent Prognostic Marker? Pathogens 2024; 13:100. [PMID: 38392838 PMCID: PMC10892421 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a common malignancy that, despite scientific advancements, has not seen an improvement in its prognosis in the last decades. Few promising predictive markers have been found and none are relevant in clinical practice. p16ink4a, an oncosuppressor protein involved in cell cycle arrest, with a prognostic impact on other cancers, has been widely used in the head and neck region as a surrogate marker of HPV infection. Published papers and recent meta-analyses seem to minimize the biological role of HPV in the context of LSCC's cancerogenesis, and to disprove the reliability of p16ink4a as a surrogate prognostic marker in this context, while still highlighting its potential role as an independent predictor of survival. Unfortunately, the available literature, in particular during the last two decades, is often not focused on its potential role as an independent biomarker and few relevant data are found in papers mainly focused on HPV. The available data suggest that future research should focus specifically on p16ink4a, taking into account both its potential inactivation and overexpression, different patterns of staining, and immunohistochemistry cutoffs, and should focus not on its potential role as a surrogate marker but on its independent role as a predictor of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gallus
- Otolaryngology, Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026 Olbia, Italy; (R.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Davide Rizzo
- U.O.C. Otorinolaringoiatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.R.); (F.B.)
- Otolaryngology Division, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgia Rossi
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, “A. Gemelli” Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (J.G.)
| | - Luca Mureddu
- U.O.C. Otorinolaringoiatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Jacopo Galli
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, “A. Gemelli” Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (J.G.)
- Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Artuso
- Otolaryngology, Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026 Olbia, Italy; (R.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Francesco Bussu
- U.O.C. Otorinolaringoiatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.R.); (F.B.)
- Otolaryngology Division, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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5
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Su Y, Zhang K. A novel cuproptosis-related gene prognostic signature in colon adenocarcinoma. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 101:589-598. [PMID: 37698225 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Cuproptosis is the latest cell death type caused by enhanced mitochondrial-dependent energy metabolism. This study plans to establish a survival prognosis model for colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) patients based on cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs). We investigated the genetic alterations of CRGs in COAD based on The Cancer Genome Atlas database and validated in the GSE41328 dataset. Our results showed that LIPT1, PDHA1, GLS, and CDKN2A had significantly higher expression in COAD tissues than in normal tissues, while FDX1, DLD, and MTF1 had significantly lower expression in COAD tissues than in normal tissues (|(log2(fold change))| > 2, p < 0.05). DLD (hazard ratio (HR): 0.658; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.445, 0.974; p = 0.037) and CDKN2A (HR: 1.785; 95% CI: 1.200, 2.654; p = 0.004) expressions were linked with overall survival throughout a log-rank test. CRG prognostic scores exhibited an area under the curve of 0.737, 0.646, and 0.633 at 1, 3, and 5 years. Patients with a high-risk factor suffered from poor prognosis (HR = 1.514; 95% CI: 1.022, 2.243; p = 0.0386). An independent validation dataset (GSE41328 (N = 20)) confirmed the above results. The CRGs' signature may be used as a prognostic predictor for COAD patients, providing unique insights into anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqin Su
- General Practice Department, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 46000, Shanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, Shanxi, China
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Xu Z, Sun J, Chen Y, Zhang T, Qin Y, Hua D. HIG1 domain family member 1A disrupts proliferation, migration and invasion of colon adenocarcinoma cells. Bioengineered 2021; 12:10501-10511. [PMID: 34787061 PMCID: PMC8809935 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1999368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIG1 domain family member 1A (Higd-1a) interacts with dynamin-like 120 kDa protein to maintain the morphological and functional integrity of the mitochondria and thus plays an important role in the progression of malignant tumors. Higd-1a promotes the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and the growth of pancreatic cancer; however, no similar observations have been reported for colorectal cancer (CRC). This study, therefore, aimed to verify the role of Higd-1a in CRC. We downloaded data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEX) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases and identified an association between Higd-1a levels in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) tissues and poor survival using Kaplan-Meier curves. Subsequently, we overexpressed Higd-1a in the human COAD cell line HCT-8, knocked down Higd-1a expression in SW480 cells, and evaluated the effects via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting. MTT assays, colony formation assay, cell cycle analysis, annexin V-FITC/PI, wound-healing analysis, and transwell assay were used to test cell proliferation, formation of cell colonies, cell cycle progression, migration, invasiveness, and apoptosis. Higd-1a has low transcription levels in COAD tissue and suggests a poor prognosis. Higd-1a overexpression in HCT-8 cells weakened cell proliferation, formation of cell colonies, cell cycle progression, migration ability, and invasiveness, and increased apoptosis. Moreover, the decrease of Higd-1a in SW480 cells induced cell proliferation, formation of cell colonies, cell cycle progression, migration, and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis. Higd-1a is underexpressed in COAD cells and its overexpression impaired the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of COAD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Hua
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
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7
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HFE variants in colorectal cancer and their clinicopathological correlations. Hum Pathol 2021; 117:9-30. [PMID: 34371060 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to screen mutation of human homeostatic iron regulator (HFE) in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and detect their associations with clinicopathological parameters. Expression of HFE was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in matched CRC and non neoplastic colorectal mucosal tissue of 76 patients. Genomic DNA extracted were subjected to high high-resolution melt curve analysis and Sanger sequencing to detect mutations in HFE. The associations of the identified mutations with a variety of clinical features were determined. Approximately 60% of CRC showed low HFE expression. Of the ten 10 mutations identified in exons 2 and 4, c.187C>G (H63D), c845G>A (C282Y), c.193A>T (S65C), g.3828T>C, g.5795T>C, and g.5728G>A were known mutations. Four novel mutations were discovered; : c.184G>A, c.220T>G, c.322A>C, and c.324T>C. Heterozygous H63D and C282Y mutations were seen in 71% and 49% of cancer tissue, respectively. Tumour site (p = 0.048) and gender (p = 0.039) were significantly associated with H63D and C282Y mutation status, respectively. Local spread of cancer was significantly associated with C282Y mutations in CRC cancer and adjacent non-neoplastic tissue (p = 0.029 & and p = 0.004, respectively). There was a statistically significant association between H63D and C282Y negativity in matched non-neoplastic colorectal mucosa tissue and pathological staging of cancer (p = 0.047 & and p = 0.001, respectively). Patients with H63D and C282Y mutations in cancer tissue tend to have higher survival rates. Hence HFE mutations are common in CRC and are associated with clinicopathological parameters, implying the potential clinical significance of HFE mutations in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Bartkowiak E, Piwowarczyk K, Bodnar M, Kosikowski P, Chou J, Woźniak A, Wierzbicka M. Expression of p16 Ink4a protein in pleomorphic adenoma and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma proves diversity of tumour biology and predicts clinical course. J Clin Pathol 2021; 75:605-611. [PMID: 33941588 PMCID: PMC9411887 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2021-207440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aims The aim of the study is to correlate p16Ink4a expression with the clinical courses of pleomorphic adenoma (PA), its malignant transformation (CaexPA) and treatment outcomes. Methods Retrospective analysis (1998–2019) of 47 CaexPA, 148 PA and 22 normal salivary gland samples was performed. PAs were divided into two subsets: clinically ‘slow’ tumours characterised by stable size or slow growth; and ‘fast’ tumours with rapid growth rate. Results Positive p16Ink4a expression was found in 68 PA and 23 CaexPA, and borderline expression in 80 and 20, respectively. All 22 (100%) normal salivary gland samples presented with no p16Ink4a expression. Significant difference in p16Ink4a expression was observed between normal tissue, PA and CaexPA (χ2 (4)=172,19; p=0.0001). The PA clinical subgroups were also evaluated separately, revealing additional statistical relations: ‘fast’ PA and CaexPA differed significantly in p16Ink4a expression (χ2 (2)=8.06; p=0.01781) while ‘slow’ PA and CaexPA did not (χ2 (2)=3.09; p=0.2129). 3-year, 5-year and 10-year survival among p16Ink4a positive CaexPA patients was 100%, 90.56% and 60.37%, respectively, and in CaexPA patients with borderline p16Ink4a expression was 90.0%, 73.64% and 22.20%, respectively. Statistically significant difference between expression pattern and survival rate was observed (F Cox test – F (16, 24)=2.31; p=0.03075). Conclusions Our study confirms no p16Ink4a expression in normal tissue, but reveals differences in expression between ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ PA. We suggest that p16Ink4a overexpression is connected to PA proliferation and subsequent malignant transformation to CaexPA. Borderline p16Ink4a staining correlates with worse prognosis of CaexPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Bartkowiak
