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Granot M, Beinvogl BC, Schvimer M, Goldsmith JD, Matar M, Ben Tov A, Feler AY, Nachum N, Morgenstern S, Mayer C, Shamir R, Weiss B, Shouval DS. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with autoimmune gastritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024. [PMID: 39010761 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder with potential long-term sequelae including gastric neoplasia. There is limited data on the natural history of pediatric AIG. We aimed to characterize the clinical course and outcomes of children with AIG. METHODS This was a multicenter retrospective study that included pediatric patients diagnosed with AIG between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2021. Diagnosis of AIG was based on the demonstration of histological corpus-predominant atrophic gastritis, with or without positive antiparietal cell (APCA) or anti-intrinsic factor (IF) antibodies. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and histologic data were retrieved, along with follow-up data. RESULTS Thirty-three patients, (23 females, [69.7%], median age 12.0 [interquartile range 7.0-15.0] years at diagnosis) were identified. Twenty-two patients (66.7%) had positive APCA and/or anti-IF serology. The most common presenting manifestation was iron deficiency anemia (75%), and accompanying autoimmune disorders were significantly more common in patients with positive serology (62% vs. 18%, p < 0.05). Pseudo-pyloric or intestinal-type metaplasia was present at diagnosis in eight patients (24%), and 11 additional patients (33%) developed metaplasia during a median follow-up time of 27 (17.5-48.3) months. One patient developed a type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumor. Helicobacter pylori was identified in only one patient, while two patients had prior eradication. Endoscopic and histologic improvements weren't identified in any patients. CONCLUSIONS AIG should be considered in patients with autoimmunity and resistant iron-deficiency anemia. H. pylori infection may not be associated with pediatric AIG. The development of neuroendocrine tumor in one patient, and the high rates of metaplasia, highlight the importance of surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Granot
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Beate C Beinvogl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Schvimer
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jeffrey D Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manar Matar
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Amir Ben Tov
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Institute, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Y Feler
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Institute, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nurit Nachum
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Morgenstern
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Chen Mayer
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Raanan Shamir
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Batia Weiss
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dror S Shouval
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Farinati F, Pelizzaro F. Gastric cancer screening in Western countries: A call to action. Dig Liver Dis 2024:S1590-8658(24)00269-X. [PMID: 38403513 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide, despite the reduction in its incidence. The disease is still burdened with a poor prognosis, particularly in Western countries. The main risk factor is the infection by Helicobacter pylori, classified as a class I carcinogen by the IARC, and It is well-known that primary prevention of gastric cancer can be achieved with the eradication of the infection. Moreover, non-invasive measurement of pepsinogens (PGI and PGI/PGII ratio) allows the identification of patients that should undergo upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. Gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma is indeed preceded by a well-defined precancerous process that involves consecutive stages, described for the first time by Correa et al. more than 40 years ago, and patients with advance stages of gastric atrophy/intestinal metaplasia and with dysplastic changes should be followed-up periodically with upper GI endoscopies. Despite these effective screening and surveillance methods, national-level screening campaigns have been adopted only in few countries in eastern Asia (Japan and South Korea). In this review, we describe primary and secondary preventive measures for gastric cancer, discussing the need to introduce screening also in Western countries. Moreover, we propose a simple algorithm for screening that could be easily applied in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Farinati
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy; Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy.
| | - Filippo Pelizzaro
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy; Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy
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Dilaghi E, Dottori L, Pivetta G, Dalla Bella M, Esposito G, Ligato I, Pilozzi E, Annibale B, Lahner E. Incidence and Predictors of Gastric Neoplastic Lesions in Corpus-Restricted Atrophic Gastritis: A Single-Center Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118:2157-2165. [PMID: 37207305 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Corpus-restricted atrophic gastritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder leading to possible development of type 1 neuroendocrine tumors (T1gNET), intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN), and gastric cancer (GC). We aimed to assess occurrence and predictors of gastric neoplastic lesions in patients with corpus-restricted atrophic gastritis at long-term follow-up. METHODS A prospective single-center cohort of patients with corpus-restricted atrophic gastritis adhering to endoscopic-histological surveillance was considered. Follow-up gastroscopies were scheduled according to the management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions of the stomach guidelines. In case of new/worsening of known symptoms, gastroscopy was anticipated. Cox regression analyses and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were obtained. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-five patients with corpus-restricted atrophic gastritis (72.0% female, median age 61 [23-84] years) were included. At a median follow-up of 5 (1-17) years, the annual incidence rate person-year was 0.5%, 0.6%, 2.8%, and 3.9% for GC/high-grade IEN, low-grade IEN, T1gNET, and all gastric neoplastic lesions, respectively. All patients showed at baseline operative link for gastritis assessment (OLGA)-2, except 2 low-grade (LG) IEN patients and 1 T1gNET patient with OLGA-1. Age older than 60 years (hazard ratio [HR] 4.7), intestinal metaplasia without pseudopyloric metaplasia (HR 4.3), and pernicious anemia (HR 4.3) were associated with higher risk for GC/HG-IEN or LG-IEN development and shorter mean survival time for progression (13.4, 13.2, and 11.1, respectively, vs 14.7 years, P = 0.01). Pernicious anemia was an independent risk factor for T1gNET (HR 2.2) and associated with a shorter mean survival time for progression (11.7 vs 13.6 years, P = 0.04) as well as severe corpus atrophy (12.8 vs 13.6 years, P = 0.03). DISCUSSION Patients with corpus-restricted atrophic gastritis are at increased risk for GC and T1gNET despite low-risk OLGA scores, and those aged older than 60 years with corpus intestinal metaplasia or pernicious anemia seem to display a high-risk scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Dilaghi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Dottori
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Pivetta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Dalla Bella
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Ligato
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pilozzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Annibale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Edith Lahner
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Waldum H, Mjønes P. The central role of gastrin in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1176673. [PMID: 37941554 PMCID: PMC10628637 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1176673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of gastric cancer has markedly declined, but due to the high mortality rates associated with gastric cancer, it is still a serious disease. The preferred classification of gastric cancer is according to Lauren into either the intestinal type, which has a glandular growth pattern, or the diffuse type, which does not have glandular structures. Both types have been classified as adenocarcinomas, with the latter type based on periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positivity presumed to reflect mucin. However, the presence of mucin in the diffuse type, in contrast to neuroendocrine/enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell markers, has not been confirmed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The ECL cells are probably prone to becoming cancerous because they do not express E-cadherin. Gastric cancer is unique in that a bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, is thought to be its main cause. H. pylori predisposes infected individuals to cancer only after having caused oxyntic atrophy leading to gastric hypoacidity and hypergastrinemia. No single H. pylori factor has been convincingly proved to be carcinogenic. It is probable that gastrin is the pathogenetic factor for gastric cancer due to H. pylori, autoimmune gastritis, and long-term prolonged inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Hypergastrinemia induces ECL cell hyperplasia, which develops into neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and then into neuroendocrine carcinomas in rodents, a sequence that has also been described in humans. During carcinogenesis, the tumor cells lose specific traits, requiring that sensitive methods be used to recognize their origin. Gastric cancer occurrence may hopefully be prevented by H. pylori eradication at a young age, and by the reduced use of inhibitors of acid secretion and use of a gastrin antagonist in those with previous long-term H. pylori infection and those with autoimmune gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Waldum
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patricia Mjønes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology, St. Olav’s Hospital – Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Guo X, Schreurs MWJ, Marijnissen FE, Mommersteeg MC, Nieuwenburg SAV, Doukas M, Erler NS, Capelle LG, Bruno MJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Spaander MCW, Fuhler GM. Increased Prevalence of Autoimmune Gastritis in Patients with a Gastric Precancerous Lesion. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6152. [PMID: 37834796 PMCID: PMC10573100 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Autoimmune gastritis (AIG), characterized with the presence of anti-parietal-cell antibodies (APCA), is a risk factor for gastric cancer. However, AIG may go underdiagnosed, especially in the case of H. pylori infection and the presence of gastric precancerous lesions (GPL), due to the ambiguous pathology and delayed symptom onset. Aim: Investigate the prevalence and characteristics of AIG in GPL patients. Methods: Prevalence of AIG was determined with the presence of APCA in patients with GPL (n = 256) and the control group (n = 70). Pathological characteristics and levels of gastrin 17 (G17), pepsinogen (PG) I and II and anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG were assessed in GPL cases, and the severity of intestinal metaplasia and gastric atrophy was scored by expert pathologists. Results: APCA positivity was observed in 18% of cases vs. 7% of controls (p = 0.033). Only 3/256 patients were previously diagnosed with AIG. The presence of APCA was associated with corpus-limited and extended GPL. A receiver operating curve analysis demonstrated that the G17 and PGI/II ratio could identify APCA-positive patients within GPL cases (AUC: 0.884). Conclusions: The prevalence of AIG is higher in patients with GPL but goes undiagnosed. Using G17 and PG I/II as diagnostic markers can help to identify patients with AIG and improve surveillance programs for patients with GPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (X.G.); (F.E.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.A.V.N.); (M.J.B.); (M.P.P.); (M.C.W.S.)
| | | | - Fleur E. Marijnissen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (X.G.); (F.E.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.A.V.N.); (M.J.B.); (M.P.P.); (M.C.W.S.)
| | - Michiel C. Mommersteeg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (X.G.); (F.E.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.A.V.N.); (M.J.B.); (M.P.P.); (M.C.W.S.)
| | - Stella A. V. Nieuwenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (X.G.); (F.E.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.A.V.N.); (M.J.B.); (M.P.P.); (M.C.W.S.)
| | - Michail Doukas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Nicole S. Erler
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette G. Capelle
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, 3813 TZ Amersfoort, The Netherlands;
| | - Marco J. Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (X.G.); (F.E.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.A.V.N.); (M.J.B.); (M.P.P.); (M.C.W.S.)
| | - Maikel P. Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (X.G.); (F.E.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.A.V.N.); (M.J.B.); (M.P.P.); (M.C.W.S.)
| | - Manon C. W. Spaander
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (X.G.); (F.E.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.A.V.N.); (M.J.B.); (M.P.P.); (M.C.W.S.)
| | - Gwenny M. Fuhler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (X.G.); (F.E.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.A.V.N.); (M.J.B.); (M.P.P.); (M.C.W.S.)
