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Microbiomes in the Intestine of Developing Pigs: Implications for Nutrition and Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:161-176. [PMID: 34807442 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an expansion of studies on the role of gut microbiome in piglet nutrition and health. With the help of culture-independent sequencing techniques, the colonization of gut microbiota and their implication in physiology are being investigated in depth. Immediately after birth, the microbes begin to colonize following an age-dependent trajectory, which can be modified by maternal environment, diet, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. The early-life gut microbiome is relatively simple but enriched with huge metabolic potential to utilize milk oligosaccharides and affect the epithelial function. After weaning, the gut microbiome develops towards a gradual adaptation to the introduction of solid food, with an enhanced ability to metabolize amino acids, fibers, and bile acids. Here we summarize the compositional and functional difference of the gut microbiome in the keystone developing phases, with a specific focus on the use of different nutritional approaches based on the phase-specific gut microbiome.
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Yang L, Xie X, Li Y, Wu L, Fan C, Liang T, Xi Y, Yang S, Li H, Zhang J, Ding Y, Xue L, Chen M, Wang J, Wu Q. Evaluation of the Cholesterol-Lowering Mechanism of Enterococcus faecium Strain 132 and Lactobacillus paracasei Strain 201 in Hypercholesterolemia Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061982. [PMID: 34207558 PMCID: PMC8228983 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia can cause many diseases, but it can effectively regulated by Lactobacillus. This study aimed to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering mechanism of Enterococcus faecium strain 132 and Lactobacillusparacasei strain 201. These results showed that both the strains decreased serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), liver TC and TG and increased fecal TC, TG and total bile acid (TBA) levels. Additionally, both strains also reduced glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) and levels of tissue inflammation levels to improve the lipid profile, and they reduced fat accumulation partially by alleviating inflammatory responses. Furthermore, both strains regulated the expression of the CYP8B1, CYP7A1, SREBP-1, SCD1 and LDL-R gene to promote cholesterol metabolism and reduce TG accumulation. Interventions with both strains also altered the gut microbiota, and decreasing the abundance of Veillonellaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Prevotella. Furthermore, fecal acetic acid and propionic acid were increased by this intervention. Overall, the results suggested that E. faecium strain 132 and L. paracasei strain 201 can alleviate hypercholesterolemia in rats and might be applied as a new type of hypercholesterolemia agent in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshuang Yang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Xinqiang Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Lei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Congcong Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Tingting Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Yu Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Shuanghong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Haixin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Yu Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (C.F.); (T.L.); (Y.X.); (S.Y.); (H.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.X.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Q.W.)
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Liu Y, Zheng S, Cui J, Guo T, Zhang J. Effect of bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus plantarum Y15 on high cholesterol diet induced hypercholesterolemic mice. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2021.1914176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shujuan Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jiale Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Tingting Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Hou G, Peng W, Wei L, Li R, Yuan Y, Huang X, Yin Y. Lactobacillus delbrueckii Interfere With Bile Acid Enterohepatic Circulation to Regulate Cholesterol Metabolism of Growing-Finishing Pigs via Its Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity. Front Nutr 2020; 7:617676. [PMID: 33363199 PMCID: PMC7759492 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.617676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota-targeted therapies for hypercholesterolemia get more and more attention and are recognized as an effective strategy for preventing and treating cardiovascular disease. The experiment was conducted to investigate the cholesterol-lowering mechanism of Lactobacillus delbrueckii in a pig model. Twelve barrows (38.70 ± 5.33 kg) were randomly allocated to two groups and fed corn–soybean meal diets with either 0% (Con) or 0.1% Lactobacillus delbrueckii (Con + LD) for 28 days. L. delbrueckii–fed pigs had lower serum contents of total cholesterol (TC), total bile acids (TBAs), and triglyceride, but higher fecal TC and TBA excretion. L. delbrueckii treatment increased ileal Lactobacillus abundance and bile acid (BA) deconjugation and affected serum and hepatic BA composition. Dietary L. delbrueckii downregulated the gene expression of ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP), and hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor (FGF19), and small heterodimer partner (SHP), but upregulated hepatic high-density lipoprotein receptor (HDLR), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), and cholesterol-7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression. Our results provided in vivo evidence that L. delbrueckii promote ileal BA deconjugation with subsequent fecal TC and TBA extraction by modifying ileal microbiota composition and induce hepatic BA neosynthesis via regulating gut–liver FXR–FGF19 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaifeng Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Liangkai Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xingguo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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Sivamaruthi BS, Fern LA, Rashidah Pg Hj Ismail DSN, Chaiyasut C. The influence of probiotics on bile acids in diseases and aging. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110310. [PMID: 32504921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates the use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Probiotics are capable of changing the gut microbiota composition and bile acid synthesis to elicit health benefits such as cholesterol-lowering, weight reduction, and improving insulin sensitivity. The aging population is prone to develop diseases because of their decreased physiological and biological systems. Probiotics are one of the promising supplements that may potentially counteract these detrimental effects. This review will discuss the influence of probiotics on bile acids in different populations-the elderly, obese individuals, and those with hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Lim Ai Fern
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link BE1410, Brunei
| | | | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Abstract
Bile is composed of multiple macromolecules, including bile acids, free cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubin, and inorganic ions that aid in digestion, nutrient absorption, and disposal of the insoluble products of heme catabolism. The synthesis and release of bile acids is tightly controlled and dependent on feedback mechanisms that regulate enterohepatic circulation. Alterations in bile composition, impaired gallbladder relaxation, and accelerated nucleation are the principal mechanisms leading to biliary stone formation. Various physiologic conditions and disease states alter bile composition and metabolism, thus increasing the risk of developing gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zeljka Jutric
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine; Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
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Zhai Q, Liu Y, Wang C, Qu D, Zhao J, Zhang H, Tian F, Chen W. Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8661 modulates bile acid enterohepatic circulation and increases lead excretion in mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:1455-1464. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics modulate bile acid enterohepatic circulation and increases lead excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Dingwu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- School of Food Science and Technology
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Bacterial bile salt hydrolase: an intestinal microbiome target for enhanced animal health. Anim Health Res Rev 2017; 17:148-158. [PMID: 28155801 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252316000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To effectively mitigate antimicrobial resistance in the agricultural ecosystem, there is an increasing pressure to reduce and eliminate the use of in-feed antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in food animals. However, limiting antibiotic use could compromise animal production efficiency and health. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Increasing evidence has shown that the growth-promoting effect of AGPs was highly correlated with the reduced activity of bile salt hydrolase (BSH), an intestinal bacterial enzyme that has a negative impact on host fat digestion and energy harvest; consistent with this finding, the population of Lactobacillus species, the major intestinal BSH-producer, was significantly reduced in response to AGP use. Thus, BSH is a key mechanistic microbiome target for developing novel alternatives to AGPs. Despite recent significant progress in the characterization of diverse BSH enzymes, research on BSH is still in its infancy. This review is focused on the function of BSH and its significant impacts on host physiology in human beings, laboratory animals and food animals. The gaps in BSH-based translational microbiome research for enhanced animal health are also identified and discussed.