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Piwowarczyk
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bodnar
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Kosikowski
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jadzia Chou
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aldona Woźniak
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wierzbicka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Park JW, Kang J, Lim KY, Kim H, Kim SI, Won JK, Park CK, Park SH. The prognostic significance of p16 expression pattern in diffuse gliomas. J Pathol Transl Med 2020; 55:102-111. [PMID: 33348944 PMCID: PMC7987518 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2020.10.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CDKN2A is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the cell cycle inhibitor protein p16. Homozygous deletion of the CDK-N2A gene has been associated with shortened survival in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)–mutant gliomas. This study aimed to analyze the prognostic value of p16 and to evaluate whether p16 immunohistochemical staining could be used as a prognostic marker to replace CDKN2A genotyping in diffuse gliomas. Methods p16 immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays of 326 diffuse gliomas with diagnoses that reflected IDH-mutations and 1p/19q codeletion status. The results were divided into three groups (negative, focal expression, overexpression) according to the presence and degree of p16 expression. Survival analysis was performed to assess the prognostic value of p16 expression. Results A loss of p16 expression predicted a significantly worse outcome in all glioma patients (n = 326, p < .001), in the IDH-mutant glioma patients (n = 103, p = .010), and in the IDH-mutant astrocytoma patients (n = 73, p = .032). However, loss of p16 expression did not predict the outcome in the IDH-wildtype glioma patients (n = 223, p = .121) or in the oligodendroglial tumor patients with the IDH-mutation and 1p/19q codeletion (n = 30, p = .457). Multivariate analysis showed the association was still significant in the IDH-mutant glioma patients (p = .008; hazard ratio [HR], 2.637; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.295 to 5.372) and in the IDH-mutant astrocytoma patients (p = .001; HR, 3.586; 95% CI, 1.649 to 7.801). Interestingly, patients who presented with tumors with p16 overexpression also had shorter survival times than did patients with tumors with p16 focal expression in the whole glioma (p < .001) and in IDH-mutant glioma groups. (p = .046). Conclusions This study suggests that detection of p16 expression by immunohistochemistry can be used as a useful surrogate test to predict prognosis, especially in IDH-mutant astrocytoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongwan Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ka Young Lim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunhee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Ik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Won
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Holm M, Joenväärä S, Saraswat M, Tohmola T, Ristimäki A, Renkonen R, Haglund C. Plasma protein expression differs between colorectal cancer patients depending on primary tumor location. Cancer Med 2020; 9:5221-5234. [PMID: 32452655 PMCID: PMC7367633 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) includes tumors in the right colon, left colon, and rectum, although they differ significantly from each other in aspects such as prognosis and treatment. Few previous mass spectrometry-based studies have analyzed differences in protein expression depending on the tumor location. In this study, we have used mass spectrometry-based proteomics to analyze plasma samples from 83 CRC patients to study if differences in plasma protein expression can be seen depending on primary tumor location (right colon, left colon, or rectum). Differences were studied between the groups both regardless of and according to tumor stage (II or III). Large differences in plasma protein expression were seen, and we found that plasma samples from patients with rectal cancer separated from samples from patients with colon cancer when analyzed by principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering. Samples from patients with cancer in the right and left colon also tended to separate from each other. Pathway analysis discovered canonical pathways involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation to be enriched. This study will help to further define CRC as distinct entities depending on tumor location, as shown by the widespread differences in plasma protein profile and dysregulated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Holm
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Joenväärä
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mayank Saraswat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tiialotta Tohmola
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Renkonen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Iwatate Y, Hoshino I, Ishige F, Itami M, Chiba S, Arimitsu H, Yanagibashi H, Nagase H, Yokota H, Takayama W. Prognostic significance of p16 protein in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 13:83-91. [PMID: 32499915 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The p16 gene, which is also known as CDKN2A, INK4A, or CDK4I, and its products that are known to be cell cycle inhibitors and tumor suppressors have been reported to be altered in various human tumor types. Altered p16 has been indicated to be correlated with negative p16 expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, its association with the prognosis remains controversial because the findings of previous studies are inconsistent. The current study evaluated the relationship between the expression levels of p16 and the clinicopathological features associated with prognosis in patients with primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). From January 2013 to December 2017, tissues of 103 PDAC patients who had undergone elective pancreatic resection were obtained and assessed for p16 expression by IHC. No correlation was observed between p16 status and clinicopathological factors (P>0.05). Notably, negative p16 expression on IHC was not significantly associated with poor prognosis using the Kaplan-Meier method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Iwatate
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Isamu Hoshino
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ishige
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Makiko Itami
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chiba
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Hidehito Arimitsu
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yanagibashi
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagase
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Hajime Yokota
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Wataru Takayama
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
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12
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Voltaggio L, McCluggage WG, Iding JS, Martin B, Longacre TA, Ronnett BM. A novel group of HPV-related adenocarcinomas of the lower anogenital tract (vagina, vulva, and anorectum) in women and men resembling HPV-related endocervical adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:944-952. [PMID: 31857682 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic virus associated with the development of several human cancers. Primary vaginal, vulvar, and anal adenocarcinomas are rare and, to date, have rarely been shown to be associated with HPV infection. We report a series of nine HPV-related adenocarcinomas of the lower anogenital tract distal to the cervix. The tumors involved the vagina (4), anorectum (3), and vulva (2). Two of the three anorectal cases involved men. Patients presented with a vulvar or vaginal mass/nodule, painless rectal bleeding, or during screening colonoscopy. Lesions ranged in size from 3.2 to 8.4 cm. The most salient morphologic characteristic was the presence of papillary or villiform/villoglandular architecture in all cases. Tumors displayed features similar to those of usual type high-risk HPV-related endocervical adenocarcinoma, namely, mucinous or mucin-poor (pseudoendometrioid) features or a hybrid of these, with columnar cells with crowded, cigar-shaped to ovoid irregular nuclei. Mitoses (mostly apical) and apoptotic bodies were easily identified. Adenosis was present in two vaginal cases. One anal tumor featured abundant intracytoplasmic mucin that was multivacuolated in some areas imparting a "clear cell"-like appearance. All tumors were diffusely and strongly positive for p16. Seven of seven tested cases were positive for high-risk HPV by in situ hybridization or polymerase chain reaction. Follow-up information, available in five patients, revealed two local recurrences but no tumor related deaths or distant metastases. We report the first well-documented series of HPV-associated primary adenocarcinomas of the vagina, vulva, and anorectum and broaden the spectrum of HPV-related neoplasia involving the lower anogenital tract in both women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysandra Voltaggio
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - W Glenn McCluggage
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Jeffrey S Iding
- Department of Pathology, MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brock Martin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Teri A Longacre
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brigitte M Ronnett
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Ni Y, Zhang X, Wan Y, Dun Tang K, Xiao Y, Jing Y, Song Y, Huang X, Punyadeera C, Hu Q. Relationship between p16 expression and prognosis in different anatomic subsites of OSCC. Cancer Biomark 2019; 26:375-383. [PMID: 31594213 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-192402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Ni