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Livzan MA, Mozgovoi SI, Gaus OV, Shimanskaya AG, Kononov AV. Histopathological Evaluation of Gastric Mucosal Atrophy for Predicting Gastric Cancer Risk: Problems and Solutions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2478. [PMID: 37568841 PMCID: PMC10417051 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from chronic gastritis and developing gastric mucosa atrophy are at increased risk of the development of gastric cancer. The diagnosis of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a complex procedure involving a detailed history taking, a thorough physical examination and the use of laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods among which the endoscopy of the upper digestive tract is the cornerstone because it allows the assessment of the topography of gastritis and identification of erosions and areas of intestinal metaplasia with the use of NBI endoscopy. However, the diagnosis of CAG requires morphological examination of the gastric mucosa. So, in addition to assessing macroscopic changes in the gastric mucosa, it is necessary to take biopsy specimens in accordance with the protocols for their morphological and immunohistochemical examination. In the absence of specific diagnostic stigmas of CAG, close cooperation between a clinician, endoscopist and pathologist is necessary. The article presents systematized data on the histopathological assessment of the gastric mucosa atrophy to predict the risk of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Livzan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Omsk Sate Medical University, 644099 Omsk, Russia;
| | - Sergei I. Mozgovoi
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Omsk Sate Medical University, 644099 Omsk, Russia
| | - Olga V. Gaus
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Omsk Sate Medical University, 644099 Omsk, Russia;
| | - Anna G. Shimanskaya
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Omsk Sate Medical University, 644099 Omsk, Russia
| | - Alexei V. Kononov
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Omsk Sate Medical University, 644099 Omsk, Russia
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Incidence of Gastric Neoplasms Arising from Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis: A Systematic Review and Case Reports. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031062. [PMID: 36769710 PMCID: PMC9918256 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) is associated with an increased risk of gastric neoplasms. This study aimed to systematically analyze the incidence rate of gastric cancer (GC), low-grade dysplasia (LGD) and type-1 gastric neuroendocrine tumor (gNETs) development in AMAG adults. Studies on AMAG patients reporting the incidence of gastric neoplasms was identified through a systematic search in PUBMED and EMBASE. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tool. Incidence rates of GC, LGD and type-1 gNETs were examined by meta-analysis. Thirteen studies met eligibility criteria. Incidence rate of gastric cancer calculated from the pooled data was 0.14% per person-year in both single-center studies and national registration studies. Meta-analysis showed a relative risk of 11.05 (95% CI: 6.39-19.11) for gastric cancer development in AMAG patients. The calculated pooled gastric LGD and type-1 gNETs incidence rates were 0.52% and 0.83% per person-year, respectively. As for experience from our center, we presented three distinctive cases of gastric neoplasm arising from the background of AMAG. This study underscores the potential for malignant transformation of precancerous lesions and reiterates the importance of careful esophagogastroduodenoscopy screening.
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Harsini S, Rezaei N. Autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, Rokkas T, Gisbert JP, Liou JM, Schulz C, Gasbarrini A, Hunt RH, Leja M, O'Morain C, Rugge M, Suerbaum S, Tilg H, Sugano K, El-Omar EM. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report. Gut 2022; 71:gutjnl-2022-327745. [PMID: 35944925 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pyloriInfection is formally recognised as an infectious disease, an entity that is now included in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. This in principle leads to the recommendation that all infected patients should receive treatment. In the context of the wide clinical spectrum associated with Helicobacter pylori gastritis, specific issues persist and require regular updates for optimised management.The identification of distinct clinical scenarios, proper testing and adoption of effective strategies for prevention of gastric cancer and other complications are addressed. H. pylori treatment is challenged by the continuously rising antibiotic resistance and demands for susceptibility testing with consideration of novel molecular technologies and careful selection of first line and rescue therapies. The role of H. pylori and antibiotic therapies and their impact on the gut microbiota are also considered.Progress made in the management of H. pylori infection is covered in the present sixth edition of the Maastricht/Florence 2021 Consensus Report, key aspects related to the clinical role of H. pylori infection were re-evaluated and updated. Forty-one experts from 29 countries representing a global community, examined the new data related to H. pylori infection in five working groups: (1) indications/associations, (2) diagnosis, (3) treatment, (4) prevention/gastric cancer and (5) H. pylori and the gut microbiota. The results of the individual working groups were presented for a final consensus voting that included all participants. Recommendations are provided on the basis of the best available evidence and relevance to the management of H. pylori infection in various clinical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Malfertheiner
- Medical Department 2, LMU, Munchen, Germany
- Department of Radiology, LMU, Munchen, Germany
| | - Francis Megraud
- INSERM U853 UMR BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Theodore Rokkas
- Gastroenterology, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
- Medical School, European University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Javier P Gisbert
- Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jyh-Ming Liou
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Christian Schulz
- Medical Department 2, LMU, Munchen, Germany
- Partner Site Munich, DZIF, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Roma, Italy
| | - Richard H Hunt
- Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcis Leja
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Colm O'Morain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Tumor Registry (RTV), Padova, Italy
| | - Sebastian Suerbaum
- Partner Site Munich, DZIF, Braunschweig, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, LMU, Munchen, Germany
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kentaro Sugano
- Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Emad M El-Omar
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Kamada T, Maruyama Y, Monobe Y, Haruma K. Endoscopic features and clinical importance of autoimmune gastritis. Dig Endosc 2022; 34:700-713. [PMID: 34674318 DOI: 10.1111/den.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a special type of chronic gastritis characterized by autoimmune disorders caused by cellular immunity, resulting in the destruction of parietal cells and production of antiparietal cell antibodies. Endoscopic findings of AIG are mainly characterized by corpus-dominant advanced atrophy. The antral area is generally considered to have no or mild atrophy; however, there are cases wherein the gastric mucosa is red or faded due to past infection with Helicobacter pylori or bile reflux. Currently, there are no diagnostic criteria for AIG in Japan, and it is important to make a diagnosis based on the presence of gastric autoantibodies and characteristic endoscopic and histological findings. AIG is associated with gastric cancer, neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and other autoimmune diseases, such as thyroid diseases, anemia, and neurological symptoms due to impaired absorption of iron and vitamin B12 , and thus requires systemic treatment. The significance of diagnosing AIG is to include patients as a high-risk group for the development of gastric cancer and gastric NETs, provide an opportunity to detect autoimmune endocrine diseases, and initiate therapeutic intervention before anemia and neurological symptoms develop. It is important to pay close attention to the occurrence of AIG comorbidities not only at the time of AIG diagnosis but also during follow-up after detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoari Kamada
- Department of, Health Care Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Maruyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujieda Municipal General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Monobe
- Department of, Pathology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Haruma
- Department of, General Internal Medicine 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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11
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Repetto O, De Re V, Giuffrida P, Lenti MV, Magris R, Venerito M, Steffan A, Di Sabatino A, Cannizzaro R. Proteomics signature of autoimmune atrophic gastritis: towards a link with gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2021; 24:666-679. [PMID: 33620602 PMCID: PMC8064991 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) is a chronic disease that can progress to gastric cancer (GC). To better understand AAG pathology, this proteomics study investigated gastric proteins whose expression levels are altered in this disease and also in GC. METHODS Using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), we compared protein maps of gastric corpus biopsies from AAG patients and controls. Differentially abundant spots (|fold change|≥ 1.5, P < 0.01) were selected and identified by LC-MS/MS. The spots were further assessed in gastric antrum biopsies from AAG patients (without and with Helicobacter pylori infection) and from GC patients and unaffected first-degree relatives of GC patients. RESULTS 2D-DIGE identified 67 differentially abundant spots, with 28 more and 39 less abundant in AAG-corpus than controls. LC-MS/MS identified these as 53 distinct proteins. The most significant (adjusted P < 0.01) biological process associated with the less abundant proteins was "tricarboxylic acid cycle". Of the 67 spots, 57 were similarly differentially abundant in AAG-antrum biopsies irrespective of H. pylori infection status. The differential abundance was also observed in GC biopsies for 14 of 28 more abundant and 35 of 39 less abundant spots, and in normal gastric biopsies of relatives of GC patients for 6 and 25 spots, respectively. Immunoblotting confirmed the different expression levels of two more abundant proteins (PDIA3, GSTP gene products) and four less abundant proteins (ATP5F1A, PGA3, SDHB, PGC). CONCLUSION This study identified a proteomics signature of AAG. Many differential proteins were shared by GC and may be involved in the progression of AAG to GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Repetto
- Facility of Bio-Proteomics, Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, PN Italy
| | - Valli De Re
- Facility of Bio-Proteomics, Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, PN Italy
| | - Paolo Giuffrida
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Magris
- Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, PN Italy
| | - Marino Venerito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, PN Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Renato Cannizzaro
- Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, PN Italy
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12
