1
|
Lenti MV, Miceli E, Lahner E, Natalello G, Massironi S, Schiepatti A, Zingone F, Sciola V, Rossi RE, Cannizzaro R, De Giorgi EM, Gregorio V, Fazzino E, Gentile A, Petrucci C, Dilaghi E, Pivetta G, Vanoli A, Luinetti O, Paulli M, Anderloni A, Vecchi M, Biagi F, Repici A, Savarino EV, Joudaki S, Delliponti M, Pasini A, Facciotti F, Farinati F, D'Elios MM, Della Bella C, Annibale B, Klersy C, Corazza GR, Di Sabatino A. Distinguishing Features of Autoimmune Gastritis Depending on Previous Helicobacter pylori Infection or Positivity to Anti-Parietal Cell Antibodies: Results From the Autoimmune gastRitis Italian netwOrk Study grOup (ARIOSO). Am J Gastroenterol 2024:00000434-990000000-01233. [PMID: 38976374 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To describe the clinical features and the risk of developing gastric tumors in patients with autoimmune gastritis (AIG). METHODS This was a retrospective, longitudinal, multicenter study conducted at 8 Italian tertiary referral centers. We retrieved clinical data from all histologically proven patients with AIG. Differences between Helicobacter pylori -exposed vs H. pylori -naive and anti-parietal cell antibody (PCA)-positive vs PCA-negative patients were investigated. The rate of gastric adenocarcinoma and type 1 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm (gNEN) was assessed. A multivariable model for factors associated with gNEN was fitted. RESULTS A total of 1,598 patients with AIG (median age 58 years, interquartile range 46-68; F:M ratio 2.7:1) were included. H. pylori -naive patients were more likely to have a first-degree family history of AIG (14.7% vs 8.9%; P = 0.012), type 1 diabetes mellitus (4.9% vs 2.3%; P = 0.025), and pernicious anemia (30.9% vs 21.1%; P = 0.003). PCA-positive patients had significantly more associated autoimmune diseases (59.0% vs 42.9%; P < 0.001) and were more likely to have been diagnosed by a case-finding strategy (15.3% vs 2.6%; P < 0.001). Overall, 15 cases (0.9%) of gastric adenocarcinoma and 153 cases (9.6%) of gNEN occurred, with a global rate of 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07-0.20) and 1.22 (95% CI 1.03-1.42) per 100 person/year, respectively. Having a vitamin B12/iron deficiency manifestation at AIG diagnosis was associated with a 16.44 (95% CI 9.94-27.20 P < 0.001) hazard ratio of gNEN. DISCUSSION The "pure" AIG pattern has typical features of an autoimmune disease and seems to be unrelated to H. pylori . In a tertiary referral setting, the risk of developing overt gastric adenocarcinoma is low, while patients with vitamin B12 deficiency complications at onset may benefit from a more intense endoscopic follow-up for early gNEN detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Miceli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Edith Lahner
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Natalello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Massironi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori; University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Annalisa Schiepatti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabiana Zingone
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy, Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Sciola
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Elisa Rossi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Cannizzaro
- Oncological Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Italy, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Maria De Giorgi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Virginia Gregorio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Fazzino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Gentile
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Petrucci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Dilaghi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Pivetta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vanoli
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ombretta Luinetti
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Paulli
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Anderloni
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Biagi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy, Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Shamim Joudaki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Delliponti
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pasini
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Facciotti
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Farinati
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy, Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D'Elios
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Della Bella
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Bruno Annibale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Catherine Klersy
- Biostatistics & Clinical Trial Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gino Roberto Corazza
