The rise of SGLT2 inhibitors: the time is now for cardiovascular specialists to lead the charge

KDOQI Commentary on the KDIGO 2022 Update to the Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in CKD

The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease (CKD) was updated in 2022, just 2 years after the previous update. The need for this rapid update is reflective of the recent and unprecedented positive results of numerous clinical trials aimed at reducing kidney and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) work group for diabetes in CKD, convened by the National Kidney Foundation, provides herein a commentary on these changes, particularly the implications for health care in the United States. Changes to the KDIGO guideline mirror the evolution of sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists from purely antihyperglycemic agents to cardiorenal-metabolic therapeutics, and the lower estimated glomerular filtration rate of≥20mL/min/1.73m2 for SGLT2 inhibitor initiation. New data have also brought the addition of the first-in-class, Federal Drug Administration-approved nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone as an agent to reduce cardiorenal end points. While there has been significant progress in innovation, there remain serious challenges to implementation, particularly in the United States where inequities in insurance coverage and high costs limit their use, particularly in vulnerable populations, ultimately widening health care disparities.

Bridging the gap in cardiovascular care in diabetic patients: are cardioprotective antihyperglycemic agents underutilized?

INTRODUCTION

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and heart failure (HF) are two major complications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Cardiovascular protection is a key objective, yet not fully reached in clinical practice.

AREAS COVERED

Both glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have proven their efficacy in reducing major cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with T2DM and SGLT2is in reducing hospitalization for HF in placebo-controlled randomized trials. However, real-life studies worldwide revealed that only a minority of patients with T2DM receive either a GLP-1RA or an SGLT2i and surprisingly even less patients with established ASCVD or HF are treated with these cardioprotective antihyperglycemic agents.

EXPERT OPINION

Bridging the gap between evidence-based cardiovascular protection with GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is and their underuse in daily clinical practice in patients with T2DM at high risk is crucial from a public health viewpoint. However, the task appears hazardous and the goal not attained considering the current failure. Education of specialists/primary care physicians and patients is critical. Multifaceted and coordinated interventions involving all actors (physicians, patients and broadly health-care system) must be implemented to stimulate the adoption of these cardioprotective antihyperglycemic medications as part of routine cardiovascular care among patients with T2DM.