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Smith CR, Chua P, Papaioannou C, Warrier R, Nolan GJG, Hsiao YFF, Duke T. Fluid and electrolyte pathophysiology in common febrile illness in children and the implications for clinical management. Arch Dis Child 2024:archdischild-2024-327407. [PMID: 39097402 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2024-327407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Achieving fluid homeostasis and the management of fluid and electrolyte complications are constants in the treatment of seriously ill children worldwide. Consensus on the most appropriate fluid strategy for unwell children has been difficult to achieve and has evolved over the last two decades, most notably in high-income countries where adverse events relating to poor fluid management were identified more readily, and official robust inquiries were possible. However, this has not been the situation in many low-income settings where fluids that are prohibited from use in high-income countries may be all that are available, local guidelines and processes to recognise adverse events are not developed, and there has been limited training on safe fluid management for front-line healthcare workers. This narrative review outlines the fluid and electrolyte pathophysiology of common febrile illnesses in children, describes the evolution of this field and concludes with implications and principles of a fluid management strategy for seriously ill children. This review was prepared as a physiological background paper to support evidence presented to the WHO Guideline Development Group for Fluid Guidelines in Children, Geneva, March 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Ruth Smith
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Poh Chua
- Library, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Papaioannou
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ranjana Warrier
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J G Nolan
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Trevor Duke
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Child health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
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Postoperative Hypophosphatemia as a Prognostic Factor for Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula: A Systematic Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020274. [PMID: 36837475 PMCID: PMC9960534 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is one of the most challenging complications after pancreatic resections, associated with prolonged hospital stay and high mortality. Early identification of pancreatic fistula is necessary for the treatment to be effective. Several prognostic factors have been identified, although it is unclear which one is the most crucial. Some studies show that post-pancreatectomy hypophosphatemia may be associated with the development of POPF. The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether postoperative hypophosphatemia can be used as a prognostic factor for postoperative pancreatic fistula. Materials and Methods: The systematic literature review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations (PRISMA) and was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched up to the 31st of January 2022 for studies analyzing postoperative hypophosphatemia as a prognostic factor for POPF. Data including study characteristics, patient characteristics, operation type, definitions of postoperative hypophosphatemia and postoperative pancreatic fistula were extracted. Results: Initially, 149 articles were retrieved. After screening and final assessment, 3 retrospective studies with 2893 patients were included in this review. An association between postoperative hypophosphatemia and POPF was found in all included studies. Patients undergoing distal pancreatectomy were more likely to develop severe hypophosphatemia compared to patients undergoing proximal pancreatectomy. Serum phosphate levels on postoperative day 4 (POD 4) and postoperative day 5 (POD 5) remained significantly lower in patients who developed leak-related complications showing a slower recovery of hypophosphatemia from postoperative day 3 (POD 3) through postoperative day 7 (POD 7). Moreover, body mass index (BMI) higher than 30 kg/m2, soft pancreatic tissue, abnormal white blood cell count on postoperative day 3 (POD 3), and shorter surgery time were associated with leak-related complications (LRC) and lower phosphate levels. Conclusions: Early postoperative hypophosphatemia might be used as a prognostic biomarker for early identification of postoperative pancreatic fistula. However, more studies are needed to better identify significant cut-off levels of postoperative hypophosphatemia and development of hypophosphatemia in the postoperative period.