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunxia Wan
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia and the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kai Dun Tang
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia and the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia and the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yue Jing
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxian Song
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia and the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Qingang Hu
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Impact of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene variants on methylation status of P16 and MGMT genes and their downregulation in colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2019; 28:68-75. [PMID: 30379684 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in females, with 1.4 million new cases and almost 694 000 deaths estimated to have occurred in 2012. The development and progression of CRC is dictated by a series of alterations in diverse genes mostly proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In this dreadful disease disturbances different from mutations called as epigenetic regulations are also taken into consideration and are thoroughly investigated. The present study was designed to analyze the promoter hypermethylation of CpG (cytosine, followed by guanine nucleotide) islands of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (P16) and O-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) genes and its subsequent effect on the protein expression in CRC. The impact of the common functional polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, Val158Met, on promoter hypermethylation of P16 and MGMT genes in CRC was also investigated. The study included 200 CRC cases and equal numbers of normal samples. DNA was extracted using the kit method and methylation specific-PCR was performed for analysis of the promoter hypermethylation status. Total protein was isolated form all CRC cases and western blotting was performed for P16 and MGMT proteins. The COMT Val158Met polymorphism was analyzed by a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Epigenetic analysis showed that unlike other high-risk regions, the Kashmiri population has a different promoter hypermethylation profile of both P16 and MGMT genes, with frequent and significant promoter hypermethylation of both in CRC. The frequency of promoter hypermethylation of both genes was significantly higher in males and was insignificantly found to be higher in stage III/IV. The degree of P16 and MGMT promoter hypermethylation increased significantly with increasing severity of the lesion. We also found a significant correlation between P16 and MGMT promoter hypermethylation and loss of protein expression in CRC. A significant association was found between COMT polymorphism (homozygous variant) and P16 methylation status. Similar results were also found for MGMT hypermethylated cases.
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15
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Bahrami A, Hassanian SM, Khazaei M, Gharib M, Rahmani M, Fiuji H, Jazayeri MH, Moetamani-Ahmadi M, Ferns GA, Avan A. The 9p21 locus as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker in colorectal cancer. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:463-474. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related-death worldwide. Despite extensive efforts to identify valid biomarkers for the risk stratification of CRC patients, there are few of proven clinical utility. It is recognized that genetic factors play a major role in determining susceptibility to CRC. Recent genome-wide association studies have demonstrated common genetic variants in a region on chromosome 9p21 associated with an increased risk of CRC. Several genetic polymorphisms have been identified in this region that are associated with CRC. Three genes are located at this locus; CDKN2B(encoding-p15ink4b), CDKN2A (encoding-p16ink4a/p14ARF) and 3′ end of CDKN2BAS (termed-antisense-noncoding-RNA in the INK4-locus [ANRIL]). ANRIL has a post-transcriptional modulatory activity, which has been shown to perturb the expression of nearby genes. It also plays an important role in coordinating tissue remodeling through regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, aging, extra-cellular matrix remodeling and inflammatory response. However, the role of ANRIL is not well understood in CRC. Hypermethylation of the p14ARF and p16INK4a genes is often found in some tumors, including CRC. However, further studies are necessary to explore the clinical utility of these putative markers in risk stratification, and in the assessment of prognosis. In this review, we have summarized the prognostic and therapeutic potential of the p14ARF and p16INK4a genes in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjnad, Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences & Technologies; School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Gharib
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rahmani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mir Hadi Jazayeri
- Immunology Research Center, and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex B. 9PH, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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16
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Lee KTW, Gopalan V, Islam F, Wahab R, Mamoori A, Lu CT, Smith RA, Lam AKY. GAEC1 mutations and copy number aberration is associated with biological aggressiveness of colorectal cancer. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:230-241. [PMID: 29555101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GAEC1 (gene amplified in oesophageal cancer 1) is a transforming oncogene with tumorigenic potential observed in both oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer. Nonetheless, there has been a lack of study done on this gene to understand how this gene exert its oncogenic properties in cancer. This study aims to identify novel mutation sites in GAEC1. To do so, seventy-nine matched colorectal cancers were tested for GAEC1 mutation via Sanger sequencing. The mutations noted were investigated for the correlations with the clinicopathological parameters of the patients with the cancer. Additionally, GAEC1 copy number aberration (CNA), mRNA and protein expression were determined with the use of droplet digital (dd) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR and Western blot (confirmed with immunofluorescence analysis). GAEC1 mutation was noted in 8.8% (n = 7/79) of the cancer tissues including one missense mutation, four loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and two substitutions. These mutations were significantly associated with cancer perforation (p = 0.021). GAEC1 mutation is frequently associated with increased GAEC1 protein expression. Nevertheless, GAEC1 mRNA and protein are only weakly associated. Taken together, GAEC1 mutation affects GAEC1 expression and is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. This further strengthens the role of GAEC1 as an oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ting-Wei Lee
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Department of Biochemistry of Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Riajul Wahab
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Afraa Mamoori
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Cu-Tai Lu
- Department of Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Robert Anthony Smith
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
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17
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Zhou N, Gu Q. Prognostic and clinicopathological value of p16 protein aberrant expression in colorectal cancer: A PRISMA-compliant Meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0195. [PMID: 29561443 PMCID: PMC5895319 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies have examined the potential role of p16 protein expression as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in various cancers. However, it remains unclear whether p16 protein expression is a prognostic and diagnostic factor for colorectal cancer. Therefore, this meta-analysis is conducted to evaluate the associations of p16 protein expression with overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer. METHODS According to PRISMA guideline, relevant literatures were identified by searching Medicine, Web of Science, WanFang, and CNKI databases. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted from included studies to assess the association between p16 protein expression and OS of patients with colorectal cancer. Other relevant data were extracted to evaluate the correlations of p16 protein expression with risk and clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer. Stata 12.0 software was applied to calculate the strength of association between p16 protein expression and colorectal cancer. RESULTS Forty-one studies were included to evaluate the association between p16 protein expression and colorectal cancer. Nine studies involving 1731 patients with colorectal cancer found that there was no association between p16 protein expression and OS of colorectal cancer in the overall analysis (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.55-1.10). However, p16 protein overexpression was significantly associated with a better prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer when cut-off value of p16 protein expression was <10% (HR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08-0.66). The results of subgroup analysis based on ethnicity indicated that p16 protein overexpression was a risk factor for the occurrence of colorectal cancer in Caucasians (odds ratio = 28.95, 95% CI: 6.08-137.89), but not in Asians. Furthermore, p16 protein overexpression was significantly associated with the Dukes stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor location, and Tumor Lymph Node Metastasis-stage of colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS p16 protein overexpression might be a useful biomarker to predict the clinicopathological progress and prognosis of colorectal cancer.