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Sobczyńska-Malefora A, Delvin E, McCaddon A, Ahmadi KR, Harrington DJ. Vitamin B 12 status in health and disease: a critical review. Diagnosis of deficiency and insufficiency - clinical and laboratory pitfalls. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 58:399-429. [PMID: 33881359 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1885339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential cofactor for two metabolic pathways. It is obtained principally from food of animal origin. Cobalamin becomes bioavailable through a series of steps pertaining to its release from dietary protein, intrinsic factor-mediated absorption, haptocorrin or transcobalamin-mediated transport, cellular uptake, and two enzymatic conversions (via methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA-mutase) into cofactor forms: methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. Vitamin B12 deficiency can masquerade as a multitude of illnesses, presenting different perspectives from the point of view of the hematologist, neurologist, gastroenterologist, general physician, or dietician. Increased physician vigilance and heightened patient awareness often account for its early presentation, and testing sometimes occurs during a phase of vitamin B12 insufficiency before the main onset of the disease. The chosen test often depends on its availability rather than on the diagnostic performance and sensitivity to irrelevant factors interfering with vitamin B12 markers. Although serum B12 is still the most commonly used and widely available test, diagnostics by holotranscobalamin, serum methylmalonic acid, and plasma homocysteine measurements have grown in the last several years in routine practice. The lack of a robust absorption test, coupled with compromised sensitivity and specificity of other tests (intrinsic factor and gastric parietal cell antibodies), hinders determination of the cause for depleted B12 status. This can lead to incorrect supplementation regimes and uncertainty regarding later treatment. This review discusses currently available knowledge on vitamin B12, informs the reader about the pitfalls of tests for assessing its deficiency, reviews B12 status in various populations at different disease stages, and provides recommendations for interpretation, treatment, and associated risks. Future directions for diagnostics of B12 status and health interventions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Sobczyńska-Malefora
- The Nutristasis Unit, Viapath, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Kourosh R Ahmadi
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Dominic J Harrington
- The Nutristasis Unit, Viapath, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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13
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Esposito G, Dilaghi E, Cazzato M, Pilozzi E, Conti L, Carabotti M, Di Giulio E, Annibale B, Lahner E. Endoscopic surveillance at 3 years after diagnosis, according to European guidelines, seems safe in patients with atrophic gastritis in a low-risk region. Dig Liver Dis 2021; 53:467-473. [PMID: 33199230 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune and multifocal atrophic gastritis (AG) are at risk for gastric neoplastic lesions. European guidelines recommend surveillance with high-quality endoscopy every 3 years. AIM To prospectively investigate the occurrence of gastric neoplastic lesions at the 3-year follow-up in patients with autoimmune and multifocal AG. METHODS Longitudinal cohort study conducted between 2011 and 2019: consecutive patients with histological diagnosis of autoimmune or multifocal AG underwent follow-up gastroscopy 3 years after diagnosis with high-resolution-narrow-band-imaging endoscopes. RESULTS Overall, 160 patients were included(F117(73.0%);median age 66(35-87)years). Autoimmune and multifocal AG were present in 122(76.3%) and 38(23.7%) patients, respectively. At the 3-year follow-up, 16(10.0%) patients presented 16 gastric neoplastic lesions: 3(18.7%) gastric cancers, 4(25.0%) low-grade dysplasia, 2(12.5%) low-grade dysplasia adenomas, 7(43.7%) type-1 neuroendocrine tumours. In these patients, OLGA and OLGIM III/IV stages were present in 4(25.0)% and 1(6.3%), respectively; 11(69.0%) presented autoimmune AG, and all but one(93.7%) had parietal cells antibodies positivity (p = 0.026 vs patients without lesions). All lesions were endoscopically(87.5%) or surgically(12.5%) treated with favourable outcome. Age>70 years was associated with a 9-fold higher probability of developing gastric epithelial neoplastic lesions (OR 9.6,95CI% 1.2-79.4,p = 0.0359). CONCLUSIONS The first endoscopic surveillance 3 years after diagnosis seems safe for autoimmune and multifocal AG patients and should be offered to elderly patients who are at higher risk for gastric neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Dilaghi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cazzato
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pilozzi
- Department of Pathology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilia Carabotti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Di Giulio
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Annibale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Edith Lahner
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
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14
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Demir AM, Berberoğlu Ateş B, Hızal G, Yaman A, Tuna Kırsaçlıoğlu C, Oğuz AS, Karakuş E, Yaralı N, Özbek NY. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis: The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Helicobacter 2020; 25:e12716. [PMID: 32589356 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AIG) is very rare in children. Despite a better understanding of histopathologic changes and serological markers in this disease, underlying etiopathogenic mechanisms and the effect of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection are not well known. We aimed to investigate the relation between AIG and H pylori infection in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the presence of AIG and H pylori infection in fifty-three patients with positive antiparietal cell antibody (APCA). Demographic data, clinical symptoms, laboratory and endoscopic findings, histopathology, and presence of H pylori were recorded. RESULTS The children were aged between 5 and 18 years, and 28 (52.8%) of them were male. Mean age was 14.7 ± 2.6 years (median: 15.3; min-max: 5.2-18), and 10 (18.8%) of them had AIG confirmed by histopathology. In the AIG group, the duration of vitamin B12 deficiency was longer (P = .022), hemoglobin levels were lower (P = .018), and APCA (P = .039) and gastrin (P = .002) levels were higher than those in the non-AIG group. Endoscopic findings were similar between the two groups. Intestinal metaplasia was higher (P = .018) in the AIG group. None of the patients in the AIG group had H pylori infection (P = .004). One patient in the AIG group had enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that, in children, H pylori infection may not play a role in AIG. AIG could be associated with vitamin B12 deficiency, iron deficiency, and APCA positivity in children. APCA and gastrin levels should be investigated for the early diagnosis of AIG and intestinal metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Meltem Demir
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Berberoğlu Ateş
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülin Hızal
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aytaç Yaman
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Tuna Kırsaçlıoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Selcen Oğuz
- Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Karakuş
- Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neşe Yaralı
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Namık Yaşar Özbek
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Lenti MV, Rugge M, Lahner E, Miceli E, Toh BH, Genta RM, De Block C, Hershko C, Di Sabatino A. Autoimmune gastritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:56. [PMID: 32647173 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is an increasingly prevalent, organ-specific, immune-mediated disorder characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells, leading to the loss of intrinsic factor and reduced acid output. These alterations result in malabsorption of iron, vitamin B12 (pernicious anaemia) and potentially other micronutrients. For several years, most studies have focused on pernicious anaemia only, generating confusion between the two entities. In AIG, the gastric proton pump, H+/K+ ATPase, is the major autoantigen recognized by autoreactive T cells. The T cell-dependent activation of B cells stimulates the production of anti-parietal cell antibodies, the serological hallmark of AIG. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in activating or favouring the autoimmune process is still uncertain. Early histopathological alterations allowing a more precise and prompt recognition have recently been described. AIG is burdened by a substantial diagnostic delay as it can present with varied clinical signs including, among others, gastrointestinal symptoms and neuropsychiatric manifestations. In advanced stages, AIG might progress to neuroendocrine tumours and gastric adenocarcinoma. Management includes early detection through a proactive case-finding strategy, micronutrient supplementation and endoscopic surveillance. This Primer comprehensively describes the most important insights regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of AIG, focusing on the most controversial, outstanding issues and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Edith Lahner
- Department of Surgical-Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Miceli
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert M Genta
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christophe De Block
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Chaim Hershko
- Department of Hematology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Hematology Clinic and Central Clinical Laboratories, Clalit Health Services, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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16
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Gwathmey KG, Grogan J. Nutritional neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 2019; 62:13-29. [PMID: 31837157 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathies associated with nutritional deficiencies are routinely encountered by the practicing neurologist. Although these neuropathies assume different patterns, most are length-dependent, sensory axonopathies. Cobalamin deficiency neuropathy is the exception, often presenting with a non-length-dependent sensory neuropathy. Patients with cobalamin and copper deficiency neuropathy characteristically have concomitant myelopathy, whereas vitamin E deficiency is uniquely associated with a spinocerebellar syndrome. In contrast to those nutrients for which deficiencies produce neuropathies, pyridoxine toxicity results in a non-length-dependent sensory neuronopathy. Deficiencies occur in the context of malnutrition, malabsorption, increased nutrient loss (such as with dialysis), autoimmune conditions such as pernicious anemia, and with certain drugs that inhibit nutrient absorption. When promptly identified, therapeutic nutrient supplementation may result in stabilization or improvement of these neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Grogan
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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17
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Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms and inflammation: A complex cross-talk with relevant clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 146:102840. [PMID: 31918344 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a group of tumors originating from the neuroendocrine system. They mainly occur in the digestive system and the respiratory tract. It is well-know a strict interaction between neuroendocrine system and inflammation, which can play an important role in NEN carcinogenesis. Inflammatory mediators, which are produced by the tumor microenvironment, can favor cancer induction and progression, and can promote immune editing. On the other hand, a balanced immune system represents a relevant step in cancer prevention through the elimination of dysplastic and cancer cells. Therefore, an inflammatory response may be both pro- and anti-tumorigenic. In this review, we provide an overview concerning the complex interplay between inflammation and gastroenteropancreatic NENs, focusing on the tumorigenesis and clinical implications in these tumors.