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Firouzi M, Sherkatolabbasieh H, Garmsiri M. A cross-sectional study on the correlation between blood phosphorus level with sepsis and associated prognostic factors in neonates. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 77:103582. [PMID: 35638028 PMCID: PMC9142385 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Neonatal sepsis is one of the most critical causes of infant mortality. Alteration in phosphorous levels is known to be associated with sepsis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of blood phosphorus in neonates admitted to ICU and its relation with different factors and prognosis of patients. Methods In this cross-sectional study, all neonates admitted to the intensive care unit diagnosed with neonatal sepsis were included. Serum phosphorus levels were evaluated along with c-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and urine and blood culture. Demographic data along with clinical findings were collected in a research questionnaire for all the patients. Results Of 211 neonates, 98 (46.4%) were female and 113 (53.6%) were male, and the mean age of the patients was 10.51 days. The mean phosphorus level was 4.39 ± 0.67 mg/dL. The mean phosphorus levels among girls and boys was significantly different, p = 0.001 (4.23 ± 0.62 vs 4.53 ± 0.69 mg/dL). The mean phosphorus among positive and negative blood culture patients was also significant, p < 0.001 (4.74 ± 0.67 vs 4.29 ± 0.64 mg/dL). However, type of feeding, ESR, urine culture and CRP status was not associated with phosphorus levels, p > 0.05. Conclusion The alterations in phosphorous levels among neonatal sepsis patient is likely to be correlated with gender and blood culture status. Other prognostic markers might not have an effect on phosphorous levels in these patients. Neonatal sepsis is one of the most critical causes of infant mortality. Alteration in phosphorous levels is known to be associated with sepsis. The alterations in phosphorous levels among neonatal sepsis patient is likely to be associated with gender and blood culture status. Other prognostic markers might not have an effect on phosphorous levels in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Firouzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Sherkatolabbasieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Corresponding author. Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Mahshid Garmsiri
- Student of Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Sabti MA, Shamsaldeen YA. Correcting hypophosphataemia in a paediatric patient with Sanjad-Sakati syndrome through a single oral dose of potassium phosphate intravenous solution. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2021; 9:2050313X20988412. [PMID: 33505699 PMCID: PMC7812393 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x20988412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanjad–Sakati syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that is quite common in Kuwait. Among a wide range of complications in Sanjad–Sakati syndrome patients is the vulnerability to infections and subsequent hypophosphataemia. Hypophosphataemia is a metabolic alteration that contributes to numerous consequences such as cardiac arrhythmia. Therefore, if hypophosphataemia is left unresolved, it may culminate in death. A 20-month-old boy of 2.5 kg body weight diagnosed with Sanjad–Sakati syndrome was initially admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit after recovering from COVID-19, and then shifted to the general ward. He was diagnosed with recurrent pneumonia and urinary tract infection. After 9 days, the patient showed severe hypophosphataemia with serum phosphate concentration reaching 0.33 mmol/L. Despite the availability of potassium phosphate intravenous solution, it was difficult to administer potassium phosphate intravenously because of the small body size and low body weight of the patient. Therefore, 0.6 mL potassium phosphate containing 2.4 mEq of potassium and 5.3 mEq of phosphate was administered through a nasogastric tube. The patient showed rapid response after a single dose through the nasogastric tube. Such an intervention in Sanjad–Sakati syndrome patients shows possible advantages of shifting drug administration from intravenous to oral route that includes a convenient route of administration, whether in the intensive care unit or in the general ward. Moreover, shifting drug administration from the intravenous to oral route overcomes the risk of cannula-induced infection and reduces nurses’ workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mnaff A Sabti
- Paediatric Department, Al-Adan Hospital, Ahmadi Medical Governorate, Hadiya, Kuwait
| | - Yousif A Shamsaldeen
- Kuwait-Al-Adan Joint Hospital, Al-Adan Paediatric Pharmacy, Kuwait Hospital, Sabah Alsalem, Kuwait.,Department of Pharmacy, Kuwait Hospital, Sabah Alsalem, Kuwait
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Yakubovich D, Strauss T, Ohana D, Taran C, Snapiri O, Karol DL, Starez-Chaham O, Kochavi B, Tsur A, Morag I. Factors associated with early phosphate levels in preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:1529-1536. [PMID: 32248319 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To investigate perinatal factors and early morbidities associated with early serum phosphate (sPhos) levels in a cohort of preterm infants. Retrospective data were obtained from the medical records of a cohort of 454 infants born at < 32 weeks gestational age. Serum phosphate levels were directly associated with gestational age, body weight z-score, and Apgar scores and inversely associated with timing of enteral nutrition initiation and diet consisting of mostly breast milk. Maternal hypertension, lactate levels, early symptomatic hypotension, and total protein supplemented on days 1 to 3 were also inversely associated with sPhos. Morbidities that were found to be associated with sPhos did not persist after adjustment for confounding factors.Conclusions: We report a novel association between early sPhos and timing and content of enteral nutrition, as well as with the early neonatal hemodynamic condition of preterm infants. This information may help identify infants at risk for low sPhos and aid in the nutritional strategy utilized in these patients. This study did not identify early morbidities associated with sPhos. What is Known: • High initial amino acid intake is associated with increased risk of Refeeding like syndrome and hypophosphatemia, among preterm infants. What is New: • Early enteral nutrition, starting within the first 72 h of life, is associated with higher serum phosphate (sPhos) compared to nothing per os (NPO). • sPhos was not associated with early adverse neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Yakubovich
- Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Tzipi Strauss
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Department of Pediatrics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Dror Ohana
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Camelia Taran
- Department of Pediatrics, Grigore Alexandrescu Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children in Bucharest, București, Romania
| | - Ori Snapiri
- Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | | | - Orna Starez-Chaham
- Department of Neonatology, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Briggite Kochavi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Abraham Tsur
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Iris Morag
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. .,Department of Pediatrics, Shamir Medical Center, 70300, Zerifin, Israel.
