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Metin B, Heitman J. She Loves Me, She Loves Me Not: On the Dualistic Asexual/Sexual Nature of Dermatophyte Fungi. Mycopathologia 2019; 185:87-101. [PMID: 31578669 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are ascomycetous fungi whose sexuality is greatly influenced by their ecology. Sexual reproduction is ubiquitous among soil-related geophiles and some animal-associated zoophiles. In contrast, anthropophiles are generally present as a single mating type in the population and appear to reproduce asexually. In this article, the current knowledge on the sexuality of dermatophytes including reproduction modes, mating conditions, mating type distributions and the mating type (MAT) locus is presented in the context of revised taxonomy and discussed from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Metin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali Cad, No: 2, Halkali, Kucukcekmece, 34303, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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2
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Kwon-Chung KJ. Studies on the Sexuality of Nannizzia. II. Morphogenesis of Gametangia in N. Incurvata. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1969.12018773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Joo Kwon-Chung
- U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Medical Mycology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
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3
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Gilbertson RL, Peterson JE, McDonald JC, Lentz PL, Reinhardt DJ, Olive LS, Ajello L, Baxter JW, Brodie HJ, Yerkes WD, Rogers JD. Notes and Brief Articles. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1966.12018385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Gilbertson
- Department of Forest Botany and Pathology, State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | | | - James C. McDonald
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest College, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Paul L. Lentz
- Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | | | - Lindsay S. Olive
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, N. Y
| | - Libero Ajello
- Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | | | - Harold J. Brodie
- Department of Botany, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William D. Yerkes
- Research Microbiologist, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wisconsin
| | - Jack D. Rogers
- Depts. of Plant Pathology and Forestry and Range Management, Washington State University, Pullman
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Affiliation(s)
- Libero Ajello
- National Communicable Disease Center Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control Public Health Service U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Shu-Lan Cheng
- National Communicable Disease Center Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control Public Health Service U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Weitzman
- Department of Dermatology College of Physicians and Surgeons New York City
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Padhye
- University of Alberta Mold Herbarium and Culture Collection, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Weitzman
- Department of Dermatology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Margarita Silva
- Department of Dermatology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, New York, New York
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8
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Metin B, Heitman J. Sexual Reproduction in Dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:45-55. [PMID: 27696123 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is a rich source of genetic variation and commonly observed among fungi. Basically two different modes of sexual reproduction are observed in fungi, namely heterothallism where two compatible mating types are required to undergo mating and homothallism in which the organism is self-fertile. The genomic region governing the process of sexual reproduction and sex determination is called the mating type (MAT) locus. In filamentous ascomycetes including dermatophytes, the MAT locus harbors two different transcription factor genes in two different mating types. This review focuses on sexual reproduction and the structure of the MAT locus in dermatophytes. The reproductive modes and the observed mating types are summarized for different phylogenetic clades of dermatophytes. In addition, the question of whether or not unisexual reproduction, an interesting form of homothallism, may be the sexual reproduction mode especially in anthropophilic dermatophytes is raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Metin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali cad, No: 2, Halkali, 34303, Kucukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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9
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Schönborn C. Vergleichende Untersuchungen an geophilen Microsporum-Stämmen edaphischer, animaler und humaner Herkunft (2. Teil). Mycoses 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1967.tb03663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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11
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12
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13
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BALOGH E. Abortive Cleistothecium-Bildung in primären Kulturen des Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum. Mycoses 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1963.tb02327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton violaceum is the most common etiologic agent causing dermatophytosis in Egypt. This report deals with attempts to produce the perfect state of T. violaceum that may play a role in the epidemiology of T. violaceum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten strains of T. violaceum were inoculated on hair soil culture and on rice agar media. RESULTS Cultures on hair soil media failed to produce the ascogenous form of the fungus, but after 6 weeks of culture on rice agar media, fertile cleistothecium were seen and 2 weeks later separate asci appeared. CONCLUSION This is the first report on the production of the perfect (sexual) state of T. violaceum. Details of the ascogenous form of this dermatophyte should be studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taha
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology and Veterinary, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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18