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18
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Nehme F, Rowe K, Palko W, Tofteland N, Salyers W. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis and association with neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach. Clin J Gastroenterol 2019; 13:299-307. [PMID: 31782113 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-019-01074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) previously called type A chronic gastritis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the immune-mediated destruction of gastric parietal cells in the fundus and body of the stomach. AMAG is an uncommon disease that often presents with hematological manifestations and may lead to the development of gastric carcinoids. AMAG can be reliably diagnosed by antibody assays, functional serology, and histology. The understanding of the disease process is essential for the detection and management of hematological complications and gastric lesions. The prevalence of AMAG is on the rise and subsequently gastric carcinoids. However, this association is not well recognized in clinical practice, and management and diagnosis of AMAG and gastric carcinoids remain suboptimal. In the current review, we will discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of AMAG. A special focus is given to the association between AMAG and gastric carcinoids. We will also review the management options of type 1 gastric carcinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Nehme
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri Kansas City, 4800 Oak Street, Kansas, MO, 64112, USA.
| | - Kyle Rowe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William Palko
- Department of Pathology, Kansas University School of Medicine, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Nathan Tofteland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansas University School of Medicine, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - William Salyers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansas University School of Medicine, Wichita, KS, USA
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19
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Lee L, Ramos-Alvarez I, Ito T, Jensen RT. Insights into Effects/Risks of Chronic Hypergastrinemia and Lifelong PPI Treatment in Man Based on Studies of Patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205128. [PMID: 31623145 PMCID: PMC6829234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) over the last 30 years has rapidly increased both in the United States and worldwide. PPIs are not only very widely used both for approved indications (peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens, stress ulcer prevention), but are also one of the most frequently off-label used drugs (25–70% of total). An increasing number of patients with moderate to advanced gastroesophageal reflux disease are remaining on PPI indefinitely. Whereas numerous studies show PPIs remain effective and safe, most of these studies are <5 years of duration and little data exist for >10 years of treatment. Recently, based primarily on observational/epidemiological studies, there have been an increasing number of reports raising issues about safety and side-effects with very long-term chronic treatment. Some of these safety issues are related to the possible long-term effects of chronic hypergastrinemia, which occurs in all patients taking chronic PPIs, others are related to the hypo-/achlorhydria that frequently occurs with chronic PPI treatment, and in others the mechanisms are unclear. These issues have raised considerable controversy in large part because of lack of long-term PPI treatment data (>10–20 years). Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (ZES) is caused by ectopic secretion of gastrin from a neuroendocrine tumor resulting in severe acid hypersecretion requiring life-long antisecretory treatment with PPIs, which are the drugs of choice. Because in <30% of patients with ZES, a long-term cure is not possible, these patients have life-long hypergastrinemia and require life-long treatment with PPIs. Therefore, ZES patients have been proposed as a good model of the long-term effects of hypergastrinemia in man as well as the effects/side-effects of very long-term PPI treatment. In this article, the insights from studies on ZES into these controversial issues with pertinence to chronic PPI use in non-ZES patients is reviewed, primarily concentrating on data from the prospective long-term studies of ZES patients at NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingaku Lee
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA.
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | | | - Tetsuhide Ito
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Centra, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare 3-6-45 Momochihama, Sawara-Ku, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan.
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA.
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20
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Song M, Latorre G, Ivanovic-Zuvic D, Camargo MC, Rabkin CS. Autoimmune Diseases and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancer Res Treat 2019; 51:841-850. [PMID: 31048663 PMCID: PMC6639229 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2019.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Autoimmunity is an alternative etiology of gastric inflammation, the initiating event in the gastric carcinogenic cascade. This mechanism may be an increasingly important cause of gastric cancer with the waning prevalence of its primary etiologic factor, chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. Materials and Methods PubMed and EMBASE were searched up to September 2018. Autoimmunity and 96 specific manifestations were considered for associations with gastric cancer risk. Random effects analysis was used to calculate pooled relative risk estimates (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results We found a total of 52 observational studies representing 30 different autoimmune diseases. Overall, the presence of an autoimmune condition was associated with a gastric cancer pooled RR of 1.37 (95% CI, 1.24 to 1.52). Among the 24 autoimmune conditions with two or more independent reports, nine were significantly associated with increased gastric cancer risk: dermatomyositis (RR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.74 to 7.79), pernicious anemia (RR, 2.84; 95% CI, 2.30 to 3.50), Addison disease (RR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.26 to 3.53), dermatitis herpetiformis (RR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.97; n=3), IgG4-related disease (RR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.87), primary biliary cirrhosis (RR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.37), diabetes mellitus type 1 (RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.67), systemic lupus erythematosus (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.84), and Graves disease (RR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.52). Conclusion Our analysis documents the wide range of autoimmune diseases associated with gastric cancer. These associations may reflect unreported links between these conditions and autoimmune gastritis. Further studies are warranted to investigate potential causal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyo Song
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gonzalo Latorre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danisa Ivanovic-Zuvic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Constanza Camargo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Massironi S, Zilli A, Elvevi A, Invernizzi P. The changing face of chronic autoimmune atrophic gastritis: an updated comprehensive perspective. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:215-222. [PMID: 30639639 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Mahmud N, Stashek K, Katona BW, Tondon R, Shroff SG, Roses R, Furth EE, Metz DC. The incidence of neoplasia in patients with autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis: a renewed call for surveillance. Ann Gastroenterol 2018; 32:67-72. [PMID: 30598594 PMCID: PMC6302190 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2018.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) is an immune-mediated process that may lead to pernicious anemia (PA) and an increased risk of gastric cancer. Although some literature supports 3- or 5-year endoscopic surveillance for gastric cancer in patients with PA, no formal guidance exists for the general AMAG population. We sought to identify the prevalence and incidence rates of dysplasia or adenocarcinoma in patients with AMAG in order to clarify endoscopic best practices. Methods A retrospective study of 150 patients diagnosed with AMAG on endoscopic gastric biopsy between 1/2010 and 11/2015 was performed at a tertiary medical center. Clinical and pathologic data were obtained in order to calculate the prevalence and the incidence rate of dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. Results The cohort was predominantly female (82%) and white (61%), with median age 64 years. PA was present in 47% of patients. On index endoscopy, the prevalence of adenocarcinoma was 5.3%. A total of 59 patients with AMAG, but without neoplasia on initial biopsy, underwent subsequent endoscopic surveillance. Two patients, both of whom had confirmed PA, developed adenocarcinoma. The incidence rate of adenocarcinoma among this group was 14.2 cases per 1000 person-years, which far exceeds that of the general population (0.073 per 1000 person-years) based on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data. Conclusions AMAG is associated with a high prevalence and incidence of gastric cancer, and endoscopic surveillance should be considered. Prospective cohort studies and cost effectiveness analyses are needed to better estimate cancer risk and recommended endoscopic surveillance intervals in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Mahmud
- Division of Gastroenterology (Nadim Mahmud, Bryson W. Katona, David C. Metz)
| | - Kristen Stashek
- Pathology (Kristen Stashek, Rashmi Tondon, Stuti G. Shroff, Emma E. Furth)
| | - Bryson W Katona
- Division of Gastroenterology (Nadim Mahmud, Bryson W. Katona, David C. Metz)
| | - Rashmi Tondon
- Pathology (Kristen Stashek, Rashmi Tondon, Stuti G. Shroff, Emma E. Furth)
| | - Stuti G Shroff
- Pathology (Kristen Stashek, Rashmi Tondon, Stuti G. Shroff, Emma E. Furth)
| | - Robert Roses
- Surgery (Robert Roses), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emma E Furth
- Pathology (Kristen Stashek, Rashmi Tondon, Stuti G. Shroff, Emma E. Furth)
| | - David C Metz
- Division of Gastroenterology (Nadim Mahmud, Bryson W. Katona, David C. Metz)
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Salinas M, Flores E, López-Garrigós M, Leiva-Salinas C. Vitamin B12 deficiency and clinical laboratory: Lessons revisited and clarified in seven questions. Int J Lab Hematol 2018; 40 Suppl 1:83-88. [PMID: 29741251 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review article is to address the most frequently asked questions that pathologists and primary care physicians might face when dealing with a patient with suspicion of vitamin B12 deficiency. More specifically, the article mainly discusses the importance and prevalence of the deficit, how to recognize it, and the important role of a prompt diagnosis confirmation based on laboratory biomarkers for efficient replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salinas
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
| | - E Flores
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,Department of Clinic Medicine, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
| | - M López-Garrigós
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - C Leiva-Salinas
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Missouri Health, Columbia, MO, USA
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24
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Bagnasco M, Saverino D, Pupo F, Marchiano M, Alessio MG, Schlumberger W, Antico A, Pesce G, Bizzaro N. Estimate of the Prevalence of Anti-Gastric Parietal Cell Autoantibodies in Healthy Individuals Is Method Dependent. Am J Clin Pathol 2018; 150:285-292. [PMID: 30007281 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anti-parietal cell antibodies (APCA) are a serologic marker of autoimmune gastritis. Their prevalence in healthy individuals is not well defined. METHODS We evaluated APCA prevalence in 515 healthy blood-donors by rat/primate tissue indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoblot. RESULTS Fifty-three of 515 (10.3%) subjects were positive for APCA by at least one method: 18 only by ELISA, 10 by rodent tissue IIF, and one by primate tissue IIF; 18 were positive by ELISA and primate tissue IIF, and one by ELISA and rodent tissue IIF. Two were positive by both IIF methods, and three were triple positive. APCA positivity was confirmed by immunoblot in 100% of ELISA positive, in 95.8% of positive primate tissue IIF, and in 50% of positive rat tissue IIF. CONCLUSIONS A great discrepancy in APCA prevalence detected by different methods in this cohort was apparent. Thus, the results on APCA prevalence in healthy individuals are likely method-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Bagnasco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Saverino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pupo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuela Marchiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Antico