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Lower phosphate levels following pancreatectomy is associated with postoperative pancreatic fistula formation. HPB (Oxford) 2019; 21:834-840. [PMID: 30503649 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas hypophosphatemia following hepatectomy is associated with decreased morbidity, hypophosphatemia following pancreatectomy may be associated with increased morbidity, including the development of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between postoperative hypophosphatemia and POPF formation. METHODS Patients from our institutional Research Patient Data Registry who underwent pancreatectomy from 2001 to 2017 were included. POPF was defined according to the International Study Group for Pancreatic Fistulas (ISGPF) criteria and according to internal criteria for drain removal. Postoperative serum phosphate levels, demographics, and comorbidities were evaluated. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed. RESULTS 2342 patients underwent pancreatic resection. Mean age was 63.0 years (SD 14.3), 51.2% were male, and 58.7% had pancreatic cancer. Of all resections, 67.7% were pancreaticoduodenectomies. In unadjusted analysis, phosphate levels were significantly and persistently lower on POD 0 and POD 2-5 in patients who developed POPF's. In adjusted analysis, POD 2 phosphate <1.75 predicted an additional 46% increased odds of POPF (OR 1.46 95% CI 1.06-2.01; p = 0.02). Distal pancreatectomy was independently associated with POPF formation when compared to pancreaticoduodenectomy (OR 1.72 95% CI 1.18-2.51; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Lower phosphate levels in the early post-operative period following both proximal and distal pancreatectomies is associated with increased risk of POPF.
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Naseem F, Saleem A, Mahar IA, Arif F. Electrolyte imbalance in critically ill paediatric patients. Pak J Med Sci 2019; 35:1093-1098. [PMID: 31372149 PMCID: PMC6659045 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.35.4.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine the frequency and outcome of electrolyte imbalance in seriously ill children admitted in Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a public sector hospital in Karachi. Methods: All children between the ages of one month to 12 years admitted in PICU from May 2017 to October 2017 were included. Blood samples were drawn to determine the baseline sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous and followed 24 hourly or earlier, if needed (Those who had imbalance at admission or on subsequent repeat labs as per protocol). Results: A total of 101 children were included in the study. Electrolyte imbalance was seen in 84%. A single electrolyte imbalance was noted in 30.58%. Hypocalcemia was the most frequent abnormality noted in 57.6%. Among the total expiries during the study period 91% had electrolyte imbalance. Mortality within 48 hours and duration of stay was also increased in these patients. Conclusion: Electrolyte imbalance is an important prognostic indicator in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizia Naseem
- Faizia Naseem, MBBS, FCPS. Assistant Professor, Paediatric Unit I, DUHS, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Saleem
- Ayesha Saleem, MBBS, FCPS. Assistant Professor, Paediatric Unit III, DUHS, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed Mahar
- Imtiaz Ahmed Mahar, MBBS, DCH. Senior MO, Dr. Ruth KM Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fehmina Arif
- Prof. Fehmina Arif, MBBS, FCPS. Paediatric Unit-I, DUHS, Karachi, Pakistan
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Trevejo JM, Asmal M, Vingerhoets J, Polo R, Robertson S, Jiang Y, Kieffer TL, Leopold L. Pimodivir treatment in adult volunteers experimentally inoculated with live influenza virus: a Phase IIa, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Antivir Ther 2017; 23:335-344. [PMID: 29244026 DOI: 10.3851/imp3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pimodivir (formerly JNJ-63623872) is a novel, non-nucleoside polymerase complex inhibitor with in vitro activity against influenza A virus, including pandemic 2009 H1N1, H7N9, H5N1 strains as well as neuraminidase- and amantadine-resistant strains. METHODS Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase IIa study. Healthy volunteers (n=104) were inoculated with an influenza A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2) challenge virus. 72 received pimodivir and 32 placebo. Pimodivir was dosed for 5 days once daily from 24 h after viral inoculation at four dose levels: 100 mg, 400 mg, loading dose 900/600 mg and loading dose 1,200/600 mg. RESULTS Pimodivir significantly reduced viral shedding (area under the concentration versus time curve [AUC] measured by 50% tissue culture infective dose [TCID50] or qRT-PCR) versus placebo as measured by cell culture assay in the pooled analysis (Jonckheere-Terpstra dose-response trend test [P=0.036]). Reductions were observed in viral shedding (AUC, duration and peak measured by grade), influenza-like symptoms (AUC, duration and peak measured by grade) and clinical symptoms (duration and peak measured by grade) for all pimodivir groups versus placebo, significantly so for the 1,200/600 mg group. In the 1,200/600 mg group viral shedding (AUC) by qRT-PCR was 0.45 versus 18.4 log10 copies/ml*day for pooled placebo (P=0.014). Pimodivir was generally safe and well-tolerated with no serious adverse events or adverse events leading to discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Pimodivir has potential to not only reduce viral load but to have a clinical impact on patients as a novel treatment for influenza A virus infection. Further trials are therefore warranted to assess pimodivir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ramon Polo