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Fava F, Tuohy KM. Gut microbiota: Inulin regulates endothelial function: a prebiotic smoking gun? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:392-394. [PMID: 28559592 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fava
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Department of food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, 38010, Italy
| | - Kieran M Tuohy
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Department of food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, 38010, Italy
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Martín R, Laval L, Chain F, Miquel S, Natividad J, Cherbuy C, Sokol H, Verdu EF, van Hylckama Vlieg J, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Smokvina T, Langella P. Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis CNCM-I2494 Restores Gut Barrier Permeability in Chronically Low-Grade Inflamed Mice. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:608. [PMID: 27199937 PMCID: PMC4858658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the efficacy of many probiotic strains in the management of gastrointestinal disorders associated with deregulated intestinal barrier function and/or structure. In particular, bifidobacteria have been studied for their efficacy to both prevent and treat a broad spectrum of animal and/or human gut disorders. The aim of the current work was thus to evaluate effects on intestinal barrier function of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis CNCM-I2494, a strain used in fermented dairy products. A chronic dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced low-grade inflammation model causing gut dysfunction in mice was used in order to study markers of inflammation, intestinal permeability, and immune function in the presence of the bacterial strain. In this chronic low-grade inflammation mice model several parameters pointed out the absence of an over active inflammation process. However, gut permeability, lymphocyte populations, and colonic cytokines were found to be altered. B. animalis ssp. lactis CNCM-I2494 was able to protect barrier functions by restoring intestinal permeability, colonic goblet cell populations, and cytokine levels. Furthermore, tight junction (TJ) proteins levels were also measured by qRT-PCR showing the ability of this strain to specifically normalize the level of several TJ proteins, in particular for claudin-4. Finally, B. lactis strain counterbalanced CD4+ lymphocyte alterations in both spleen and mesenteric lymphoid nodes. It restores the Th1/Th2 ratio altered by the DNBS challenge (which locally augments CD4+ Th1 cells) by increasing the Th2 response as measured by the increase in the production of major representative Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10). Altogether, these data suggest that B. animalis ssp. lactis CNCM-I2494 may efficiently prevent disorders associated with increased barrier permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martín
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laure Laval
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France; Danone Nutricia ResearchPalaiseau, France
| | - Florian Chain
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sylvie Miquel
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jane Natividad
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Cherbuy
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France; ERL INSERM U 1057/UMR7203, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie CurieParis, France; Service de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de ParisParis, France
| | - Elena F Verdu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Luis G Bermudez-Humaran
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Philippe Langella
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Jones ML, Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Prakash S. The gut microbiome, probiotics, bile acids axis, and human health. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:306-8. [PMID: 24836108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome produces potent ligands to bile acid receptors, and probiotics could act as therapeutics of bile acid dysmetabolism. A recent study in Cell Reports demonstrates that probiotic VSL#3 affects bile acid deconjugation and excretion, as well as the gut-liver FXR-FGF15 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Lawrence Jones
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Catherine Tomaro-Duchesneau
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Jones ML, Martoni CJ, Ganopolsky JG, Labbé A, Prakash S. The human microbiome and bile acid metabolism: dysbiosis, dysmetabolism, disease and intervention. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:467-82. [PMID: 24479734 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.880420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent evidence indicates that the human gut microbiome plays a significant role in health and disease. Dysbiosis, defined as a pathological imbalance in a microbial community, is becoming increasingly appreciated as a 'central environmental factor' that is both associated with complex phenotypes and affected by host genetics, diet and antibiotic use. More recently, a link has been established between the dysmetabolism of bile acids (BAs) in the gut to dysbiosis. AREAS COVERED BAs, which are transformed by the gut microbiota, have been shown to regulate intestinal homeostasis and are recognized as signaling molecules in a wide range of metabolic processes. This review will examine the connection between BA metabolism as it relates to the gut microbiome and its implication in health and disease. EXPERT OPINION A disrupted gut microbiome, including a reduction of bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-active bacteria, can significantly impair the metabolism of BAs and may result in an inability to maintain glucose homeostasis as well as normal cholesterol breakdown and excretion. To better understand the link between dysbiosis, BA dysmetabolism and chronic degenerative disease, large-scale metagenomic sequencing studies, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics should continue to catalog functional diversity in the gastrointestinal tract of both healthy and diseased populations. Further, BSH-active probiotics should continue to be explored as treatment options to help restore metabolic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Jones
- McGill University, Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine , 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A2B4 , Canada +1 514 398 3676 ; +1 514 398 7461 ;
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Jones ML, Martoni CJ, Ganopolsky JG, Sulemankhil I, Ghali P, Prakash S. Improvement of gastrointestinal health status in subjects consumingLactobacillus reuteriNCIMB 30242 capsules: apost-hocanalysis of a randomized controlled trial. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:1643-51. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.833601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bile salts and their importance for drug absorption. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:44-55. [PMID: 23598075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bile salts are present in the intestines of humans as well as the animals used during the development of pharmaceutical products. This review provides a short introduction into the physical chemical properties of bile salts, a description of the bile concentration and composition of bile in different animal species and an overview of the literature investigating the influence of bile salts on the in vivo performance of different compounds and drug formulations. Generally, there is a positive effect on bioavailability when bile is present in the gastro-intestinal tract, independent of the formulation systems, e.g. suspensions, solutions, cyclodextrin complexes or lipid based formulations, but a few exceptions have also been reported.