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Civic Hospital, Santorso, Italy
| | - Giampaola Pesce
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Bizzaro
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, San Antonio Hospital, Tolmezzo, Italy
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Lahner E, Capasso M, Carabotti M, Annibale B. Incidence of cancer (other than gastric cancer) in pernicious anaemia: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:780-786. [PMID: 29887343 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pernicious anaemia (PA) is associated with increased gastric cancer risk, but the evidence is conflicting regarding the associated risk of other cancers. AIM To systematically determine the incidence rates of gastro-intestinal cancers other than gastric cancers (GI-other-than-GC) and non-gastrointestinal cancers (non-GIC) in PA adults, globally and per tumour site, and the risk associated with PA for GI-other than GC and non-GIC. METHODS Studies of PA patients reporting the incidence of GI-other-than-GCs and non-GICs were identified with MEDLINE (PubMed)-EMBASE (from first date available to April 2017). A meta-analysis of annual cancer incidence rates was performed. The outcome was the cumulative incidence of GI-other-than-GCs and non-GICs (ratio between the numbers of new cancer cases identified during the follow-up period and the number of PA patients) and the incidence rate expressed as the rate of events-per-time-unit (person-years). RESULTS Of 82,257 PA patients, the pooled incidence rates/100 person-years for non-GCs and non-GICs of 0.27 (95% CI:0.16-0.42) and 0.23 (95% CI:0.22-0.25) were calculated by meta-analysis. Compared to the GLOBOCAN data for the general population from the countries of the included studies, the meta-analysis showed an overall relative risk (RR) of cancer in PA of 0.68 (95% CI:0.48-0.95). PA patients had a lower RR of colorectal, breast, liver, oesophageal, lung, thyroid, ovary, non-melanoma skin and kidney cancers but had a higher RR of biliary tract cancer (1.81:1.21-2.70), multiple myeloma (2.83:1.76-4.55), Hodgkin's lymphoma (3.0:1.35-6.68), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (2.08: 1.58-2.75), and leukaemia (1.56:1.16-2.12). CONCLUSION An overall lower RR of cancers-other-than-gastric-cancer in PA patients but an increased RR of biliary tract cancers and haematological malignancies was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Lahner
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Marina Capasso
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marilia Carabotti
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Annibale
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Waldum HL, Öberg K, Sørdal ØF, Sandvik AK, Gustafsson BI, Mjønes P, Fossmark R. Not only stem cells, but also mature cells, particularly neuroendocrine cells, may develop into tumours: time for a paradigm shift. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2018; 11:1756284818775054. [PMID: 29872453 PMCID: PMC5974566 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818775054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are considered the origin of neoplasms in general, and malignant tumours in particular, and the stage at which the stem cells stop their differentiation determines the degree of malignancy. However, there is increasing evidence supporting an alternative paradigm. Tumours may develop by dedifferentiation from mature cells able to proliferate. Studies of gastric carcinogenesis demonstrate that mature neuroendocrine (NE) cells upon long-term overstimulation may develop through stages of hyperplasia, dysplasia, and rather benign tumours, into highly malignant carcinomas. Dedifferentiation of cells may change the histological appearance and impede the identification of the cellular origin, as seen with gastric carcinomas, which in many cases are dedifferentiated neuroendocrine tumours. Finding the cell of origin is important to identify risk factors for cancer, prevent tumour development, and tailor treatment. In the present review, we focus not only on gastric tumours, but also evaluate the role of neuroendocrine cells in tumourigenesis in two other foregut-derived organs, the lungs and the pancreas, as well as in the midgut-derived small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge L. Waldum
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7491, Norway Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell Öberg
- Department of Endocrine Oncology Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Øystein F. Sørdal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne K. Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn I. Gustafsson
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patricia Mjønes
- epartment of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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27
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Hughes JW, Muegge BD, Tobin GS, Litvin M, Sun L, Saenz JB, Gyawali CP, McGill JB. HIGH-RISK GASTRIC PATHOLOGY AND PREVALENT AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH PERNICIOUS ANEMIA. Endocr Pract 2018; 23:1297-1303. [PMID: 29190137 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2017-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pernicious anemia (PA) develops from atrophic gastritis due to autoimmune destruction of parietal cells and results in achlorhydria, vitamin B12 and iron deficiencies, anemia, neurologic deficits, and premalignant and malignant stomach lesions. We report the presentation, diagnosis and gastric complications of PA in patients from an endocrinology practice. METHODS Thirty-four patients (31 female, 3 male) with PA who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or gastrectomy were identified. Pertinent clinical, laboratory, and pathology findings were reviewed and summarized. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 58.6 ± 14.2 years; the onset of PA was age 50.2 ± 15.3 years. Anemia reflected vitamin B12 and/or iron deficiencies. Parietal cell antibodies (PCA) were detected in 97% of patients, and intrinsic factor blocking antibody (IFBA) was found in 52%. Fasting gastrin and chromogranin A levels were elevated (1,518.0 ± 1,588.3 pg/mL, and 504.9.1 ± 1,524.9 ng/mL respectively). Autoimmune or immunologic diseases (AIDs) were present in 32/34 patients. Stomach pathology showed premalignant or malignant lesions in 26 patients, including gastric neuroendocrine tumors (GNETs) in 6 and adenocarcinoma in 1. One patient presented with neurologic symptoms and subacute combined degeneration of the posterior column of the spinal cord. CONCLUSION PA should be suspected in patients with unexplained anemia or neurologic symptoms. The diagnosis of PA relies on fasting gastrin and gastric auto-antibody testing, in addition to hematologic evaluation. EGD with measurement of gastric pH and biopsies of the fundus and antrum identifies patients with achlorhydria, atrophic gastritis, and premalignant and malignant stomach lesions. EGD surveillance of patients with high-risk stomach lesions is recommended. ABBREVIATIONS AID = autoimmune or immunologic disease; EGD = esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GNET = gastric neuroendocrine tumor; IFBA = intrinsic factor blocking antibody; PA = pernicious anemia; PCA = parietal cell antibody; T1D = type 1 diabetes.
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28
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Autoimmunity and Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020377. [PMID: 29373557 PMCID: PMC5855599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the immune response of patients with autoimmune diseases may predispose to malignancies, and a link between chronic autoimmune gastritis and gastric cancer has been reported in many studies. Intestinal metaplasia with dysplasia of the gastric corpus-fundus mucosa and hyperplasia of chromaffin cells, which are typical features of late-stage autoimmune gastritis, are considered precursor lesions. Autoimmune gastritis has been associated with the development of two types of gastric neoplasms: intestinal type and type I gastric carcinoid. Here, we review the association of autoimmune gastritis with gastric cancer and other autoimmune features present in gastric neoplasms.
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Villanacci V, Casella G, Lanzarotto F, Di Bella C, Sidoni A, Cadei M, Salviato T, Dore MP, Bassotti G. Autoimmune gastritis: relationships with anemia and Helicobacter pylori status. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:674-677. [PMID: 28276835 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2017.1288758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a gastric pathologic condition affecting the mucosa of the fundus and the body and eventually leading to hypo-achlorhydria. AIMS We report our clinical and pathological experience with AIG. METHODS Data from patients with a diagnosis of AIG seen in the period January 2002-December 2012 were retrieved. Only patients with complete sets of biopsies were analyzed. RESULTS Data from 138 patients were available for analysis. Pernicious anemia was present in 25% of patients, iron deficiency anemia was found in 29.7% of patients, hypothyroidism in 23% of patients, type 1 diabetes in 7.9% of patients, and vitiligo in 2.8% of patients. Parietal cell antibodies were positive in 65% of patients, and no patient had serology positive for celiac disease. All gastric biopsies showed glandular atrophy associated with enterochromaffin-like (ECL)-cells hyperplasia, features limited to the mucosa of the fundus and body, and focal glandular intestinal metaplasia. Helicobacter pylori was negative in all cases. CONCLUSIONS AIG was strongly associated with anemia; atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and ECL hyperplasia in the gastric fundus and body are hallmarks of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Villanacci
- a Pathology Section, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Spedali Civili and University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Giovanni Casella
- c Department of Medicine , Desio Hospital, Monza and Brianza , Italy
| | - Francesco Lanzarotto
- b Gastroenterology Section, 1st Medical Clinic, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Camillo Di Bella
- d Department of Clinical Pathology , Desio Hospital, Monza and Brianza , Italy
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- e Pathology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia School of Medicine , Perugia, Perugia , Italy
| | - Moris Cadei
- a Pathology Section, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Spedali Civili and University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Tiziana Salviato
- f Pathology Institute, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - Maria Pina Dore
- g Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | - Gabrio Bassotti
- h Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine , University of Perugia School of Medicine , Perugia , Italy
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Mjønes P, Nordrum IS, Sørdal Ø, Sagatun L, Fossmark R, Sandvik A, Waldum HL. Expression of the Cholecystokinin-B Receptor in Neoplastic Gastric Cells. Discov Oncol 2017; 9:40-54. [PMID: 28980157 PMCID: PMC5775387 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-017-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is an important disease due to its high mortality. Despite the decline in frequency, most cases are discovered late in its course, and most of the cancer patients die within a few years of diagnosis. In addition to Helicobacter pylori gastritis, gastrin is considered an important factor in the development of this disease, and thus, cholecystokinin-B receptor (CCKBR) becomes of interest. The aim of our study was to explore whether CCKBR is expressed in stomach cancers. Thirty-seven tumors from 19 men and 18 women diagnosed with either adenocarcinoma or neuroendocrine neoplasm (NENs) were included in this study. The tumors were classified into 29 adenocarcinomas and eight NENs. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies against chromogranin A (CgA), synaptophysin and CCKBR, and in situ hybridization with probes against CgA, CCKBR and histidine decarboxylase were used to further explore these tumors. Thirty-three (89%) of the tumors expressed CCKBR protein, whereas only 20 (54%) of all tumors expressed CCKBR mRNA. Of the 20 tumors expressing CCKBR mRNA, eight were NENs and 12 were adenocarcinoma. The highest amount of CCKBR was expressed in NEN. Interestingly, a high degree of co-expression of CCKBR and CgA was observed when the two markers were examined together with in situ hybridization. In conclusion, we found that all eight NENs expressed CCKBR and neuroendocrine markers in a majority of tumor cells. The same markers were also expressed in a proportion of adenocarcinomas supporting the view that gastrin is important in the development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mjønes
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Pathology, St Olav's Hospital-Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Woman's Health, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ivar S Nordrum
- Department of Pathology, St Olav's Hospital-Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Woman's Health, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Sørdal