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
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El Shazly AN, Soliman DR, Assar EH, Behiry EG, Gad Ahmed IAEN. Phosphate disturbance in critically ill children: Incidence, associated risk factors and clinical outcomes. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2017; 21:118-123. [PMID: 28861270 PMCID: PMC5560116 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2017.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypophosphatemia is one of the common disorders that develop in critically ill patients. It has potential complications and is often unrecognized in those patients. Objective Determining the incidence of hypophosphatemia in critically ill children, its association with clinical outcomes and the possible risk factors. Methods 50 patients were enrolled in the study. Levels of serum phosphate were measured on day 1 and day 7 of PICU (Pediatric intensive care unit) stay. The following variables were analyzed: age, gender, diagnosis on admission, malnutrition, phosphorus intake, clinical severity score on admission OFI (Organ Failure Index) and daily scores PELOD (Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction), sepsis, use of dopamine, furosemide and steroids and assessment of nutrition by z scores. Results The incidence of hypophosphatemia on admission was 42%. On seventh day of admission incidence of hypophosphatemia was 62%. Malnutrition was present in 24% of patients, serum phosphorus level was significantly lower in malnourished than in well-nourished children (p value = 0.018). Hypophosphatemia was associated with prolonged PICU length of stay (p < 0.001) but was not associated with increased mortality (p = 0.13). Cases on parenteral nutrition and insufficient oral intake while on mechanical ventilator significantly showed hypophosphatemia (p = 0.017). Hypophosphatemia was associated with the use of furosemide, dopamine, steroids and β2 agonist. Conclusion Hypophosphatemia was common in the first 7 days of PICU hospitalization and was associated with prolonged PICU stay, Significant association between hypophosphatemia and duration of use of mechanical ventilation, use of furosemide, dopamine, steroids and β2 agonist. Hypophosphatemia was common in the first 7 days of pediatric intensive care unit hospitalization. Significant association between hypophosphatemia and duration of use of mechanical ventilation. Hypophosphatemia was associated with prolonged pediatric intensive care unit length of stay. Hypophosphatemia was associated with use of furosemide, dopamine, steroid and β2 agonist. Good nutrition of critically ill children has an important role in improving their clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nabih El Shazly
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha Qualubia, 13511, Egypt
| | - Doaa Refaey Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha Qualubia, 13511, Egypt
| | - Effat Hussien Assar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Toukh Qualubia, 13471, Egypt
| | - Eman Gamal Behiry
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha Qualubia, 13511, Egypt
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Hother AL, Girma T, Rytter MJH, Abdissa A, Ritz C, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF, Briend A, Friis H, Kæstel P. Serum phosphate and magnesium in children recovering from severe acute undernutrition in Ethiopia: an observational study. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:178. [PMID: 27814707 PMCID: PMC5097423 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) have increased requirements for phosphorus and magnesium during recovery. If requirements are not met, the children may develop refeeding hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia. However, little is known about the effect of current therapeutic diets (F-75 and F-100) on serum phosphate (S-phosphate) and magnesium (S-magnesium) in children with SAM. Methods Prospective observational study, with measurements of S-phosphate and S-magnesium at admission, prior to rehabilitation phase and at discharge in children aged 6–59 months admitted with SAM to Jimma Hospital, Ethiopia. Due to shortage of F-75, 25 (35 %) children were stabilized with diluted F-100 (75 kcal/100 ml). Results Of 72 children enrolled, the mean age was 32 ± 14 months, and edema was present in 50 (69 %). At admission, mean S-phosphate was 0.92 ± 0.34 mmol/L, which was low compared to normal values, but increased to 1.38 ± 0.28 mmol/L at discharge, after on average 16 days. Mean S-magnesium, at admission, was 0.95 ± 0.23 mmol/L, and increased to 1.13 ± 0.17 mmol/L at discharge. At discharge, 18 (51 %) children had S-phosphate below the normal range, and 3 (9 %) had S-phosphate above. Most children (83 %) had S-magnesium above normal range for children. Both S-phosphate and S-magnesium at admission were positively associated with serum albumin (S-albumin), but not with anthropometric characteristics or co-diagnoses. Using diluted F-100 for stabilization was not associated with lower S-phosphate or S-magnesium. Conclusion Hypophosphatemia was common among children with SAM at admission, and still subnormal in about half of the children at discharge. This could be problematic for further recovery as phosphorus is needed for catch-up growth and local diets are likely to be low in bioavailable phosphorus. The high S-magnesium levels at discharge does not support that magnesium should be a limiting nutrient for growth in the F-100 diet. Although diluted F-100 (75 kcal/100 mL) is not designed for stabilizing children with SAM, it did not seem to cause lower S-phosphate than in children fed F-75.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Louise Hother
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C, DK-1958, Denmark.