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Jones ML, Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Martoni CJ, Prakash S. Cholesterol lowering with bile salt hydrolase-active probiotic bacteria, mechanism of action, clinical evidence, and future direction for heart health applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:631-42. [PMID: 23350815 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.758706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of global mortality and morbidity. Current CVD treatment methods include dietary intervention, statins, fibrates, niacin, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, and bile acid sequestrants. These formulations have limitations and, thus, additional treatment modalities are needed. Probiotic bacteria, especially bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-active probiotic bacteria, have demonstrated cholesterol-lowering efficacy in randomized controlled trials. AREAS COVERED This review describes the current treatments for CVD and the need for additional therapeutics. Gut microbiota etiology of CVD, cholesterol metabolism, and the role of probiotic formulations as therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of CVD are described. Specifically, we review studies using BSH-active bacteria as cholesterol-lowering agents with emphasis on their cholesterol-lowering mechanisms of action. Potential limitations and future directions are also highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Numerous clinical studies have concluded that BSH-active probiotic bacteria, or products containing them, are efficient in lowering total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, the mechanisms of action of BSH-active probiotic bacteria need to be further supported. There is also the need for a meta-analysis to provide better information regarding the therapeutic use of BSH-active probiotic bacteria. The future of BSH-active probiotic bacteria most likely lies as a combination therapy with already existing treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Jones
- Micropharma Ltd, 141 avenue du President Kennedy, UQAM Biological Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Suite 5569 Montreal, Quebec, H2X 3Y7, Canada
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Cholesterol lowering and inhibition of sterol absorption by Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66:1234-41. [PMID: 22990854 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The percentage of hypercholesterolemic individuals not reaching their LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) goal remains high and additional therapeutic strategies should be evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering efficacy and mechanism of action of bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules in hypercholesterolemic adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 127 subjects completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm, multicenter study. Subjects were randomized to consume L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules or placebo capsules over a 9-week intervention period. The primary outcome was LDL-C relative to placebo at the study end point. RESULTS L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules reduced LDL-C by 11.64% (P<0.001), total cholesterol by 9.14%, (P<0.001), non-HDL-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) by 11.30% (P < 0.001) and apoB-100 by 8.41% (P = 0.002) relative to placebo. The ratios of LDL-C/HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoB-100/apoA-1 were reduced by 13.39% (P = 0.006) and 9.00% (P = 0.026), respectively, relative to placebo. Triglycerides and HDL-C were unchanged. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen were reduced by 1.05 mg/l (P = 0.005) and 14.25% (P = 0.004) relative to placebo, respectively. Mean plasma deconjugated bile acids were increased by 1.00 nmol/l (P=0.025) relative to placebo, whereas plasma campesterol, sitosterol and stigmasterol were decreased by 41.5%, 34.2% and 40.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that the deconjugation of intraluminal bile acids results in reduced absorption of non-cholesterol sterols and indicate that L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules may be useful as an adjunctive therapy for treating hypercholesterolemia.