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Olav's Hospital-Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Sagatun
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Olav's Hospital-Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Olav's Hospital-Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Olav's Hospital-Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helge L Waldum
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Olav's Hospital-Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Lozano-Pope I, Sharma A, Matthias M, Doran KS, Obonyo M. Effect of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 on expression profiles of genes during the development and progression of Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:133. [PMID: 28201999 PMCID: PMC5310019 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer is one of the most common and lethal type of cancer worldwide. Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is recognized as the major cause of gastric cancer. However, it remains unclear the mechanism by which Helicobacter infection leads to gastric cancer. Furthermore, the underlying molecular events involved during the progression of Helicobacter infection to gastric malignancy are not well understood. In previous studies, we demonstrated that that H. felis-infected Myd88−/− mice exhibited dramatic pathology and an accelerated progression to gastric dysplasia; however, the MyD88 downstream gene targets responsible for this pathology have not been described. This study was designed to identify MyD88-dependent genes involved in the progression towards gastric cancer during the course of Helicobacter infection. Methods Wild type (WT) and Myd88 deficient mice (Myd88−/−) were infected with H. felis for 25 and 47 weeks and global transcriptome analysis performed on gastric tissue using MouseWG-6 v2 expression BeadChips microarrays. Function and pathway enrichment analyses of statistically significant, differential expressed genes (p < 0.05) were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) online tools. Results Helicobacter infection affected the transcriptional profile of more genes in Myd88−/− mice compared to WT mice. Infection of Myd88−/− mice resulted in the differential expression of 1,989 genes at 25 weeks (1031 up and 958 downregulated). At 47 weeks post-H.felis infection, 2,162 (1140 up and 1022 downregulated) were differentially expressed. The most significant differentially upregulated gene during Helicobacter infection in Myd88−/− mice was chitinase-like 4 (chil4), which is involved in tissue remodeling and wound healing. Other highly upregulated genes in H. felis-infected Myd88−/− mice included, Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (Ido1), Guanylate binding protein 2 (Gbp2), ubiquitin D (Ubd), β2-Microglobulin (B2m), CD74 antigen (Cd74), which have been reported to promote cancer progression by enhancing angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, metastasis, invasion, and tumorigenecity. For downregulated genes, the highly expressed genes included, ATPase H+/K+ transporting, alpha subunit (Atp4a), Atp4b, Mucin 5 AC (Muc5ac), Apolipoprotein A-1 (Apoa1), and gastric intrinsic factor (Gif), whose optimal function is important in maintaining gastric hemostasis and lower expression has been associated with increased risk of gastric carcinogenesis. Conclusions These results provide a global transcriptional gene profile during the development and progression of Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer. The data show that our mouse model system is useful for identifying genes involved in gastric cancer progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3114-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnika Sharma
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Matthias
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kelly S Doran
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marygorret Obonyo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Gastric cancer although occurring in reduced frequency is still an important disease, partly because of the bad prognosis when occurring in western countries. This decline in occurrence may mainly be due to the reduced prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, which is the most important cause of gastric cancer. There exist many different pathological classifications of gastric carcinomas, but the most useful seems to be the one by Lauren into intestinal and diffuse types since these types seldom transform into the other and also have different epidemiology. During the nearly 30 years that have passed since the groundbreaking description of Hp as the cause of gastritis and gastric cancer, a continuous search for the mechanism by which Hp infection causes gastric cancer has been done. Interestingly, it is mainly atrophic gastritis of the oxyntic mucosa that predisposes to gastric cancer possibly by inducing hypoacidity and hypergastrinemia. There are many arguments in favor of an important role of gastrin and its target cell, the enterochromaffin-like cell, in gastric carcinogenesis. The role of gastrin in gastric carcinogenesis implies caution in the long-term treatment with inhibitors of gastric acid secretion inducing secondary hypergastrinemia, in a common disease like gastroesophageal reflux disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge L. Waldum
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- *Correspondence: Helge L. Waldum,
| | - Liv Sagatun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patricia Mjønes
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology, St Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children and Women’s Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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The gastrin receptor antagonist netazepide (YF476) in patients with type 1 gastric enterochromaffin-like cell neuroendocrine tumours: review of long-term treatment. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28:1345-1352. [PMID: 27682220 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Netazepide (YF476) is a recently developed, orally active gastrin receptor antagonist that, in short trials in patients with type 1 gastric enterochromaffin-like cell neuroendocrine tumours, has been shown to induce a significant reduction in the number and size of tumours as well as serum chromogranin A (CgA). The aim of this review is to evaluate the long-term effect and safety of netazepide. PATIENTS AND METHODS Five patients previously treated with netazepide in an open-label trial were offered continuous treatment with netazepide 25 mg once daily. Upper endoscopy was performed every 6 months. The tumours were counted and measured, and tissue samples were obtained from the flat corpus mucosa. Enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia was classified according to Solcia and colleagues and volume density of CgA immunoreactive (IR) cells was calculated. Fasting serum CgA and fasting serum gastrin were measured every 3 months. RESULTS All tumours regressed completely in three of five patients; time until total disappearance was 3, 9 and 12 months. In the other two patients, the number of tumours was reduced from 13 to 5 and from 14 to 3. Serum CgA showed a rapid and sustained decrease (P<0.001). The mean reduction in serum CgA was 4.1±0.5 nmol/l. Similarly, volume density of CgA IR cells in the flat corpus mucosa decreased (P<0.001), with the mean change being 2.0±0.4%. Serum gastrin and volume density of gastrin IR cells in the antral part of the stomach remained unchanged (P=0.2 and 0.7, respectively). CONCLUSION Long-term administration of netazepide is effective and safe.
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Sagatun L, Fossmark R, Jianu CS, Qvigstad G, Nordrum IS, Mjønes P, Waldum HL. Follow-up of patients with ECL cell-derived tumours. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:1398-405. [PMID: 27309188 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2016.1169588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the presentation, treatment and outcome of patients with type 1 gastric carcinoid tumours. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical records and re-evaluated histopathological specimens of 26 patients with type 1 gastric carcinoids treated at a single tertiary referral centre from 1993 to 2013, with median time of follow-up 52.5 months (IQR 90.8). RESULTS Seven patients (27%) had single tumours and 19 patients (73%) multiple tumours at the time of diagnosis. The median number of tumours and median diameter of largest tumour were 2.5 (IQR 3.2) and 6.0 mm (IQR 9.5) respectively. Median serum gastrin was 321.0 pmol/l (IQR 604.0) and median serum chromogranin A 7.7 nmol/l (IQR 5.3). Three patients had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and two developed metastases during follow-up. Patients with metastatic disease had larger primary tumours than the others (20.0 mm (IQR 28.5) vs. 5.0 mm (IQR 5.5), p = 0.04). There was a positive correlation between age and tumour size (r = 0.44, p = 0.03) and between serum chromogranin A and serum gastrin at diagnosis (r = 0.76, p = 0.001). Patients were either treated with surgery (n = 8 (31%)), a long-acting somatostatin analogue and/or gastrin receptor antagonist (n = 10 (39%)) for a period of time, or were observed without treatment (n = 8 (31%) with close endoscopic follow up. CONCLUSIONS Although gastric carcinoids have an overall good prognosis, a significant proportion develops metastatic disease. As partial and total gastrectomy is associated with major side effects, treatment with long-acting a somatostatin analogue or gastrin antagonist should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Sagatun
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , St Olav's Hospital , Trondheim , Norway ;,b Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , St Olav's Hospital , Trondheim , Norway ;,b Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Constantin S Jianu
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , St Olav's Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Gunnar Qvigstad
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , St Olav's Hospital , Trondheim , Norway ;,b Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Ivar S Nordrum
- c Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics , St Olav's Hospital , Trondheim , Norway ;,d Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children and Woman Health , NTNU , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Patricia Mjønes
- b Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway ;,c Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics , St Olav's Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Helge L Waldum
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , St Olav's Hospital , Trondheim , Norway ;,b Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
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Castoro C, Le Moli R, Arpi ML, Tavarelli M, Sapuppo G, Frittitta L, Squatrito S, Pellegriti G. Association of autoimmune thyroid diseases, chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoid: experience from a single institution. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:779-84. [PMID: 26928404 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APS) type III are characterized by the association of autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) with other autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, alopecia, pernicious anemia, vitiligo and chronic atrophic gastritis. A strong association between ATD and atrophic gastritis (AG) has been demonstrated. Moreover 10 % of patients affected by AG have a predisposition to develop gastric carcinoid and adenocarcinoma as a result of chronic hypergastrinemia caused by achlorhydria and subsequent ELC cells neoplastic transformation. METHODS The aim of the study is to evaluate, in a consecutive series of patients followed for ATD in our outpatients clinic, the prevalence of AG. In the period 2004-2014, 242 patients with ATD underwent a screening performing APCA, Vitamin B12, ferritin, iron, and hemoglobin and red cells count measurements with subsequent gastroscopy in case of APCA positivity. RESULTS We found 57/242 (23.5 %) patients with APCA positivity. Of these patients 33/57 (57.8 %), 31 F and 2 M, were affected by Graves disease; 24/57 (42.1 %) 21 F and 3 M by Hashimoto thyroiditis; 10/57 (17.5 %) presented with anemia, 14/57 (24.5 %) with vitamin B12 deficiency, 9/57 (15.7 %) with iron deficiency. In 2/57 a gastric carcinoid was found. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm the high association rate of AG in ATD which frequently is not an isolated disease but configure the picture of APS type III and need to be followed accordingly. An early diagnosis may be useful for diagnosis of gastric carcinoids and to explain and treat a gastric related L-thyroxine malabsorption and presence of chronic unexplained anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Castoro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - R Le Moli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M L Arpi
- Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Via Palermo n. 636, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - M Tavarelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - G Sapuppo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - L Frittitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - S Squatrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - G Pellegriti
- Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Via Palermo n. 636, 95126, Catania, Italy.