| | - Tsinuel Girma
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Maren J H Rytter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Alemseged Abdissa
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C, DK-1958, Denmark.,Department for International Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Pernille Kæstel
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C, DK-1958, Denmark
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Hypophosphatemia in Critically Ill Children: Risk Factors, Outcome and Mechanism. Indian J Pediatr 2016; 83:1379-1385. [PMID: 27392619 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-016-2188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of hypophosphatemia in critically ill children and its association with clinical outcomes; to determine risk factors and mechanism of hypophosphatemia. METHODS Levels of serum phosphate, phosphate intake, renal phosphate handling indices and blood gases were measured on days 1, 3, 7 and 10 of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay. Hypophosphatemia was defined as any serum phosphorus <3.8 mg/dl for children younger than 2 y and <3.5 mg/dl for children 2 y or older. Renal phosphate loss was assessed using the ratio of tubular maximum reabsorption of phosphate (TmP) to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) [TmP/GFR]. RESULTS Prevalence of hypophosphatemia was 71.6 % (95 % CI: 64.6-78.6). On adjusted analysis, hypophosphatemia was associated with prolonged PICU length of stay (PICU LOS > 6 d) (adjusted OR: 3.0 [95 % CI: 1.4-6.7; p = 0.005]) but not associated with increased mortality. Renal phosphate threshold was significantly lower on all the days in hypophosphatemic group compared to that of non-hypophosphatemic group. No statistically significant difference in the amount of phosphate intake was seen in both the groups. CONCLUSIONS Hypophosphatemia is highly prevalent in critically ill children and is associated with prolonged PICU LOS. Increased phosphate loss in urine is one of the mechanism responsible for hypophosphatemia in critically ill children.
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Claus KN, Day TK, Wolf C. Neuromuscular signs associated with acute hypophosphatemia in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 51:161-6. [PMID: 25955140 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this report was to describe the successful recognition and management of neuromuscular dysfunction secondary to severe, acute hypophosphatemia in an adult dog with a 2 day history of vomiting, anorexia, and abdominal pain. Radiographs were suggestive of a foreign body obstruction, and surgery was recommended. Resection and anastomosis of the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum was performed. The dog recovered uneventfully, but approximately 36 hr postoperatively, he was found to have significant weakness and muscle tremors that were accompanied by hyperthermia. The only significant abnormality on a serum biochemical profile was a phosphorous level of 0.26 mmol/L. Within 6 hr of initiating phosphorous supplementation, the patient fully recovered and had no residual signs of neuromuscular dysfunction. Signs of neurologic dysfunction secondary to hypophosphatemia are commonly recognized in human patients. Reports of patients with severe muscle weakness, some of which necessitate ventilation due to weakening of muscles of respiration, are common throughout the literature. Less commonly, tremors are noted. This is the first known report of neuromuscular signs recognized and rapidly corrected in a dog. Although it is likely to be uncommon, hypophosphatemia should be recognized as a differential diagnosis in patients with tremors and/or muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly N Claus
- From the Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Veterinary Referral Center of East Dallas, Mesquite, TX (K.C.); Veterinary Emergency Service, Madison, WI (T.K.); and Bluepearl Veterinary Partners, Eden Prairie, MN (C.W.)