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Saito Y, Tanaka S, Watanabe S. Ultrastructure of the pseudo-cleistothecia produced by theTrichophyton mentagrophytescomplex. Med Mycol 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/02681219180000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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19
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Takashio M, Yamada N, Osumi M. Note on a Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Gametangial Origin in Arthroderma Simii. Mycologia 1985. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1985.12025079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Takashio
- Laboratory of Mycology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Naoko Yamada
- Department of Biology, Japan Women's University, Mejiro-Dai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan 112
| | - Masako Osumi
- Department of Biology, Japan Women's University, Mejiro-Dai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan 112
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21
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23
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24
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Kwon-Chung KJ. Segregations of the two mating type components in colonies of fertile isolates of heterothallic dermatophytes. Med Mycol 1968. [DOI: 10.1080/00362176885190071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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25
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Kwon-Chung KJ. Gymnoascus demonbreuniiAjello & Cheng: Evidence that it is not the perfect state ofHistoplasma capsulatumdarling. Med Mycol 1968. [DOI: 10.1080/00362176885190311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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Balabanoff VA. [Comparative studies of dermatophytes isolated from caves and stables in Bulgaria]. MYCOPATHOLOGIA ET MYCOLOGIA APPLICATA 1967; 32:237-48. [PMID: 6051851 DOI: 10.1007/bf02049801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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Weitzman I, Silva-Hutner M. Non-keratinous agar media as substrates for the ascigerous state in certain members of the Gymnoascaceae pathogenic for man and animals. SABOURAUDIA 1967; 5:335-40. [PMID: 6048621 DOI: 10.1080/00362176785190611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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28
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Otcenásek M, Dvorák J, Kunert J. Geographic distribution of the geophilic dermatophytes in the soil. MYCOPATHOLOGIA ET MYCOLOGIA APPLICATA 1967; 31:151-62. [PMID: 5340544 DOI: 10.1007/bf02051220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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29
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Conant NF. The Role of the Mycologist in Medicine. Mycologia 1967. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1967.12018392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman F. Conant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina 27706
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31
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Randhawa HS, Sandhu RS. A survey of soil inhabiting dermatophytes and related keratinophilic fungi of India. SABOURAUDIA 1965; 4:71-9. [PMID: 5874154 DOI: 10.1080/00362176685190201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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32
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HEJTMANKOVA UHROVA N, HEJTMANEK M. Über die Induktion der sexuellen Vermehrung und die genotypische Determination der Wuchsform bei Microsporon gypseum (Bodin) Guiart & Grigoraki. Mycopathologia 1965; 25:183-94. [PMID: 14333808 DOI: 10.1007/bf02049622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Rioux J, Jarry D, Jarry D, Bourelly C. Isolement deTrichophyton mentagrophytesdes Sois du sud de la France. Med Mycol 1965. [DOI: 10.1080/00362176685190051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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GRUBE D, SCHWARTZ W. Beiträge zur Reservoirfrage von Dermatomyceten und zur Frage der Beziehungen zwischen Gymnoascaceen und Dermatomyceten. Mycopathologia 1964; 23:1-22. [PMID: 14190777 DOI: 10.1007/bf02049179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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VARSAVSKY E. Occurrence of keratinophilic human pathogenic fungi in soils of Argentina. Mycopathologia 1964; 22:81-90. [PMID: 14161190 DOI: 10.1007/bf02049641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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37
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Stockdale PM. TheMicrosporum gypseumcomplex (Nannizzia incurvataStockd.,N. gypsea(Nann.) comb. nov.,N. fulvasp. nov.). Med Mycol 1964. [DOI: 10.1080/00362176485190161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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38
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Randhawa H, Sandhu R. Keratinophyton terreumgen. Nov., sp. Nov., a keratino-philic fungus from soil in India. Med Mycol 1964. [DOI: 10.1080/00362176485190421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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39
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Dawson CO, Gentles J, Brown EM. Environmental conditions affecting sexual reproduction in species ofArthrodermaandNannizzia. Med Mycol 1964. [DOI: 10.1080/00362176485190411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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41
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42
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Georg LK, Ajello L, Friedman L, Brinkman SA. A new species ofMicrosporumpathogenic to man and animals. Med Mycol 1962. [DOI: 10.1080/00362176285190381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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44
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Slifkin MK, Butler EE, Eckert JW, Savile DBO, Ajello L, Cockshott WP, Peters HA, Weitzman I, Emmons CW. Notes and Brief Articles. Mycologia 1962. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1962.12024984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. E. Butler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis and Riverside, California, respectively
| | - J. W. Eckert
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis and Riverside, California, respectively
| | - D. B. O. Savile
- Plant Research Institute, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L. Ajello
- Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Harriet A. Peters
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State College, San Francisco, California
| | - Irene Weitzman
- Department of Botany, Columbia University, New York, N. Y
| | - C. W. Emmons
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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