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18
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Expression of GAEC1 mRNA and protein and its association with clinical and pathological parameters of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 104:71-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Lim LC, Lim YM. Proteome Heterogeneity in Colorectal Cancer. Proteomics 2018; 18. [PMID: 29316255 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is an important feature of colorectal cancer (CRC) manifested by dynamic changes in gene expression, protein expression, and availability of different tumor subtypes. Recent publications in the past 10 years have revealed proteome heterogeneity between different colorectal tumors and within the same tumor site. This paper reviews recent research works on the proteome heterogeneity in CRC, which includes the heterogeneity within a single tumor (intratumor heterogeneity), between different anatomical sites at the same organ, and between primary and metastatic sites (intertumor heterogeneity). The potential use of proteome heterogeneity in precision medicine and its implications in biomarker discovery and therapeutic outcomes will be discussed. Identification of the unique proteome landscape between and within individual tumors is imperative for understanding cancer biology and the management of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay Cheng Lim
- Centre for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yang Mooi Lim
- Centre for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
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20
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Abstract
The ARF and INK4a genes are located in the same CDKN2a locus, both showing its tumor suppressive activity. ARF has been shown to detect potentially harmful oncogenic signals, making incipient cancer cells undergo senescence or apoptosis. INK4a, on the other hand, responds to signals from aging in a variety of tissues including islets of Langerhans, neuronal cells, and cancer stem cells in general. It also detects oncogenic signals from incipient cancer cells to induce them senescent to prevent neoplastic transformation. Both of these genes are inactivated by gene deletion, promoter methylation, frame shift, and aberrant splicing although mutations changing the amino acid sequences affect only the latter. Recent studies indicated that polycomb gene products EZH2 and BMI1 repressed p16INK4a expression in primary cells, but not in cells deficient for pRB protein function. It was also reported that that p14ARF inhibits the stability of the p16INK4a protein in human cancer cell lines and mouse embryonic fibroblasts through its interaction with regenerating islet-derived protein 3γ. Overexpression of INK4a is associated with better prognosis of cancer when it is associated with human papilloma virus infection. However, it has a worse prognostic value in other tumors since it is an indicator of pRB loss. The p16INK4a tumor suppressive protein can thus be used as a biomarker to detect early stage cancer cells as well as advanced tumor cells with pRB inactivation since it is not expressed in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Inoue
- The Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Elizabeth A Fry
- The Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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21
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Charkhat Gorgich EA, Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh- Sagheb H. P16ink4a Subcellular Expression Patterns in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma, Adenoma and Non-Neoplastic Tissue Samples. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:3049-3054. [PMID: 29172278 PMCID: PMC5773790 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.11.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common neoplasms with high mortality at advanced
stages worldwide. Thus diagnosis of CRC at an early stage with sensitive molecular methods is a high priority. The
aim of this study was to evaluate P16ink4a subcellular expression patterns in colorectal adenocarcinoma, adenoma and
non-neoplastic tissue samples. Methods: A total of 137 colorectal formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks
from the pathology archives of Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb central hospital, Zahedan, Iran, were examined in three groups:
adenocarcinoma (n= 63), adenoma (n= 38) and non-neoplastic (n= 36). The subcellular expression pattern was
determined by immunocytochemistry. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher exact tests with
the significance level set as p˂0.05. Results: P16ink4a subcellular localization was observed in three different patterns,
nuclear+cytoplasmic (73.33%), cytoplasmic (13.33%) and nuclear (13.33%). In most samples, nuclear+cytoplasmic
was the predominant subcellular pattern. However, a significant difference in P16ink4a subcellular expression patterns
was observed along the non-neoplastic, adenoma, adenocarcinoma sequence (p˂0.001). An association with the
histological tumor type was also noted (p=0.021). Conclusion: Considering variation in localization of P16ink4a under
different pathological conditions, P16ink4a night be sensitive prognostic biomarker for benign colon lesions. Its use may
improve strategies for screening, prognostic assessment and management of patients with CRC. Further studies are
recommended in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enam Alhagh Charkhat Gorgich
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences,
Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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22
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Immunohistochemical Expression of P16ink4a in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Compared to Adenomatous and Normal Tissue Samples: A Study on Southeast Iranian Samples. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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23
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Islam F, Gopalan V, Vider J, Wahab R, Ebrahimi F, Lu CT, Kasem K, Lam AKY. MicroRNA-186-5p overexpression modulates colon cancer growth by repressing the expression of the FAM134B tumour inhibitor. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:260-270. [PMID: 28549913 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role and underlying mechanism of miR-186-5p in colorectal cancer remain unknown. The present study aims to examine the various cellular effects of miR-186-5p in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. Also, the interacting targets and association of clinicopathological factors with miR-186-5p expression in patients with colorectal cancer were analysed. METHODS The miR-186-5p expression levels in colorectal cancer tissues (n=126) and colon cancer cell lines (n=3) were analysed by real-time PCR. Matched non-neoplastic colorectal tissues and a non-neoplastic colonic epithelial cell line were used as controls. Various in vitro assays such as cell proliferation, wound healing and colony formation assays were performed to examine the miR-186-5p specific cellular effects. Western blots and immunohistochemistry analysis were performed to examine the modulation of FAM134B, PARP9 and KLF7 proteins expression. RESULTS Significant high expression of miR-186-5p was noted in cancer tissues (p< 0.001) and cell lines (p<0.05) when compared to control tissues and cells. The majority of the patients with colorectal cancer (88/126) had shown overexpression of miR-186-5p. This miR-186-5p overexpression was predominantly noted with in cancer with distant metastasis (p=0.001), lymphovascular permeation (p=0.037), microsatellite instability (MSI) stable (p=0.015), in distal colorectum (p=0.043) and with associated adenomas (p=0.047). Overexpression of miR-186-5p resulted in increased cell proliferation, colony formation, wound healing capacities and induced alteration of cell cycle kinetics in colon cancer cells. On the other hand, inhibition of endogenous miR-186-5p reduced the cancer growth properties. miR-186-5p overexpression reduced FAM134B expression significantly in the cancer cells (p<0.01). Also, FAM134B and miR-186-5p expressions are inversely correlated in colorectal cancer tissues and cells. CONCLUSION The miR-186-5p expression promotes colorectal cancer pathogenesis by regulating tumour suppressor FAM134B. Reduced cancer cells growth followed by inhibition of miR-186-5p highlights the potential of miR-186-5p inhibitor as a novel strategy for targeting colorectal cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhadul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jelena Vider
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Riajul Wahab
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Faeza Ebrahimi
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cu-Tai Lu
- Department of Surgery, Gold Coast Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kais Kasem