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Namusoke H, Hother AL, Rytter MJ, Kæstel P, Babirekere-Iriso E, Fabiansen C, Girma T, Ritz C, Michaelsen KF, Briend A, Friis H. Changes in plasma phosphate during in-patient treatment of children with severe acute malnutrition: an observational study in Uganda. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:551-8. [PMID: 26739034 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.117374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children treated for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are at risk of refeeding hypophosphatemia. Therapeutic diets have only recently become fortified with phosphorus to meet United Nations (UN) specifications, but to our knowledge no studies have investigated the effect. OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess concentrations and correlates of plasma phosphate (P-phosphate) at admission and during treatment and to identify correlates of changes in P-phosphate. DESIGN This was a prospective observational study in 6- to 59-mo-old children admitted for treatment of SAM to Mulago Hospital, Uganda. P-phosphate was measured at admission, on the second day of treatment with a therapeutic formula containing 75 kcal/100 mL and 560 mg phosphorus/L (F-75, Nutriset), at the start of the transition to a therapeutic formula containing 100 kcal/100 mL and 579 mg phosphorus/L (F-100; Nutriset), at day 2 of transition, and at discharge. RESULTS Among 120 children, mean ± SD P-phosphate at admission was 1.04 ± 0.31 mmol/L and increased by 0.43 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.52) mmol/L during the first 2 d and more slowly toward discharge. Most (79%) children experienced their lowest P-phosphate concentration at admission, and none developed severe hypophosphatemia. P-phosphate was lowest in children with edema and with elevated C-reactive protein, and a lower increase was seen with increasing caretaker-reported severity of illness. Partially or fully replacing F-75 with rice porridge (i.e., a local practice to reduce diarrhea) during the first 2 d of stabilization was associated with a 0.34-mmol/L (95% CI: 0.18, 0.50 mmol/L) lower increase in P-phosphate during the same first 2 d. CONCLUSIONS F-75, which complies with UN specifications and provides 73 mg phosphorus · kg(-1) · d(-1) (130 mL · kg(-1) · d(-1)), seems to prevent refeeding hypophosphatemia in children with SAM. Replacing this formula with rice porridge during the first days of treatment to manage diarrhea may have an adverse effect on P-phosphate concentrations. This study was registered at http://www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN55092738.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanifa Namusoke
- Mwanamugimu Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anne-Louise Hother
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maren Jh Rytter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pernille Kæstel
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Esther Babirekere-Iriso
- Mwanamugimu Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Fabiansen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tsinuel Girma
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Public Health and Medical Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; and
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of International Health, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark;
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Saito Y, Aoki Y, Takeshita E, Saito T, Sugai K, Komaki H, Nakagawa E, Ishiyama A, Takanoha S, Wada S, Sasaki M. Hypophosphatemia is a common complication in severely disabled individuals with neurological disorders and is caused by infection, refeeding and Fanconi syndrome. Brain Dev 2014; 36:878-83. [PMID: 24360095 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the characteristics of hypophosphatemia in severely disabled individuals with neurological disorders and to identify its causative factors. METHOD We retrospectively reviewed clinical data from 82 individuals with motor skills classified as sitting, rollover or bedridden. Age, gender and body mass index were compared in individuals with (n=19) and without (n=63) a history of hypophosphatemia (serum phosphate levels <2.0 mg/dl). The clinical course of each patient with hypophosphatemia was reviewed and the cause identified. Laboratory data during hypophosphatemia was compared with that after recovery. RESULTS The age, gender and body mass index did not differ significantly between the individuals with and without hypophosphatemia. Nineteen patients experienced 25 episodes of hypophosphatemia. The causes included febrile illnesses (n=17), refeeding syndrome (n=4) and Fanconi syndrome (n=3), but was unidentifiable in one episode. Significant elevations in C-reactive protein levels and reductions in sodium levels were observed during hypophosphatemia episodes. INTERPRETATION Hypophosphatemia is a common complication in severely disabled individuals with frequent bacterial infections, refeeding following malnutrition and valproate administration for epilepsy treatment. Because severe hypophosphatemia is life threatening, serum phosphate levels should be closely monitored in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Saito
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Aoki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Takeshita
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugai
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Komaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakagawa
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishiyama
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Wada
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