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jia J, Zhao H, Li F, Zheng Q, Wang G, Li D, Liu Y. Research on drug treatment and the novel signaling pathway of chronic atrophic gastritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116912. [PMID: 38850667 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a global digestive system disease and one of the important causes of gastric cancer. The incidence of CAG has been increasing yearly worldwide. PURPOSE This article reviews the latest research on the common causes and future therapeutic targets of CAG as well as the pharmacological effects of corresponding clinical drugs. We provide a detailed theoretical basis for further research on possible methods for the treatment of CAG and reversal of the CAG process. RESULTS CAG often develops from chronic gastritis, and its main pathological manifestation is atrophy of the gastric mucosa, which can develop into gastric cancer. The drug treatment of CAG can be divided into agents that regulate gastric acid secretion, eradicate Helicobacter. pylori (H. pylori), protect gastric mucous membrane, or inhibit inflammatory factors according to their mechanism of action. Although there are limited specific drugs for the treatment of CAG, progress is being made in defining the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of the disease. Growing evidence shows that NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/ β-catenin, MAPK, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Hedgehog, and VEGF signaling pathways play an important role in the development of CAG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Jia
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Huijie Zhao
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Fangfei Li
- Shum Yiu Foon Shum Bik Chuen Memorial Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, PR China
| | - Guoli Wang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Defang Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, PR China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vavallo M, Cingolani S, Cozza G, Schiavone FP, Dottori L, Palumbo C, Lahner E. Autoimmune Gastritis and Hypochlorhydria: Known Concepts from a New Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6818. [PMID: 38999928 PMCID: PMC11241626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis is an immune-mediated disease resulting in autoimmune destruction of the specialized acid-producing gastric parietal cells. As a consequence, in autoimmune atrophic gastritis, gastric acid secretion is irreversibly impaired, and the resulting hypochlorhydria leads to the main clinical manifestations and is linked, directly or indirectly, to the long-term neoplastic complications of this disease. In the last few years, autoimmune atrophic gastritis has gained growing interest leading to the acquisition of new knowledge on different aspects of this disorder. Although reliable serological biomarkers are available and gastrointestinal endoscopy techniques have substantially evolved, the diagnosis of autoimmune atrophic gastritis is still affected by a considerable delay and relies on histopathological assessment of gastric biopsies. One of the reasons for the diagnostic delay is that the clinical presentations of autoimmune atrophic gastritis giving rise to clinical suspicion are very different, ranging from hematological to neurological-psychiatric up to gastrointestinal and less commonly to gynecological-obstetric symptoms or signs. Therefore, patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis often seek advice from physicians of other medical specialties than gastroenterologists, thus underlining the need for increased awareness of this disease in a broad medical and scientific community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edith Lahner
- Gastroenterology Unit, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy (G.C.); (F.P.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dilaghi E, Carabotti M, Annibale B. Perspectives on the current pharmacological strategies for chronic and atrophic gastritis: can more be done? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:1107-1110. [PMID: 38916183 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2373348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Dilaghi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilia Carabotti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Annibale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miceli E, Lenti MV, Gentile A, Gambini G, Petrucci C, Pitotti L, Mengoli C, Di Stefano M, Vanoli A, Luinetti O, Brondino N, Paulli M, Anderloni A, Klersy C, Corazza GR, Di Sabatino A. Long-Term Natural History of Autoimmune Gastritis: Results From a Prospective Monocentric Series. Am J Gastroenterol 2024; 119:837-845. [PMID: 38050966 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The natural history of autoimmune gastritis (AIG) has been poorly described. In this study, we report the long-term natural history and clinical clustering of the full spectrum of AIG, from the potential to the complicated stage. METHODS Prospective single-center study conducted in a tertiary referral center. Patients with AIG at any stage (0 = potential; 1 = early; 2 = florid; 3 = severe; and 4 = complicated) were enrolled (January 2000-December 2022). The histopathological evolution, the clinical presentation, and the correlates of evolution of potential AIG were assessed. RESULTS Four hundred ninety-eight patients with AIG (mean age 56.7 ± 15.2 years, F:M ratio 2.5:1) were included, of whom 93 experienced potential AIG. The maximum disease duration was 27 years (median 18, interquartile range 14-23), while the overall median follow-up was 52 months (interquartile range 12-95). Age