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred K Y Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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Marqus S, Pirogova E, Piva TJ. Evaluation of the use of therapeutic peptides for cancer treatment. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:21. [PMID: 28320393 PMCID: PMC5359827 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer along with cardiovascular disease are the main causes of death in the industrialised countries around the World. Conventional cancer treatments are losing their therapeutic uses due to drug resistance, lack of tumour selectivity and solubility and as such there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents. Therapeutic peptides are a promising and a novel approach to treat many diseases including cancer. They have several advantages over proteins or antibodies: as they are (a) easy to synthesise, (b) have a high target specificity and selectivity and (c) have low toxicity. Therapeutic peptides do have some significant drawbacks related to their stability and short half-life. In this review, strategies used to overcome peptide limitations and to enhance their therapeutic effect will be compared. The use of short cell permeable peptides that interfere and inhibit protein-protein interactions will also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Marqus
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
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Islam F, Gopalan V, Wahab R, Lee KTW, Haque MH, Mamoori A, Lu CT, Smith RA, Lam AKY. Novel FAM134B mutations and their clinicopathological significance in colorectal cancer. Hum Genet 2017; 136:321-337. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Al-Ahwal M, Gomaa W, Emam E, Qari Y, Buhmeida A, Radwi S, Al-Maghrabi B, Al-Qahtani M, Al-Maghrabi J. p16 protein is upregulated in a stepwise fashion in colorectal adenoma and colorectal carcinoma. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:435-440. [PMID: 27976639 PMCID: PMC5184744 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.195560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS p16 is tumor suppressor gene acting as a cell cycle regulator. The present study was conducted to compare p16 expression in normal, dysplastic, and malignant colonic mucosae, and to explore its relation to clinicopathological variables and follow-up data in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Tissue microarrays were performed from 25 normal colonic mucosae, 41 colonic adenomas, and 191 CRC, with corresponding 50 nodal metastases. Immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-p16 antibody, sections were scored, and statistical analysis was performed. K-ras mutation detection was also performed. RESULTS Immunoexpression of p16 was significantly higher in CRC than in adenomas (P = 0.033) and normal colonic mucosa (P = 0.005). There was no statistically significant difference between p16 expression in CRC and nodal metastasis. There was no significant association between p16 immunoexpression in CRC and all clinicopathological data and survival probability. K-ras mutations were detected in 34% of CRC. However, there was no correlation between K-ras status and p16 expression (P = 0.325). CONCLUSION Absence of p16 expression is correlated to a benign course of CRC adenomas. p16 has a key role in CRC progression and can be used as a marker for colorectal adenoma. On the other hand, it has no role as a predictive and/or prognostic factor in CRC. Further extended studies are required to explore the role of p16 as indicator of premalignant lesions in the colon and to test its relation with CRC histological grade, as well as to test its value as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al-Ahwal
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Scientific Chair for Colorectal Cancer, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaey Gomaa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Al-Minia, Egypt
| | - Eman Emam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yousif Qari
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelbaset Buhmeida
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Radwi
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim Al-Maghrabi
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Al-Qahtani
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Scientific Chair for Colorectal Cancer, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah - 21589, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
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Lau LF, Murone C, Williams DS, Standish R, Lee ST, Christophi C, Scott AM, Muralidharan V. Metabolic response evaluation for colorectal liver metastases and correlation to pathologic response and tumour markers. ANZ J Surg 2016; 88:E108-E113. [PMID: 27452367 DOI: 10.1111/ans.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour metabolic response to chemotherapy is increasingly recognized as a prognostic indicator for colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM). However, its clinical role and the underlying biological mechanism of its prognostic ability are unclear. This study compares metabolic to pathologic response for CRCLM, and correlates metabolic response to tumour expression of six key biomarkers. METHODS Thirty-seven patients who had positron emission tomography imaging before and after pre-operative chemotherapy prior to liver resection for CRCLM were included. Metabolic response was assessed according to the positron emission tomography response criteria in solid tumours (PERCIST) and correlated to recurrence-free and overall survival. PERCIST was compared to tumour regression grading, computed tomography (CT) response, tumour necrosis and mucin and immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67, hypoxia inducible factor 1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, p53, p16 and vimentin. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Kaplan-Meier survival, Spearman's correlation (rs ) and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used. RESULTS PERCIST correlated significantly to 2-year mortality (AUC = 0.162, P < 0.01) and 2-year recurrence (AUC = 0.284, P = 0.03). Metabolically responsive tumours conferred a better overall survival (P = 0.01) and recurrence-free survival (P = 0.03). Tumour regression grading did not stratify for outcome. Metabolic response was significantly correlated to Ki-67 and p16 expression (rs = 0.559 and rs = -0.549, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed only PERCIST to be correlated to death and recurrence. CONCLUSION Pre-operative PERCIST assessment of CRCLM was more prognostic than pathologic and CT response assessment. Metabolic non-response correlated with tumour proliferation and loss of tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Lau
- Department of Surgery, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carmel Murone
- Department of Pathology, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Pathology, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Standish
- Department of Pathology, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sze Ting Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Christophi
- Department of Surgery, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Sabattini S, Savini F, Gallina L, Scagliarini A, Bassi P, Bettini G. p16 Immunostaining of Canine Squamous Cell Carcinomas Is Not Associated with Papillomaviral DNA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159687. [PMID: 27441555 PMCID: PMC4956233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While papillomavirus (PVs) are an established cause of human cancer, few reports have supported a relationship between PV and canine squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Human oncogenic PVs lead to an increased expression of the p16 tumor suppressor protein, and the latter can be demonstrated immunohistochemically to support a likely causal relationship between tumor and PV infection. In the present study, archive samples of canine SCC from different anatomical locations were tested by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of PV DNA and by p16 immunohistochemistry. The aims were to investigate the relationship between p16 expression and presence of PV DNA, in order to assess the utility of p16 overexpression as a biomarker of PV infection in canine SCC. A total of 52 SCCs were included. Nine cases (17.3%) showed moderate p16 immunoreactivity, with no association with tumor degree of differentiation, histotype or mitotic activity. The canPVf/FAP64 primers amplified Canis familiaris PV-1 DNA from 3 out of 52 tumors (5.8%), one cutaneous, one oral and one tonsillar SCC. There was no association between PV presence and p16 immunostaining. These results do not support a significant role of PVs in the development of canine SCCs. Additionally, PV infection was apparently not the cause of the p16 immunostaining observed in a subset of canine SCCs. A better awareness of p16 level of expression and cellular function in canine cancer may help to define its diagnostic and prognostic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sabattini