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Koyanagi A, Kuffó D, Gresely L, Shenkin A, Cuevas LE. Relationships between serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and micronutrients, in patients with tuberculosis. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 98:391-9. [PMID: 15228720 DOI: 10.1179/000349804225003424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the serum concentrations of micronutrients in tuberculosis (TB), and their relationship to the acute-phase response (APR), are scarce. The serum concentrations of zinc, copper, selenium and vitamins A and E in 46 smear-positive cases of pulmonary TB (PTB) from Ecuador were therefore compared with those in 10 healthy Ecuadorian volunteers, and the correlations between these concentrations and the serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated. Compared with the healthy volunteers, the PTB cases had significantly lower serum concentrations of zinc, retinol and selenium and significantly higher serum concentrations of copper. Both groups had moderately high concentrations of selenium in their sera. The PTB cases who had >50 mg CRP/ litre (a concentration indicative of an APR) had lower serum concentrations of retinol and zinc than the cases with lower CRP concentrations. In patients with PTB, hypozincaemia and hyporetinolaemia are strongly associated with the APR. It is therefore necessary to consider the extent of activation of the APR when interpreting serum micronutrient concentrations in patients with TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koyanagi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Kilic O, Demirkol D, Ucsel R, Citak A, Karabocuoglu M. Hypophosphatemia and its clinical implications in critically ill children: a retrospective study. J Crit Care 2012; 27:474-9. [PMID: 22591573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of hypophosphatemia and to discuss the clinical implications of hypophosphatemia in critically ill children. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of the medical records of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit from December 2006 to December 2007 was conducted. RESULTS In 60.2% (n = 71) of the patients, any serum phosphorous level at admission and at the third day or seventh day after admission to pediatric intensive care unit was in hypophosphatemic range. Sepsis was present in 22.9% (n = 27) of the children studied and was associated with hypophosphatemia (P = .02). Hypophosphatemia was also associated with use of furosemide (P = .04), use of steroid (P = .04), use of β(2) agonist (P = .026), and use of an H(2) blocker (P = .004). There was a significant association between hypophosphatemia and the rate to attain target caloric requirements by enteral route (P = .007). The median time to attain target caloric requirements by enteral route was 2.9 ± 1.9 (0.2-10) days in the normophosphatemic group and 4.4 ± 2.8 (0.3-12) days in the hypophosphatemic group. In the multiple regression model, solely the rate to attain the target caloric requirements by enteral route demonstrated independent association with hypophosphatemia (P = .006; β = .27; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.09). Significant association was found between hypophosphatemia and the duration of mechanical ventilation and between hypophosphatemia and pediatric intensive care unit length of stay (P = .02 and P = .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Critically ill pediatric patients are prone to hypophosphatemia, especially if they cannot be fed early by enteral route. Hypophosphatemia is associated with an increased duration of mechanical ventilation and increased length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit, suggesting that active repletion might improve these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Kilic
- Department of Pediatric Infection, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypophosphatemia is a disorder with potential complications and is often unrecognized in critically ill patients. AIMS To identify the prevalence of hypophosphatemia and risk factors associated to this disorder in critically ill children. METHODS In a prospective cohort study, 82 children admitted consecutively to a pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) were monitored regarding phosphorus serum levels during the first 10 days of admission. The following variables were analyzed as independent for hypophosphatemia: age, gender, diagnosis at admission, malnutrition, phosphorus intake, clinical severity score at admission (pediatric index of mortality 2) and daily scores (Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction), sepsis, use of dopamine, furosemide and steroids, starvation period, and refeeding. Children with a z score of less than -2 of expected weight for age or body mass index (National Center for Health Statistics, 2000) were considered malnourished. Variables significantly associated with hypophosphatemia by bivariate analysis (p < 0.1) were included in a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS The rate of hypophosphatemia was 61% during the first 10 days of pediatric ICU stay, and 12 patients developed hypophosphatemia during the study period. Malnutrition was present in 39.1% of patients, and the sera phosphorus concentration was significantly lower in malnourished than in well-nourished children (2.6 +/- 0.7 mg/dL vs. 3.5 +/- 0.8 mg/dL, p = 0.01). The multiple logistic regression model indicated the diagnosis of acute respiratory disease (odds ratio: 3.22; confidence interval: 1.03-10.1; p = 0.04), use of dopamine (odds ratio: 8.65; confidence interval: 1.58-47.3; p = 0.01), and malnutrition (odds ratio: 3.96; confidence interval: 1.19-13.3; p = 0.02) as independent risk factors for hypophosphatemia. None of the other potential risk factors discriminated for hypophosphatemia. CONCLUSIONS Hypophosphatemia was common in the first 10 days of ICU hospitalization and was associated with the diagnosis of respiratory disease, use of dopamine, and malnutrition. These factors should be taken into account during clinical follow up of critically ill children, especially when these conditions are found together.