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Waldum HL, Hauso Ø, Brenna E, Qvigstad G, Fossmark R. Does long-term profound inhibition of gastric acid secretion increase the risk of ECL cell-derived tumors in man? Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:767-73. [PMID: 26872579 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2016.1143527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since the description of ECL cell-derived tumors in rodents after long-term profound acid inhibition inducing hypergastrinemia, there has been concern that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) could also do that in man. The recent description of a Spanish family with gastric ECL cell tumors at the age of about 30 years secondary to a defect in the proton pump due to mutation in the ATP4A gene clearly shows that hypergastrinemia alone also is sufficient to induce ECL cell neoplasia in man. The present review aims to evaluate the risk of gastric neoplasia secondary to gastric acid inhibition. METHODS Literature (MEDLINE) was searched for the role of the ECL cell in gastric carcinogenesis in animals and man in general and particularly secondary to long-term inhibition of acid secretion. RESULTS An important proportion of patients treated with PPI develops hypergastrinemia causing ECL cell hyperplasia and the first descriptions of ECL cell carcinoids secondary to PPI have been reported. The role of the ECL cell has hitherto been under estimated in gastric carcinogenesis in man where for instance the signet ring cell type of gastric carcinoma seems to originate from the ECL cell. CONCLUSIONS The first two of three steps in rodent ECL cell carcinogenesis (hyperplasia, carcinoid, and carcinoma) secondary to PPI dosing, have been described for man. It is every reason to believe that the final step, gastric carcinoma, will develop also in man. Clinical decisions should be based not only on so-called evidence based medicine, but also on physiological knowledge and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge L Waldum
- a Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway ;,b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Øyvind Hauso
- a Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway ;,b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Eiliv Brenna
- a Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway ;,b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Gunnar Qvigstad
- a Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway ;,b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- a Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway ;,b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
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Harakal J, Rival C, Qiao H, Tung KS. Regulatory T Cells Control Th2-Dominant Murine Autoimmune Gastritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:27-41. [PMID: 27259856 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pernicious anemia and gastric carcinoma are serious sequelae of autoimmune gastritis (AIG). Our study indicates that in adult C57BL/6-DEREG mice expressing a transgenic diphtheria toxin receptor under the Foxp3 promoter, transient regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion results in long-lasting AIG associated with both H(+)K(+)ATPase and intrinsic factor autoantibody responses. Although functional Tregs emerge over time during AIG occurrence, the effector T cells rapidly become less susceptible to Treg-mediated suppression. Whereas previous studies have implicated dysregulated Th1 cell responses in AIG pathogenesis, eosinophils have been detected in gastric biopsy specimens from patients with AIG. Indeed, AIG in DEREG mice is associated with strong Th2 cell responses, including dominant IgG1 autoantibodies, elevated serum IgE, increased Th2 cytokine production, and eosinophil infiltration in the stomach-draining lymph nodes. In addition, the stomachs exhibit severe mucosal and muscular hypertrophy, parietal cell loss, mucinous epithelial cell metaplasia, and massive eosinophilic inflammation. Notably, the Th2 responses and gastritis severity are significantly ameliorated in IL-4- or eosinophil-deficient mice. Furthermore, expansion of both Th2-promoting IFN regulatory factor 4(+) programmed death ligand 2(+) dendritic cells and ILT3(+) rebounded Tregs was detected after transient Treg depletion. Collectively, these data suggest that Tregs maintain physiological tolerance to clinically relevant gastric autoantigens, and Th2 responses can be a pathogenic mechanism in AIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Harakal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Claudia Rival
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Hui Qiao
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kenneth S Tung
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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La Rosa S, Vanoli A. Republished: gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms and related precursor lesions. Postgrad Med J 2015; 91:163-73. [PMID: 25740317 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-202515rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumours showing different clinicopathological features and behaviour, implying a wide spectrum of therapeutic options. They are currently classified using the 2010 WHO classification of digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms into G1-neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), G2-NETs, neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas (MANECs). However, most gastric NENs are composed of ECL-cells (ECL-cell NETs) that can be preceded by ECL-cell hyperplastic and dysplastic lesions, whose oncologic potential has not yet been completely elucidated. ECL-cell NETs differ considerably in terms of prognosis depending on the proliferative status and clinicopathological background. The integration of both aspects in the diagnostic pathway may help to better classify tumours in different prognostic categories, especially when diagnosing them in small bioptic specimens. NECs are all poorly differentiated, highly aggressive carcinomas, while MANECs can show different morphological features that are directly associated with different prognoses. Precursor lesions of such carcinomas are not entirely understood. In this review, the clinicopathological features of gastric NENs and related precursor lesions will be described to give the reader a comprehensive overview on this topic.
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Buyukasik K, Sevinc MM, Gunduz UR, Ari A, Gurbulak B, Toros AB, Bektas H. Upper gastrointestinal tract polyps: what do we know about them? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:2999-3001. [PMID: 25854396 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate upper gastrointestinal polyps detected during esophago- gastroduodenoscopy tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis on data regarding 55,987 upper gastrointestinal endoscopy tests performed at the endoscopy unit of Istanbul Education and Research Hospital between January 2006 and June 2012. RESULTS A total of 66 upper gastrointestinal polyps from 59 patients were analyzed. The most common clinical symptom was dyspepsia, observed in 41 cases (69.5%). The localizations of the polyps were as follows: 29 in the antrum (43.9%), 15 in the corpus (22.7%), 11 in the cardia (16.7%), 3 in the fundus (4.54%), 3 in the second portion of the duodenum (4.54%), 2 in the bulbus (3.03%) and 3 in the lower end of the esophagus (4.54%). Histopathological types of polyps included hyperplastic polyps (44) (66.7%), faveolar hyperplasia (8) (12.1%), fundic gland polyps (4) (6.06%), squamous cell polyps (4) (6.06%), hamartomatous polyps (3) (4.54%), and pyloric gland adenoma (3) (4.54%). Histopathological analysis of the gastric mucosa showed chronic atrophic gastritis in 30 cases (50.84%), HP infection in 33 cases (55.9%) and intestinal metaplasia in 19 cases (32.20%). In 3 cases with multiple polyps, adenocarcinoma was detected in hyperplastic polyps. CONCLUSIONS Among polypoid lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract, the most common histological type is hyperplastic polyps. Generally, HP infection is associated with chronic atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. The incidence of adenocarcinoma tends to be higher in patients with multiple hyperplastic polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Buyukasik
- Department of Surgery, Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail :
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Ko Y, Tang J, Sanagapalli S, Kim BSM, Leong RW. Safety of proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancers: review of literature and pathophysiological mechanisms. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 15:53-63. [PMID: 26560097 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2016.1118050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite being an overall safe drug, several long-term adverse effects are associated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The link between PPI use and gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), gastric adenocarcinomas and Barrett's esophagus progression gastric cancers has been investigated due to PPI-induced hypergastrinemia. AREAS COVERED The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PPI exposure and gastric NETs, gastric adenocarcinomas and Barrett's esophagus progression are discussed. The quality of randomized control studies, cohort studies and case reports investigating the link between gastric cancers and PPIs are examined. Recommendations for clinicians are provided. EXPERT OPINION PPIs cause a hypergastrinemic state, increasing enterochromaffin-like cell dysplasia and risk of gastric NET development, increasing gastritis severity in the context of Helicobacter pylori infection, and progression of carcinogenesis in a certain predisposed subset of Barrett's esophagus patients. There are case reports of PPI-induced gastric NETs and adenocarcinomas as consequences of these effects. In pernicious anemia and chronic gastritis, clinicians should be aware of potential increased risk of gastric NET development with chronic PPI use in these patients. Eradication status of H. pylori prior to commencing long-term PPI therapy should be established to reduce the risk of severe atrophic gastritis and development of gastric dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Ko
- a Gastroenterology and Liver Service , Concord Hospital , Sydney , Australia
| | | | - Santosh Sanagapalli
- a Gastroenterology and Liver Service , Concord Hospital , Sydney , Australia
| | | | - Rupert W Leong
- a Gastroenterology and Liver Service , Concord Hospital , Sydney , Australia
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Serum Indicators Reflecting Gastric Function May Also Correlate with Other Extragastric Diseases. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:867495. [PMID: 26339238 PMCID: PMC4539072 DOI: 10.1155/2015/867495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. Serological indicators of organ function can reveal intrinsic links between different organs. The present study aimed to determine the correlations of serum indicators for gastric and extragastric function. Methods. A total of 823 individuals were enrolled. Data on indicators reflecting blood lipids, blood glucose, indexes of stomach, kidney, liver, and thyroid function, and H. pylori IgG antibody level were collected. Results. As creatine (Cr) levels increased, PGI (pepsinogen I), PGII concentrations, and PGI/II ratio increased monotonically from 79.7 to 105.15 µg/L, 6.5 to 8.4 µg/L, and 11.97 to 12.27, respectively (P < 0.05). As thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) levels increased, PGI level decreased from 100.85 to 84 µg/L (P < 0.05) and as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) increased, PGI/II ratio increased monotonically from 11.54 to 12.68 (P < 0.05). As triglyceride (TG) levels increased, gastrin 17 (G17) concentrations increased monotonically from 1.73 to 2.7 pmol/L (P < 0.05). As serum glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) increased, PGI/II concentrations increased monotonically from 11.98 to 12.67 and 9.7 to 13.54 (P < 0.05), respectively. Conclusions. Serum PG and G17 levels were associated with blood glucose and lipids, kidney function, and thyroid function but not with liver function. Serum indicators reflecting gastric function may correlate not only with primary diseases, but also with other extragastric diseases.