- Pathology Division, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Federica Savini
- Virology Division, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Laura Gallina
- Virology Division, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Virology Division, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Patrizia Bassi
- Pathology Division, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Giuliano Bettini
- Pathology Division, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
- * E-mail:
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Liu Y, Zhong X, Wan S, Zhang W, Lin J, Zhang P, Li Y. p16(INK4a) expression in retinoblastoma: a marker of differentiation grade. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:180. [PMID: 25499675 PMCID: PMC4300043 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-014-0180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor suppressor protein p16INK4a has been extensively studied in many tumors with very different results, ranging from its loss to its clear overexpression, which may be associated with degree of tumor differentiation and prognosis. However, its expression remains unclear in human retinoblastoma (RB), a common malignant tumor of retina in childhood. The aim of this study was to explore the expression pattern of p16INK4a in RB, and the correlation between p16INK4a expression and histopathological features of RB. Methods Sixty-five cases of RB were retrospectively analyzed. Paraffin-embedded blocks were retrieved from the archives of ocular pathology department at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University, China. Serial sections were cut and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemical staining was further done with antibodies p16INK4a, CRX and Ki67. The correlation of p16 INK4a expression with CRX and Ki67 and clinicopathological features of RB were analyzed. Results RB tumor histologically consists of various differentiation components including undifferentiated (UD) cells, Homer-Wright rosettes (HWR) or Flexner-Winterstein rosettes (FWR) and fleurettes characteristic of photoreceptor differentiation or Retinocytoma (RC). p16INK4a expression was negative in both fleurette region and the residual retinal tissue adjacent to the tumor, weakly to moderately positive in FWR, strongly positive in both HWR and UD region. However, CRX had the reverse expression patterns in comparison with p16INK4a. It was strongly positive in photoreceptor cells within the residual retina and fleurettes, but weakly to moderately positive in UD area. Together with Ki67 staining, high p16INK4a expression was associated with poor histological differentiation of RB tumors, which had higher risk features with the optic nerve invasion and uveal invasion. Conclusions p16INK4a expression increased with the decreasing level of cell differentiation of RBs. RB tumors extensively expressing p16INK4a tended to have higher risk features with poor prognosis. This study suggested that p16INK4a would be a valuable molecular marker of RB to distinguish its histological phenotypes and to serve as a predictor of its prognosis. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_180
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 S Xianlie Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Xiufeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 S Xianlie Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Shangtao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 S Xianlie Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 S Xianlie Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Jianxian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 S Xianlie Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 S Xianlie Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Yongping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 S Xianlie Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Kasem K, Gopalan V, Salajegheh A, Lu CT, Smith RA, Lam AKY. JK1 (FAM134B) gene and colorectal cancer: a pilot study on the gene copy number alterations and correlations with clinicopathological parameters. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:31-6. [PMID: 24825067 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of the study are to characterize changes in JK-1 (FAM134B) at the DNA level in colorectal adenocarcinoma and adenoma and exploring the possible correlations with clinical and pathological features. METHOD JK-1 gene DNA copy number changes were studied in 211 colorectal carcinomas, 32 colorectal adenoma and 20 colorectal non-cancer colorectal tissue samples by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results were correlated with clinical and pathological parameters. RESULTS Colorectal adenomas were more likely to be amplified than deleted with regard to JK-1 (FAM134B) DNA copy number change. The copy number level of JK-1 (FAM134B) DNA in colorectal adenocarcinomas was significantly lower in comparison to colorectal adenomas. Changes in JK-1 (FAM134B) DNA copy number were associated with histological subtypes, and cancer stage. Lower copy numbers were associated with higher tumor stage, lymph node stage and overall pathological stage of cancer. Conversely, higher DNA copy numbers were detected more often in the mucinous adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study showing significant correlations of the JK-1 (FAM134B) gene copy number alterations with clinical and pathological features in a large cohort of pre-invasive and invasive colorectal malignancies. The changes in DNA copy number associated with progression of colorectal malignancies reflect that JK-1 (FAM134B) gene could play a role in controlling some steps in development of the invasive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kais Kasem
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ali Salajegheh
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cu-Tai Lu
- Department of Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert A Smith
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred K Y Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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miR-126 in human cancers: Clinical roles and current perspectives. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 96:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Štorcelová M, Vicián M, Reis R, Zeman M, Herichová I. Expression of cell cycle regulatory factors hus1, gadd45a, rb1, cdkn2a and mre11a correlates with expression of clock gene per2 in human colorectal carcinoma tissue. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6351-61. [PMID: 24062075 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated expression of clock gene per2 has previously been associated with progression of cancer. The aim of the present study was to identify genes related to per2 expression and involved in cell cycle control. Patients surgically treated for colorectal carcinoma with up-regulated and down-regulated per2 expression in cancer versus adjacent tissue were studied. Total RNA from cancer tissue of these patients was used to specify genes associated with altered per2 expression using the Human Cell Cycle RT(2) profiler PCR array system. We identified seven genes positively correlated (hus1, gadd45α, rb1, cdkn2a, cdk5rp1, mre11a, sumo1) and two genes negatively correlated (cdc20, birc5) with per2 expression. Expression of these seven genes was subsequently measured by real time PCR in all patients of the cohort. Patients were divided into three groups according to TNM classification. We observed an increase in gene expression in cancer tissue compared to adjacent tissue in the first group of patients in all genes measured. Expression of genes positively associated with per2 gene expression was dependent on tumor staging and changes were observed preferentially in cancer tissue. For genes negatively associated with per2 expression we also detected changes in expression dependent on tumor staging. Expression of cdc20 and birc5 was increasing in the proximal tissue and decreasing in the cancer tissue. These results implicate functional involvement of per2 in the process of carcinogenesis via newly uncovered genes. The relevancy of gene expression for determination of diagnosis and prognosis should be considered in relation to tumor staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Štorcelová