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Schropp DM, Kovacic J. Phosphorus and phosphate metabolism in veterinary patients. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2006.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Menezes FS, Leite HP, Fernandez J, Benzecry SG, de Carvalho WB. Hypophosphatemia in children hospitalized within an intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med 2006; 21:235-9. [PMID: 16855058 DOI: 10.1177/0885066606287081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to estimate the occurrence of hypophosphatemia and to identify potential risk factors and outcome measures associated with this disturbance in children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit. Data concerning 42 children admitted consecutively to 1 pediatric intensive care unit over a 1-year period were examined. Serum phosphorus levels were measured on the third day of admission, where levels below 3.8 mg/dL were considered indicative of hypophosphatemia. Hypophosphatemia was found in 32 children (76%), and there was a significant association between this disturbance and malnutrition (P = .04). Of the potential risk factors such as sepsis, diuretic/steroid therapy, starvation (over 3 days), and Pediatric Index of Mortality, none discriminated for hypophosphatemia. There were no associations between hypophosphatemia and mortality, length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit, or time on mechanical lung ventilation. Hypophosphatemia was a common finding in critically ill children and was associated with malnutrition.
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Westwood ME, Whiting PF, Cooper J, Watt IS, Kleijnen J. Further investigation of confirmed urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr 2005; 5:2. [PMID: 15769296 PMCID: PMC1079875 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Further investigation of confirmed UTI in children aims to prevent renal scarring and future complications. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to determine the most effective approach to the further investigation of confirmed urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years of age. RESULTS 73 studies were included. Many studies had methodological limitations or were poorly reported. Effectiveness of further investigations: One study found that routine imaging did not lead to a reduction in recurrent UTIs or renal scarring. Diagnostic accuracy: The studies do not support the use of less invasive tests such as ultrasound as an alternative to renal scintigraphy, either to rule out infection of the upper urinary tract (LR- = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.47, 0.68) and thus to exclude patients from further investigation or to detect renal scarring (LR+ = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.5, 4.8). None of the tests investigated can accurately predict the development of renal scarring. The available evidence supports the consideration of contrast-enhanced ultrasound techniques for detecting vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR), as an alternative to micturating cystourethrography (MCUG) (LR+ = 14.1, 95% CI: 9.5, 20.8; LR- = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.13, 0.29); these techniques have the advantage of not requiring exposure to ionising radiation. CONCLUSION There is no evidence to support the clinical effectiveness of routine investigation of children with confirmed UTI. Primary research on the effectiveness, in terms of improved patient outcome, of testing at all stages in the investigation of confirmed urinary tract infection is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Westwood
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, England
| | - Penny F Whiting
- MRC Health Services Research Collaboration, University of Bristol, England
| | - Julie Cooper
- Department of Radiology, York District Hospital, York, England
| | - Ian S Watt
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, England
| | - Jos Kleijnen
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, England
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de Menezes FS, Leite HP, Fernandez J, Benzecry SG, de Carvalho WB. Hypophosphatemia in critically ill children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:306-11. [PMID: 15543405 DOI: 10.1590/s0041-87812004000500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to review clinical studies on hypophosphatemia in pediatric intensive care unit patients with a view to verifying prevalence and risk factors associated with this disorder. We searched the computerized bibliographic databases Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and LILACS to identify eligible studies. Search terms included critically ill, pediatric intensive care, trauma, sepsis, infectious diseases, malnutrition, inflammatory response, surgery, starvation, respiratory failure, diuretic, steroid, antiacid therapy, mechanical ventilation. The search period covered those clinical trials published from January 1990 to January 2004. Studies concerning endocrinological disorders, genetic syndromes, rickets, renal diseases, anorexia nervosa, alcohol abuse, and prematurity were not included in this review. Out of 27 studies retrieved, only 8 involved pediatric patients, and most of these were case reports. One clinical trial and one retrospective study were identified. The prevalence of hypophosphatemia exceeded 50%. The commonly associated factors in most patients with hypophosphatemia were refeeding syndrome, malnutrition, sepsis, trauma, and diuretic and steroid therapy. Given the high prevalence, clinical manifestations, and multiple risk factors, the early identification of this disorder in critically ill children is crucial for adequate replacement therapy and also to avoid complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Souza de Menezes
- Discipline of Nutrition and Metabolism and the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
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