was significantly lower in stage 0 compared with that in the other stages. Accidental histologic evidence and hematologic findings were the most common clusters of diagnosis. The overall median rate of progression was 7.29 per 100 persons/yr (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.19-8.59), while the stage-specific rates of progression were 10.85 (stage 0; 95% CI 7.75-15.18), 14.83 (stages 1-2; 95% CI 11.89-18.49), and 2.68 (stage 3; 95% CI 1.88-3.84). Newly onset neoplastic complications at follow-up occurred in 41/483 patients (8.5%; 23 neuroendocrine tumors and 18 epithelial dysplasia). No cases of adenocarcinoma were noticed. Male sex was associated with a greater likelihood of evolving from potential AIG to overt AIG. DISCUSSION AIG is a progressive disorder, with a virtually absent risk of gastric adenocarcinoma. Patients with potential AIG should be monitored because they carry a high risk of evolving into overt AIG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Miceli
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Gentile
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Gambini
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Petrucci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lavinia Pitotti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Mengoli
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Di Stefano
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vanoli
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ombretta Luinetti
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Natascia Brondino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Paulli
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Anderloni
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Catherine Klersy
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gino Roberto Corazza
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Castellana C, Eusebi LH, Dajti E, Iascone V, Vestito A, Fusaroli P, Fuccio L, D’Errico A, Zagari RM. Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis: A Clinical Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1310. [PMID: 38610988 PMCID: PMC11010983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) is a chronic condition characterized by the presence of atrophy in the oxyntic mucosa due to anti-parietal cell antibodies. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of autoimmune atrophic gastritis, reporting recent evidence on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical presentation, risk of malignancies, and management. The prevalence of AAG has been estimated at between 0.3% and 2.7% in the general population. The diagnosis of AAG is based on a combination of the serologic profile and the histological examination of gastric biopsies. Patients with AAG are often asymptomatic but can also have dyspeptic or reflux symptoms. The atrophy of the oxyntic mucosa leads to iron and vitamin B12 malabsorption, which may result in anemia and neurological affections. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis is associated with an increased risk of type I neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and gastric cancer, with an incidence rate of 2.8% and 0.5% per person/year, respectively. Management is directed to reinstate vitamins and iron and to prevent malignancies with endoscopic surveillance. In conclusion, atrophic autoimmune gastritis is an infrequent condition, often asymptomatic and misdiagnosed, that requires an early diagnosis for appropriate vitamin supplementation and endoscopic follow-up for the early diagnosis of NETs and gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Castellana
- Department of Medical Sciences and Surgery, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (L.H.E.); (E.D.); (V.I.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Leonardo Henry Eusebi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Surgery, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (L.H.E.); (E.D.); (V.I.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Elton Dajti
- Department of Medical Sciences and Surgery, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (L.H.E.); (E.D.); (V.I.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Veronica Iascone
- Department of Medical Sciences and Surgery, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (L.H.E.); (E.D.); (V.I.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
- Gastro-Esophageal Organic Diseases Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Amanda Vestito
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Pietro Fusaroli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Surgery, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (L.H.E.); (E.D.); (V.I.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital of Imola, 40026 Imola, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fuccio
- Department of Medical Sciences and Surgery, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (L.H.E.); (E.D.); (V.I.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Antonietta D’Errico
- Department of Medical Sciences and Surgery, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (L.H.E.); (E.D.); (V.I.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Maurizio Zagari
- Department of Medical Sciences and Surgery, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (L.H.E.); (E.D.); (V.I.); (L.F.); (A.D.)