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B-2, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Gopalan V, Pillai S, Ebrahimi F, Salajegheh A, Lam TC, Le TK, Langsford N, Ho YH, Smith RA, Lam AKY. Regulation of microRNA-1288 in colorectal cancer: altered expression and its clinicopathological significance. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53 Suppl 1:E36-44. [PMID: 24009195 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We aim to examine the miR-1288 expression in cancer cell lines and a large cohort of patients with colorectal cancer. Two colon cancer cell lines (SW480 and SW48) and one normal colonic epithelial cell line (FHC) were recruited. The miRNA expressions of miR-1288 were tested on these cell lines by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). An exogenous miR-1288 (mimic) was used to detect cell proliferation and cell cycle changes in SW480 using MTT calorimetric assay and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, tissues from 122 patients with surgical resection of colorectum (82 adenocarcinomas, 20 adenomas, and 20 non-neoplastic tissues) were tested for miR-1288 expression by qRT-PCR. The colon cancer cell lines showed reduced expression of miR-1288 compared to normal colonic epithelial cell line. Over expression of miR-1288 in SW480 cell line showed increased cell proliferation and increased G2-M phase cells. In tissues, reduced miR-1288 expression was noted in majority of colorectal adenocarcinoma compared to colorectal adenoma and non-neoplastic tissues. Reduced or absent expression of miR-1288 was noted in 76% (n = 62/82) of the cancers. The expression levels of miR-1288 were higher in distal colorectal adenocarcinomas (P = 0.013) and in cancers of lower T staging (P = 0.033). To conclude, alternation of miR-1288 expression is important in the progression of colorectal cancer. The differential regulation of miR-1288 was found to be related to cancer location and pathological staging in colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Alqurashi N, Gopalan V, Smith RA, Lam AKY. Clinical impacts of mammalian target of rapamycin expression in human colorectal cancers. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2089-96. [PMID: 23773481 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the clinicopathologic roles of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression and its relationship to carcinogenesis and tumor progression in a colorectal adenoma-adenocarcinoma model. Two colon cancer cell lines with different pathologic stages (SW480 and SW48) and 1 normal colonic epithelial cell line (FHC) were used, in addition to 119 colorectal adenocarcinomas and 32 adenomas. mTOR expression profiles at messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were investigated in the cells and tissues using real-time quantification polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The findings were correlated with the clinicopathologic features of the tumors. The colon cell line from stage III cancer (SW48) showed higher expression of mTOR mRNA than that from stage II cancer (SW480). At the tissue level, mTOR showed higher mRNA and protein expression in colorectal carcinoma than in adenoma. The mRNA and protein expression was correlated with each other in approximately one-third of the carcinomas and adenomas. High levels of mTOR mRNA expression were noted more in carcinoma or adenoma arising from the distal portion of the large intestine (P = .025 and .019, respectively). Within the colorectal cancer population, a high level of expression of mTOR mRNA was related to the presence of lymph node metastases (P = .031), advanced pathologic stage (P = .05), and presence of persistent disease or tumor recurrence (P = .035). To conclude, the study has indicated that mTOR is likely to be involved in the development and progression of colorectal cancer and is linked to cancer initiation, invasiveness, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif Alqurashi
- Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; Biology Department, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia
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Qiao B, Chen Z, Hu F, Tao Q, Lam AK. BMI-1 activation is crucial in hTERT-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of oral epithelial cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:57-61. [PMID: 23712029 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BMI-1 (B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog) has been reported to be over-expressed in cell immortalisation and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells. The aim of this study is to study the roles of BMI-1 in the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-induced immortalisation and EMT. In this study, hTERT(+)-OME cells and hTERT(+)-HaCaT cells were acquired by viral transduction of hTERT to primary cultured oral keratinocytes and HaCaT cells (skin epidermal cells). siRNA transduction was used for the inhibition of BMI-1 expression. RT-PCR and Western blots were performed to detect the expressions of twist, vimentin, BMI-1, hTERT and p16INK4a in these cell lines. EMT was assessed by immunohistochemistry (expressions of cytokertin & vimentin), Western blots (expressions of Twist, vimentin & E-cadherin) and RT-PCR (expression of Twist). The results indicated that hTERT(+)-OME cells and hTERT(+)-HaCaT cells underwent EMT spontaneously with high expression of Twist. p16INK4a was silenced in both hTERT-transduced cells but could be detected in HaCaT cells. Moreover, BMI-1 was highly expressed in hTERT(+)-OME and hTERT(+)-HaCaT cells but was negative in HaCaT cells. When the expression of BMI-1 was blocked by siRNA transduction, the proliferations of hTERT(+)-OME and hTERT(+)-HaCaT cells were inhibited and the mono-spheroid colony formation of these hTERT-transduced cells was decreased. In addition, the expression of p16INK4a was regained while the expressions of EMT markers (twist and vimentin) were down-regulated in these two BMI-1 blocking cell lines. To conclude, this study suggests BMI-1 expression plays a role in hTERT-induced immortalisation and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Yoruker EE, Mert U, Bugra D, Yamaner S, Dalay N. Promoter and histone methylation and p16(INK4A) gene expression in colon cancer. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:865-870. [PMID: 23226740 PMCID: PMC3493785 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The inactivation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4A gene by hypermethylation is observed in numerous types of cancer. New findings indicate that DNA and histone methylation act in concert in gene silencing. In this study, we investigated the methylation status of the p16INK4A gene promoter and the histone 3 lysine 9 residue in the tumors and matched normal tissue samples from patients with colorectal cancer and analyzed their association with gene expression. The methylation and expression of the p16INK4A gene were analyzed by real-time PCR, and histone methylation was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by real-time PCR. p16INK4A expression was significantly higher in the tumors compared to normal tissue. Mono-, di- and trimethylation levels of the H3K9 residue were similar in the tumor and normal tissue samples. We did not observe any significant correlation between p16INK4A methylation or expression and clinical parameters. Our results suggest that epigenetic modifications of the p16INK4A gene and histone lysine methylation do not play a major role in colon carcinogenesis.
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Romagosa C, Simonetti S, López-Vicente L, Mazo A, Lleonart ME, Castellvi J, Ramon y Cajal S. p16(Ink4a) overexpression in cancer: a tumor suppressor gene associated with senescence and high-grade tumors. Oncogene 2011; 30:2087-97. [PMID: 21297668 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
p16(Ink4a) is a protein involved in regulation of the cell cycle. Currently, p16(Ink4a) is considered a tumor suppressor protein because of its physiological role and downregulated expression in a large number of tumors. Intriguingly, overexpression of p16(Ink4a) has also been described in several tumors. This review attempts to elucidate when and why p16(Ink4a) overexpression occurs, and to suggest possible implications of p16(Ink4a) in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Romagosa