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Vinderola G, Zacarías M, Bockelmann W, Neve H, Reinheimer J, Heller K. Preservation of functionality of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis INL1 after incorporation of freeze-dried cells into different food matrices. Food Microbiol 2012; 30:274-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Evaluation of safety and tolerance of microencapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 in a yogurt formulation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2216-23. [PMID: 22425689 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic organisms have shown promise in treating diseases. Previously, we have reported on the efficacy of microencapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 in a yogurt formulation at lowering serum cholesterol levels in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults. This study investigates the safety and toxicology of oral ingestion of microencapsulated L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 in a yogurt formulation. A randomized group of 120 subjects received a dose of 5 × 10(10) CFU microencapsulated L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 in yogurt (n=59) or placebo yogurt (n=61) twice/day for 6 weeks. Clinical chemistry and hematological parameters of safety were analyzed. Fecal samples were collected at these time points for the analysis of deconjugated bile acids. The frequency, duration and intensity of adverse events (AEs) and clinical significance of safety parameters were recorded for both groups. No clinically significant differences between the probiotic yogurt and placebo yogurt treated groups were detected in either the blood clinical chemistry or hematology results and there was no significant increase in fecal deconjugated bile acids (P>0.05) between treated and control groups. The frequency and intensity of AEs was similar in the two groups. These results demonstrate the safe use of this formulation in food.
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Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a microencapsulated bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 yoghurt formulation in hypercholesterolaemic adults. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1505-13. [PMID: 22067612 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported limited or no reduction in serum cholesterol in response to probiotic formulations. Recently, probiotics have shown promise in treating metabolic disease due to improved strain selection and delivery technologies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a yoghurt formulation containing microencapsulated bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242, taken twice per d over 6 weeks, in hypercholesterolaemic adults. A total of 114 subjects completed this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, parallel-arm, multi-centre study. This interventional study included a 2-week washout, 2-week run-in and 6-week treatment period. Subjects were randomised to consume either yoghurts containing microencapsulated L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 or placebo yoghurts. Over the intervention period, subjects consuming yoghurts containing microencapsulated L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 attained significant reductions in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) of 8·92 % (P = 0·016), total cholesterol (TC) of 4·81 % (P = 0·031) and non-HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) of 6·01 % (P = 0·029) over placebo, and a significant absolute change in apoB-100 of - 0·19 mmol/l (P = 0·049). Serum concentrations of TAG and HDL-C were unchanged over the course of the study. Present results show that consumption of microencapsulated BSH-active L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 yoghurt is efficacious and safe for lowering LDL-C, TC, apoB-100 and non-HDL-C in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. The efficacy of microencapsulated BSH-active L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 yoghurts appears to be superior to traditional probiotic therapy and akin to that of other cholesterol-lowering ingredients.
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Vinderola G, Binetti A, Burns P, Reinheimer J. Cell viability and functionality of probiotic bacteria in dairy products. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:70. [PMID: 21833320 PMCID: PMC3153040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria, according to the definition adopted by the World Health Organization in 2002, are live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host. Recent studies show that the same probiotic strain produced and/or preserved under different storage conditions, may present different responses regarding their susceptibility to the adverse conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, its capacity to adhere to the intestinal epithelium, or its immunomodulating capacity, the functionality being affected without changes in cell viability. This could imply that the control of cell viability is not always enough to guarantee the functionality (probiotic capacity) of a strain. Therefore, a new challenge arises for food technologists and microbiologists when it comes to designing and monitoring probiotic food: to be able to monitor the functionality of a probiotic microorganism throughout all the stages the strain goes through from the moment it is produced and included in the food vehicle, until the moment of consumption. Conventional methodological tools or others still to be developed must be used. The application of cell membrane functionality markers, the use of tests of resistance to intestinal barriers, the study of surface properties and the application of in vivo models come together as complementary tools to assess the actual capacity of a probiotic organism in a specific food, to exert functional effects regardless of the number of viable cells present at the moment of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral Santa Fe, Argentina
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Probiotic bile salt hydrolase: current developments and perspectives. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:166-80. [PMID: 19669939 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic has modernized the current dietetic sense with novel therapeutic and nutritional benefits to the consumers. The presence of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) in probiotics renders them more tolerant to bile salts, which also helps to reduce the blood cholesterol level of the host. This review focuses on the occurrence of bile salt hydrolase among probiotics and its characterization, importance, applications, and genetics involved with recent updates. Research on bile salt hydrolase is still in its infancy. The current perspective reveals a huge market potential of probiotics with bile salt hydrolase. Intensive research in this field is desired to resolve some of the lacunae.