- Gastro-Esophageal Organic Diseases Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Taylor L, McCaddon A, Wolffenbuttel BHR. Creating a Framework for Treating Autoimmune Gastritis-The Case for Replacing Lost Acid. Nutrients 2024; 16:662. [PMID: 38474790 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells, resulting in hypochlorhydria and eventual achlorhydria, as oxyntic glands in the corpus are destroyed and become atrophic. The permanent loss of gastric acid has many impacts-both theoretical and documented. The most concerning of these are hypergastrinemia and increased N-nitroso compounds, both of which increase the risk of gastric cancers. While known deficiencies of B12 and iron are often replaced in AIG, acid is not. Moreover, patients with AIG are often prescribed acid suppression for a stomach that is decidedly no longer acidic, worsening the sequelae of gastric atrophy. Betaine hydrochloride (BHCL) is a short-acting acidifying agent, available over the counter in capsule form. Mealtime acid supplementation has an historic basis and could ameliorate many AIG-related gastrointestinal symptoms. Theoretically, acidification could also reduce the potential for hypergastrinemia and the production of N-nitroso compounds, consequently reducing the risk of gastric cancers. Supplemental vitamin C may also help in preventing gastric N-nitroso formation, regardless of the gastric pH. This narrative review describes the functions of gastric acid in gastrointestinal and immune health, documents the effects of hypochlorhydria in AIG, and proposes potential options for safely re-establishing the acid milieu of the stomach for patients with AIG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Taylor
- Faculty of Integrative and Functional Nutrition, Saybrook University, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
| | - Andrew McCaddon
- Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Wrexham University, Wrexham LL11 2AW, UK
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rossi RE, Elvevi A, Sciola V, Mandarino FV, Danese S, Invernizzi P, Massironi S. Paradoxical association between dyspepsia and autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis: Insights into mechanisms, pathophysiology, and treatment options. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:3733-3747. [PMID: 37398891 PMCID: PMC10311608 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i23.3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a progressive, chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells leading to hypo/anacidity and loss of intrinsic factor. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as dyspepsia and early satiety are very common, being second in terms of frequency only to anemia, which is the most typical feature of AIG.
AIM To address both well-established and more innovative information and knowledge about this challenging disorder.
METHODS An extensive bibliographical search was performed in PubMed to identify guidelines and primary literature (retrospective and prospective studies, systematic reviews, case series) published in the last 10 years.
RESULTS A total of 125 records were reviewed and 80 were defined as fulfilling the criteria.
CONCLUSION AIG can cause a range of clinical manifestations, including dyspepsia. The pathophysiology of dyspepsia in AIG is complex and involves changes in acid secretion, gastric motility, hormone signaling, and gut microbiota, among other factors. Managing dyspeptic symptoms of AIG is challenging and there are no specific therapies targeting dyspepsia in AIG. While proton pump inhibitors are commonly used to treat dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux disease, they may not be appropriate for AIG. Prokinetic agents, antidepressant drugs, and non-pharmacological treatments may be of help, even if not adequately evidence-based supported. A multidisciplinary approach for the management of dyspepsia in AIG is recommended, and further research is needed to develop and validate more effective therapies for dyspepsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Elisa Rossi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Elvevi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza 20900, Italy and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Valentina Sciola
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano 20100, Italy
| | | | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza 20900, Italy and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Sara Massironi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza 20900, Italy and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mao C, Wu X, Pu Z, Chen D, Pu Y, Peng A. Effects of mosapride combined with rabeprazole on symptom scores and inflammatory factors in elderly patients with reflux esophagitis. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2023; 69:149-151. [PMID: 36149334 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.22.03248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zunyi First People's Hospital, Zunyi, China -
| | - Xiaole Wu