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Lahner E, Esposito G, Pilozzi E, Purchiaroni F, Corleto VD, Di Giulio E, Annibale B. Occurrence of gastric cancer and carcinoids in atrophic gastritis during prospective long-term follow up. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:856-65. [PMID: 25645880 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1010570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atrophic gastritis (AG) is a risk condition for gastric cancer and type I gastric carcinoids. Recent studies assessing the overall risk of gastric cancer and carcinoids in AG at long-term follow up are lacking. This study aimed to investigate in a prospective cohort of AG patients the occurrence of gastric cancer and carcinoids at long-term follow up. METHODS A total of 200 AG patients from a prospective cohort (67% female, median age 55 years) with a follow up of 7.5 (range: 4-23.4) years were included. Inclusion criteria were presence of AG and at least one follow-up gastroscopy with biopsies at ≥4 years after AG diagnosis. Follow-up gastroscopies at 4-year intervals were performed. RESULTS Overall, 22 gastric neoplastic lesions were detected (crude incidence 11%). Gastric cancer was diagnosed in four patients at a median follow up of 7.2 years (crude incidence 2%). Eleven type I gastric carcinoids were detected at a median follow up of 5.1 years (crude incidence of 5.5%). In seven patients, six low-grade and one high-grade dysplasia were found. The annual incidence rate person-year were 0.25% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.067-0.63%), 0.43% (95% CI: 0.17-0.89%), and 0.68% (95% CI: 0.34-1.21%) for gastric cancer, dysplasia, and type I-gastric carcinoids, respectively. The incidence rates of gastric cancer and carcinoids were not different (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION This study shows an annual incidence rate of 1.36% person-year for gastric neoplastic lesions in AG patients at long-term follow up. AG patients are similarly exposed to gastric cancer and type I gastric carcinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Lahner
- Department of Digestive and Liver Disease, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University Rome , Rome , Italy
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Evans JA, Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, Decker GA, Early DS, Fisher DA, Foley K, Hwang JH, Jue TL, Lightdale JR, Pasha SF, Sharaf R, Shergill AK, Cash BD, DeWitt JM. The role of endoscopy in the management of premalignant and malignant conditions of the stomach. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 82:1-8. [PMID: 25935705 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2015.03.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lahner E, Esposito G, Pilozzi E, Galli G, Corleto VD, Di Giulio E, Annibale B. Gastric cancer in patients with type I gastric carcinoids. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18:564-70. [PMID: 24890255 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-014-0393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrophic body gastritis (ABG) is associated with both type I gastric carcinoids (T1-GCs) and intestinal-type gastric cancer. The occurrence of gastric cancer in ABG patients with type I gastric carcinoids has not yet been described. AIM To describe the occurrence at follow-up of gastric cancer in ABG patients with type I gastric carcinoid in a retrospective case series in a single tertiary referral center. METHODS Between 1994 and 2012, 17 new cases of T1-GCs were diagnosed among a cohort of ABG patients in a single tertiary referral center for ABG. The clinical charts of these 17 T1-GC patients were retrospectively evaluated for the occurrence of gastric cancer at follow-up (median 4.2 years, range 0.5-13). RESULTS In 4 (23.5 %)/17 T1-GCs patients (3 females, age 40-78 years), gastric cancer occurred (median follow-up 5.9 years, range 5.1-13). Three cases were intestinal-type adenocarcinomas and one a signet-ring cell diffuse gastric cancer, localized in three cases in the antrum. In two patients, it was detected on random biopsies during follow-up gastroscopy; in the other two, gastroscopy was performed because of new symptoms. All patients with gastric cancer had associated autoimmune features (pernicious anemia, autoimmune thyroid disease and a spared antrum) compared to 77, 46 and 54 % of those without gastric cancer, although statistical significance was not reached. CONCLUSIONS This case series shows that in patients with T1-GCs, gastric cancer may frequently occur at long-term follow-up. Thus, these patients should be monitored by a long-term surveillance program, including an accurate bioptic sampling of the antral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Lahner
- Department of Digestive and Liver Disease, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Medical School, Sapienza University Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
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Waldum HL, Hauso Ø, Sørdal ØF, Fossmark R. Gastrin May Mediate the Carcinogenic Effect of Helicobacter pylori Infection of the Stomach. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1522-7. [PMID: 25480404 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer occurs almost exclusively in patients with gastritis. Since Helicobacter pylori (Hp) was proved to cause gastritis, Hp was also expected to play a role in gastric carcinogenesis. Despite extensive studies, the mechanisms by which Hp cause gastric cancer are still poorly understood. However, there is evidence that the anatomical site of Hp infection is of major importance. Infection confined to the antral mucosa protects against gastric cancer but predisposes to duodenal ulcer, whereas Hp infection of the oxyntic mucosa increases the risk of gastric cancer. Hp infection does not predispose to cancers in the gastric cardia. In patients with atrophic gastritis of the oxyntic mucosa, the intragastric pH is elevated and the concentration of microorganisms in the stomach is increased. This does not lead to increased risk of gastric cancer at all anatomical sites. The site specificity of Hp infection in relation to cancer risk indicates that neither Hp nor the changes in gastric microflora due to gastric hypoacidity are carcinogenic per se. However, reduced gastric acidity also leads to hypergastrinemia, which stimulates the function and proliferation of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells located in the oxyntic mucosa. The ECL cell may be more important in human gastric carcinogenesis than previously realized, as every condition causing long-term hypergastrinemia in animals results in the development of neoplasia in the oxyntic mucosa. Patients with hypergastrinemia will far more often develop carcinomas in the gastric corpus. In conclusion, hypergastrinemia may explain the carcinogenic effect of Hp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge L Waldum
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7006, Trondheim, Norway,
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Boyce M, Thomsen L. Gastric neuroendocrine tumors: prevalence in Europe, USA, and Japan, and rationale for treatment with a gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:550-9. [PMID: 25665655 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1009941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastric carcinoids (neuroendocrine tumors) arise from enterochromaffin-like cells in the gastric mucosa. Most are caused by hypergastrinemia. The objectives were to determine if their prevalence in Europe, USA and Japan meets the criteria for an orphan disease and to justify treatment with a gastrin/CCK2 receptor antagonist. METHODS We obtained data from European and USA cancer registries, and searched PubMed. RESULTS Prevalence per 10,000 population obtained from cancer registries was: median 0.32 (range 0.09-0.92) for Europe; and 0.17 for the USA, equivalent to 4812 for the whole population. A PubMed search for gastric carcinoids yielded prevalence for Japan only, which was 0.05 per 10,000 population, equivalent to 665 for the entire population. A further search for gastric carcinoids in patients with pernicious anemia (PA) or autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), two presentations of about 80% of gastric carcinoids, produced prevalence rates of 5.2-11%. Prevalence of PA itself was 0.12-1.9%. Data on CAG epidemiology were sparse. CONCLUSION Prevalence of gastric carcinoids varied widely. All sources probably underestimate prevalence. However, prevalence was below the limits required for recognition by drug regulatory authorities as an orphan disease: 5 per 10,000 population of Europe; 200,000 for the whole population of the USA; and 50,000 for the whole population of Japan. Because gastric carcinoids are an orphan disease, and nonclinical and healthy volunteer studies support treatment with netazepide, a gastrin/CCK2 antagonist, netazepide has been designated an orphan medicinal product in Europe and the USA for development as targeted treatment for gastric carcinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Boyce
- Hammersmith Medicines Research, Central Middlesex Hospital , London NW10 7NS , England
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Varbanova M, Frauenschläger K, Malfertheiner P. Chronic gastritis - an update. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28:1031-42. [PMID: 25439069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the main aetiologic factor for chronic gastritis worldwide. The degree of inflammation and the evolution of this form of chronic gastritis can vary largely depending on bacterial virulence factors, host susceptibility factors and environmental conditions. Autoimmune gastritis is another cause of chronic inflammation in the stomach, which can occur in all age groups. This disease presents typically with vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anaemia. The presence of anti-parietal cell antibodies is highly specific for the diagnosis. The role of H. pylori as a trigger for autoimmune gastritis remains uncertain. Other rare conditions for chronic gastritis are chronic inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease or on the background of lymphocytic or collagenous gastroenteropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Varbanova
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Frauenschläger
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Kaltsas G, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Alexandraki KI, Thomas D, Tsolakis AV, Gross D, Grossman AB. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:157-68. [PMID: 24750249 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of gastrin-related gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (GI-NENs) develop in the context of chronic atrophic gastritis (type 1), a condition closely related to autoimmune thyroid diseases. These neoplasms are defined as gastric NENs type 1 (GNEN1) and have recently been shown to constitute the commonest GI-NENs in a prospective study. GNEN1s are usually multiple and follow a relative indolent course, raising questions regarding the extent that such patients should be investigated and the appropriate therapeutic interventions needed. Recently, a number of consensus statements and guidelines have been published from various societies dealing with the diagnosis and management of GI-NENs. Endocrinologists are among the many different medical specialties involved in GNEN1s diagnosis and management. However, despite recent advances, few randomized trials are available, and thus existing evidence remains relatively weak compared to other malignancies. The purpose of this review is to provide recent evidence along with currently employed modalities addressing the diagnosis, management, long-term follow-up and potential comorbidities of GNEN1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Kaltsas
- Department of Pathophysiology, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumours showing different clinicopathological features and behaviour, implying a wide spectrum of therapeutic options. They are currently classified using the 2010 WHO classification of digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms into G1-neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), G2-NETs, neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas (MANECs). However, most gastric NENs are composed of ECL-cells (ECL-cell NETs) that can be preceded by ECL-cell hyperplastic and dysplastic lesions, whose oncologic potential has not yet been completely elucidated. ECL-cell NETs differ considerably in terms of prognosis depending on the proliferative status and clinicopathological background. The integration of both aspects in the diagnostic pathway may help to better classify tumours in different prognostic categories, especially when diagnosing them in small bioptic specimens. NECs are all poorly differentiated, highly aggressive carcinomas, while MANECs can show different morphological features that are directly associated with different prognoses. Precursor lesions of such carcinomas are not entirely understood. In this review, the clinicopathological features of gastric NENs and related precursor lesions will be described to give the reader a comprehensive overview on this topic.
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50
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Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune gastritis. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:459-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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