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Lepercq P, Hermier D, David O, Michelin R, Gibard C, Beguet F, Relano P, Cayuela C, Juste C. Increasing ursodeoxycholic acid in the enterohepatic circulation of pigs through the administration of living bacteria. Br J Nutr 2007; 93:457-69. [PMID: 15946407 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of increasing ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in the enterohepatic circulation of pigs by administering living bacteria capable of epimerising endogenous amidated chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) to UDCA. We first demonstrated that combining Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010, as a bile salt-hydrolysing bacterium, and Clostridium absonum ATCC 27555, as a CDCA to UDCA epimerising bacterium, led to the efficient epimerisation of glyco- and tauro-CDCA in vitro, with respective UDCA yields of 55·8 (se 2·8) and 36·6 (se 1·5)%. This strain combination was then administered to hypercholesterolaemic pigs over a 3-week period, as two daily preprandial doses of either viable (six experimental pigs) or heat-inactivated bacteria (six controls). The main effects of treatment were on unconjugated bile acids (P=0·035) and UDCA (P<0·0001) absorbed into the portal vein, which increased 1·6–1·7- and 3·5–7·5-fold, respectively, under administration of living compared with inactivated bacteria. In bile, UDCA did not increase significantly, but the increase in biliary lithocholic acid with time in the controls was not observed in the experimental pigs (P=0·007), and the same trend was observed in faeces. All other variables (biliary lipid equilibrium, plasma lipid levels and partition of cholesterol between the different lipoprotein classes) remained unaffected by treatment throughout the duration of the experiment. In conclusion, it is feasible to increase the bioavailability of UDCA to the intestine and the liver by administering active bacteria. This may represent an interesting new probiotic activity, provided that in future it could be expressed by a safe food micro-organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Lepercq
- Unité d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système Digestif, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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Collado M, Moreno Y, Cobo J, Mateos J, Hernández M. Molecular detection of Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173010 in human feces during fermented milk administration. Food Res Int 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The interest in probiotics and the modulation of microbiota for restoring and maintaining health continues to gain momentum. Research is fueled by a need to develop alternatives to antibiotics and drugs that have severe side effects. It is recognised that bacteria play a major role in human and animal health, and how scientific advances help to explain how and when probiotics work. This minireview provides an update on critical studies, particularly since 2002, that are helping to explain the mechanisms of action of probiotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reid
- Canadian R&D Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada.
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Picard C, Fioramonti J, Francois A, Robinson T, Neant F, Matuchansky C. Review article: bifidobacteria as probiotic agents -- physiological effects and clinical benefits. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22:495-512. [PMID: 16167966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria, naturally present in the dominant colonic microbiota, represent up to 25% of the cultivable faecal bacteria in adults and 80% in infants. As probiotic agents, bifidobacteria have been studied for their efficacy in the prevention and treatment of a broad spectrum of animal and/or human gastrointestinal disorders, such as colonic transit disorders, intestinal infections, and colonic adenomas and cancer. The aim of this review is to focus on the gastrointestinal effects of bifidobacteria as probiotic agents in animal models and man. The traditional use of bifidobacteria in fermented dairy products and the GRAS ('Generally Recognised As Safe') status of certain strains attest to their safety. Some strains, especially Bifidobacterium animalis strain DN-173 010 which has long been used in fermented dairy products, show high gastrointestinal survival capacity and exhibit probiotic properties in the colon. Bifidobacteria are able to prevent or alleviate infectious diarrhoea through their effects on the immune system and resistance to colonization by pathogens. There is some experimental evidence that certain bifidobacteria may actually protect the host from carcinogenic activity of intestinal flora. Bifidobacteria may exert protective intestinal actions through various mechanisms, and represent promising advances in the fields of prophylaxis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Picard
- Danone Vitapole, Centre de Recherche Daniel Carasso, Nutrivaleur, Palaiseau, France.
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