- Division of Medical Administration, Zunyi First People's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Zijuan Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zunyi First People's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Delin Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zunyi First People's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Yushun Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zunyi First People's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Aici Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zunyi First People's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cifuentes JDG, Sparkman J, Graham DY. Management of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with autoimmune gastritis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2022; 38:600-606. [PMID: 36165039 PMCID: PMC9561041 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Autoimmune gastritis is characterized by atrophy of acid secreting parietal cells resulting in achlorhydria. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms are common in autoimmune gastritis and frequently result in prescriptions for acid suppressant medications despite the inability of the stomach to secrete acid. Evidence-based recommendations for management of gastrointestinal symptoms in autoimmune gastritis are lacking. RECENT FINDINGS The most common symptoms in patients with autoimmune gastritis are dyspepsia, heartburn, and regurgitation. Gastroesophageal reflux should be confirmed by pH-impedance testing and is typically weakly acid or alkaline. Therapy for reflux focuses on mechanical prevention of reflux (i.e., elevation of the head of the bed and alginates) or when severe, antireflux surgery. The etiology of dyspepsia in autoimmune gastritis is unclear and largely unstudied. In the first half of the 20th century, oral administration of acid to "aid digestion" was widely used with reported success. However, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are lacking. Here, we provide suggestions for attempting gastric acidification therapy. SUMMARY Upper GI symptoms are common in autoimmune gastritis. Their pathogenesis and therapy remain incompletely understood. Acid suppressant medications are useless and should be discontinued. A trial of acid replacement therapy is recommended especially in the form of placebo-controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Y. Graham
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang J, Bellocco R, Franzén J, Zagai U, Magnusson PKE, Ye W. Atrophic gastritis is inversely associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease in a twin register based study. United European Gastroenterol J 2022; 10:827-835. [PMID: 35731239 PMCID: PMC9557969 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between atrophic gastritis (AG) and symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) needs to be better assessed. Objective We aimed to study this association in a twin setting, controlling for genetic and familial factors, in addition to a range of known covariates. Methods We performed a co‐twin control study based on the Swedish Twin Registry, including confirmed monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. AG was determined by the measurement of serum pepsinogen I (PGI) and pepsinogen II (PGII), with different cut‐off values. GERD was defined using a structured questionnaire, by questions on symptoms of heartburn, acid regurgitation, pain behind the breastbone, and drug history. Patients were grouped into total GERD, less frequent (<1/week), and frequent GERD (≥1/week). Results A total of 12,533 twins were included in the study, among whom 37.7% showed less frequent GERD, and 18.7% had frequent GERD. There was an inverse association between AG and GERD, especially for frequent GERD. When PGI<30 was used as cut‐off value for AG, the odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.52 (0.44, 0.62). When PGI<70 and PGI/PGII<3 was used as cut‐off value for AG, the OR (95% CI) was 0.53 (0.46, 0.63). A risk reduction for GERD was also observed in AG patients when the analysis was restricted in MZ or DZ twins. Conclusion In this co‐twin control study from the Swedish Twin Register, AG is persistently associated with a reduced risk for GERD, after controlling for genetic and shared familial factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rino Bellocco
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Joar Franzén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Zagai
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Associations between Lifestyle Habits, Perceived Symptoms and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients Seeking Health Check-Ups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073808. [PMID: 33917336 PMCID: PMC8038685 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common diseases. It mainly causes the stomach contents to flow back to the esophagus, thereby stimulating the esophagus and causing discomfort. From the results of our research, we intend to provide the general public with information related to preventing gastroesophageal reflux disease and medical personnel with information on the treatment and care of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. This study aimed to investigate the association of lifestyle habits and perceived symptoms on GERD in patients who underwent routine health check-ups. This study was conducted as a retrospective cross-sectional design to collect GERD cases from the medical records containing the health questionnaires and the report of endoscopic findings on the day of the health check-up. A total of 5653 patients were enrolled between 1 January 2016, and 31 December 2018. About 60.2% (n = 3404) of patients with GERD were diagnosed based on endoscopic findings. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the risk factors of the development of GERD. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, sex, waist circumference, Areca catechu chewing habit, sleep disorders, otolaryngology symptoms, and hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly associated with GERD. In this study, our results can be used as a reference for public health care and clinicians. Because most GERD cases can be controlled and prevented by lifestyle modifications, health professionals should always obtain a detailed history regarding symptoms and lifestyle habits associated with GERD.
Collapse
|
13
|
Risk of incident gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients with sleep disorders: a population-based cohort study. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-020-00282-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|