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Yoshino Y. Enterococcus casseliflavus Infection: A Review of Clinical Features and Treatment. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:363-368. [PMID: 36714353 PMCID: PMC9879772 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s398739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Some Enterococcus species, including Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium, are increasingly becoming a common cause of nosocomial infections, accounting for the majority of human enterococcal infections, while other species, such as E. casseliflavus, have also been shown to be pathogenic to humans due to the increase in immunocompromised patients. These infections vary widely in their mode of transmission, symptoms, and other characteristics. Treatment is difficult in some cases because enterococci are resistant to numerous antimicrobial agents. Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium are the best-known opportunistic pathogens, but others, including E. casseliflavus, occasionally cause opportunistic infections. This review summarizes the clinical features of E. casseliflavus infections and discusses effective therapeutic strategies. Bacteremia was the most common form of E. casseliflavus infections. Because E. casseliflavus carries the VanC gene, which confers resistance to vancomycin, less resistant drugs such as ampicillin were found more effective in treating the bacteremia. The second most common form of E. casseliflavus infection was trauma-induced endophthalmitis. This was commonly reported in active young to middle-aged patients. Vitreoretinal surgery and local or systemic administration of sensitive antimicrobial agents seem to be key to successful treatment. Other conditions such as infective endocarditis, meningitis, peritonitis, and pyothorax have also been reported as forms of E. casseliflavus infection. This review clarifies the clinical features of E. casseliflavus infection and provides important insights into its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yoshino
- Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo, Japan,Correspondence: Yusuke Yoshino, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan, Tel +81-3-3964-1211, Email
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Dworniczek E, Wojciech Ł, Sobieszczańska B, Seniuk A. Virulence of Enterococcus isolates collected in Lower Silesia (Poland). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 37:630-6. [PMID: 16126561 DOI: 10.1080/00365540510031421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
148 enterococcal strains: E.faecalis (108), E.faecium (35), E.gallinarum (3), E.casseliflavus (1) and E.durans (1) from various clinical specimens were investigated for their ability to adhere to Caco-2 and HEp-2 cell lines, and also for the presence of the esp gene, biofilm formation, production of haemolysins, DNAse and lipase. Several types of enterococcal adhesion to both cell lines were noted. An aggregative adherence was the most frequent among E.faecalis and E.faecium isolates. Other species presented various adhesive types. The occurrence of virulence factors in the whole group of strains was as follows: esp gene in 53.4%, biofilm in 45.3%, haemolysins in 15.5%, DNAse in 12.2% and lipase in 33.1% of enterococcal isolates. It appears that the adherence of the enterococci studied was not significantly associated with the presence of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dworniczek
- Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Wrocław, Poland.
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Neves FP, Ribeiro RL, Duarte RS, Teixeira LM, Merquior VL. Emergence of the vanA genotype among Enterococcus gallinarum isolates colonising the intestinal tract of patients in a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33:211-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Freitas MCS, Pacheco-Silva A, Barbosa D, Silbert S, Sader H, Sesso R, Camargo LFA. Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus fecal colonization among kidney transplant patients. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:133. [PMID: 16923193 PMCID: PMC1559694 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background End stage renal disease patients are at risk of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) infections. The first reports of VRE isolation were from hemodialysis patients. However, to date, VRE fecal colonization rates as well as associated risk factors in kidney transplant patients have not yet been established in prospective studies. Methods We collected one or two stool samples from 280 kidney transplant patients and analysed the prevalence of VRE and its associated risk factors. Patients were evaluated according to the post-transplant period: group 1, less than 30 days after transplantation (102 patients), group 2, one to 6 months after transplantation (73 patients) and group 3, more than 6 months after transplantation (105 patients). Results The overall prevalence rate of fecal VRE colonization was 13.6% (38/280), respectively 13.7% for Group 1, 15.1% for group 2 and 12.4% for group 3. E. faecium and E. faecalis comprised 50% of all VRE isolates. No immunologic variables were clearly correlated with VRE colonization and no infections related to VRE colonization were reported. Conclusion Fecal VRE colonization rates in kidney transplant patients were as high as those reported for other high-risk groups, such as critical care and hemodialysis patients. This high rate of VRE colonization observed in kidney transplant recipients may have clinical relevance in infectious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecília S Freitas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, SP, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Pacheco-Silva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, SP, Brazil
| | - Dulce Barbosa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, SP, Brazil
| | - Suzane Silbert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, Brazil
- Special Clinical Microbiology Laboratory (LEMC), Division of Infectious Diseases-UNIFESP, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Sader
- Special Clinical Microbiology Laboratory (LEMC), Division of Infectious Diseases-UNIFESP, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Sesso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando A Camargo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, SP, Brazil
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Miller MB, Allen SL, Mangum ME, Doutova A, Gilligan PH. Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in prenatal screening cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:855-7. [PMID: 14766872 PMCID: PMC344519 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.2.855-857.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recommendations for the perinatal treatment of women colonized with Streptococcus agalactiae include vancomycin prophylaxis for those with severe penicillin allergies and antibiotic-resistant organisms. Because of potential postpartum infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and the possible spread of vancomycin resistance, the prevalence of VRE in prenatal screening cultures was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Miller
- Clinical Microbiology-Immunology Laboratories, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
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Choi SH, Lee SO, Kim TH, Chung JW, Choo EJ, Kwak YG, Kim MN, Kim YS, Woo JH, Ryu J, Kim NJ. Clinical features and outcomes of bacteremia caused by Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum: analysis of 56 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 38:53-61. [PMID: 14679448 DOI: 10.1086/380452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 08/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance and virulence potential of Enterococcus casseliflavus/flavescens and Enterococcus gallinarum are still uncertain. We retrospectively analyzed 56 cases of significant bacteremia caused by E. casseliflavus or E. gallinarum. Of these cases, 25 (44.6%) were associated with polymicrobial bacteremia, and 43 (76.8%) were associated with entry via the biliary tract. Resistance to vancomycin was observed in 17 (30.4%) of these 56 patients, and this resistance was significantly associated with E. gallinarum bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 10.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.41-46.27) and bacteremia without biliary tract origin (AOR, 6.74; 95% CI, 1.44-31.67). The crude mortality rate was 13%, and the bacteremia-related mortality rate was 1.9%. In conclusion, bacteremia due to E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum is commonly associated with biliary tract disease and may be associated with a low risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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