- Pathology Department, Fundació Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Shima K, Nosho K, Baba Y, Cantor M, Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Prognostic significance of CDKN2A (p16) promoter methylation and loss of expression in 902 colorectal cancers: Cohort study and literature review. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:1080-94. [PMID: 20473920 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN2A (p16/Ink4a) is a tumor suppressor and upregulated in cellular senescence. CDKN2A promoter methylation and gene silencing are associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in colon cancer. However, prognostic significance of CDKN2A methylation or loss of CDKN2A (p16) expression independent of CIMP status remains uncertain. Using a database of 902 colorectal cancers in 2 independent cohort studies (the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study), we quantified CDKN2A promoter methylation and detected hypermethylation in 269 tumors (30%). By immunohistochemistry, we detected loss of CDKN2A (p16) expression in 25% (200/804) of tumors. We analyzed for LINE-1 hypomethylation and hypermethylation at 7 CIMP-specific CpG islands (CACNA1G, CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, RUNX3 and SOCS1); microsatellite instability (MSI); KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations; and expression of TP53 (p53), CTNNB1 (β-catenin), CDKN1A (p21), CDKN1B (p27), CCND1 (cyclin D1), FASN (fatty acid synthase) and PTGS2 (cyclooxygenase-2). CDKN2A promoter methylation and loss of CDKN2A (p16) were associated with shorter overall survival in univariate Cox regression analysis [hazard ratio (HR): 1.36, 95% CI: 1.10-1.66, p = 0.0036 for CDKN2A methylation; HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.03-1.63, p = 0.026 for CDKN2A (p16) loss] but not in multivariate analysis that adjusted for clinical and tumor variables, including CIMP, MSI and LINE-1 methylation. Neither CDKN2A promoter methylation nor loss of CDKN2A (p16) was associated with colorectal cancer-specific mortality in uni- or multivariate analysis. Despite its well-established role in carcinogenesis, CDKN2A (p16) promoter methylation or loss of expression in colorectal cancer is not independently associated with patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Shima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Yue X, Fu J, Xue X, Gao H, Liu D, Zong Z, Wang W, Li H, Yuan Z. Detection of p16 promoter methylation in premature rats with chronic lung disease induced by hyperoxia. Pediatr Int 2010; 52:520-6. [PMID: 20113419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2010.03089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate p16 promoter methylation in premature rats with chronic lung disease (CLD) induced by hyperoxia. METHODS Eighty Wistar rats were randomized into the hyperoxia group (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO(2)] = 900 mL/L) or the control group (FiO(2) = 210 mL/L), 40 for each group. Semi-nested methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (sn-MSP) was applied to detect p16 promoter hypermethylation in lung tissues. Additionally, p16 mRNA and protein expression was detected on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot and the strept actividin-biotin complex method. RESULTS Extended exposure to hyperoxia led to increased methylation, and the methylation level reached a peak in the period of maximum pulmonary fibrosis in the hyperoxia group, while the methylation did not occur in the control group. The methylation rates on semi-nested PCR (sn-PCR) and nested-MSP were, respectively, 52.5% and 42.5% in the hyperoxia group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two methods. The p16 mRNA and protein expression was significantly higher in those with p16 promoter hypermethylation than those without. CONCLUSION Exposure to hyperoxia may induce p16 promoter hypermethylation in lung tissues in premature rats, and methylation risk increases as exposure extends. p16 promoter methylation induced by hyperoxia may be one of the mechanisms for low p16 mRNA and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Deschoolmeester V, Van Marck V, Baay M, Weyn C, Vermeulen P, Van Marck E, Lardon F, Fontaine V, Vermorken JB. Detection of HPV and the role of p16INK4A overexpression as a surrogate marker for the presence of functional HPV oncoprotein E7 in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:117. [PMID: 20346145 PMCID: PMC2868049 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the well-recognized etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal carcinogenesis, a potential role of HPV in colorectal carcinogenesis has been suggested. For that reason, the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of HPV DNA in colorectal carcinomas (CRC) and to study overexpression of p16INK4A as a marker for the presence of an active HPV oncoprotein E7. These findings were correlated with clinical and pathological prognostic factors of CRC. Methods The presence of HPV was assessed using a multiplex PCR system of 10 non-biotinylated primers. The amplified fragments of HPV positive samples were further analyzed by a highly sensitive, broad spectrum SPF10 PCR and subsequently genotyped using reverse hybridization in a line probe assay. P16INK4A protein expression was investigated in a subset of 90 (30 HPV positive and 60 HPV negative) CRC samples by immunohistochemistry. Results HPV DNA was found in 14.2% of the CRC samples with HPV16 as the most prevalent type. No significant differences in clinical and pathological variables were found between HPV positive and negative CRCs, except for age. HPV positive patients were significantly younger (p = 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the presence of HPV and overexpression of p16INK4A (p = 0.325). Conclusions In conclusion, the presence of oncogenic HPV DNA in a small cohort of CRC samples may suggest that HPV may be involved in the carcinogenesis of some CRC. However, contrary to what has been observed in head and neck squamous cell cancer and cancer of the uterine cervix, p16INK4A does not seem to be a surrogate marker for an active HPV infection in CRC. Therefore, further functional analyses are necessary to elucidate the role of HPV in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Deschoolmeester
- Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Antwerp (UA/UZA), Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Gopalan V, Smith RA, Nassiri MR, Yasuda K, Salajegheh A, Kim SY, Ho YH, Weinstein S, Tang JCO, Lam AKY. GAEC1 and colorectal cancer: a study of the relationships between a novel oncogene and clinicopathologic features. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1009-15. [PMID: 20236690 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GAEC1 is a novel gene located at 7q22.1 that was detected in our previous work in esophageal cancer. The aims of the present study are to identify the copy number of GAEC1 in different colorectal tissues including carcinomas, adenomas, and nonneoplastic tissues and characterize any links to pathologic factors. The copy number of GAEC1 was studied by evaluating the quantitative amplification of GAEC1 DNA in 259 colorectal tissues (144 adenocarcinomas, 31 adenomas, and 84 nonneoplastic tissues) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Copy number of GAEC1 DNA in colorectal adenocarcinomas was higher in comparison with nonneoplastic colorectum. Seventy-nine percent of the colorectal adenocarcinomas showed amplification and 15% showed deletion of GAEC1 (P < .0001). Of the adenomas, 90% showed deletion of GAEC1, with the remaining 10% showing normal copy number. The differences in GAEC1 copy number between colorectal adenocarcinoma, colorectal adenoma, and nonneoplastic colorectal tissue are significant (P < .0001). GAEC1 copy number was significantly higher in adenocarcinomas located in distal colorectum compared with proximal colon (P = .03). In conclusion, GAEC1 copy number was significantly different between colorectal adenocarcinomas, adenomas, and nonneoplastic colorectal tissues. The copy number was also related to the site of the cancer. These findings along with previous work in esophageal cancer imply that GAEC1 is commonly involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Gopalan
- Department of Pathology, Griffith Medical School, Gold Coast, Queensland QLD 4222, Australia
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Weekes J, Lam AKY, Sebesan S, Ho YH. Irinotecan therapy and molecular targets in colorectal cancer: a systemic review. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:3597-602. [PMID: 19653336 PMCID: PMC2721232 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan is the second line chemotherapy for advanced stage colorectal cancer (CRC) after failure of first line chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil. The aim of this review is to analyse the data on irinotecan as second line chemotherapy for advanced CRC and the potential roles of the molecular markers, p53 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the management of advanced CRC. Thus, the English literature from 1980 to 2008 concerning irinotecan, p53, VEGF and CRC was reviewed. On review, Phase II and III clinical trials showed that irinotecan improves pain-free survival, quality of life, 1-year survival, progression-free survival and overall survival in advanced CRC. p53 and VEGF were expressed in CRC and had a predictive power of aggressive clinical behaviour in CRC. Irinotecan sensitizes p53 wild type, mutant and null cells to Fas-mediated cell apoptosis in CRC cells. Wild type p53 cells were more sensitive to irinotecan than mutated p53. Irinotecan has an anti-VEGF effect inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation, increasing apoptosis and reducing microvascular density which is only limited by irinotecan toxicity levels. To conclude, irinotecan improves the patient's quality of life and the survival rates of patients with advanced CRC. p53 and VEGF status of the patients' tumour is likely to affect the responsiveness of CRC to irinotecan. It is recommended that studies of the expression of these molecular markers in relation to chemo-responsiveness of irinotecan should be carried out for better management of patients with advanced CRC.
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