Synthesis and investigation of antibacterial activities and carbonic anhydrase and acetyl cholinesterase inhibition profiles of novel 4,5-dihydropyrazol and pyrazolyl-thiazole derivatives containing methanoisoindol-1,3-dion unit

Development in the Synthesis of Bioactive Thiazole-Based Heterocyclic Hybrids Utilizing Phenacyl Bromide

Heterocyclic hybrid frameworks represent a burgeoning domain within the realms of drug discovery and medicinal chemistry, attracting considerable attention in recent years. Thiazole pharmacophore fragments, inherent in natural products such as peptide alkaloids, metabolites, and cyclopeptides, have demonstrated a broad spectrum of pharmacological potentials. Given their profound biological significance, a plethora of thiazole-based hybrids have been synthesized through the conjugation of thiazole moieties with bioactive pyrazole and pyrazoline fragments. This review systematically presents a compendium of robust methodologies for the synthesis of thiazole-linked hybrids, employing the (3 + 2) heterocyclization reaction, specifically the Hantzsch-thiazole synthesis, utilizing phenacyl bromide as the substrate. The strategic approach of molecular hybridization has markedly enhanced drug efficacy, mitigated resistance to multiple drugs, and minimized toxicity concerns. The resultant thiazole-linked hybrids exhibit a myriad of medicinal properties viz. anticancer, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. This compilation of methodologies and insights serves as a valuable resource for medicinal chemists and researchers engaged in the design of novel thiazole-linked hybrids endowed with therapeutic attribute.

An Overview of the Structure-Activity Relationship in Novel Antimicrobial Thiazoles Clubbed with Various Heterocycles (2017-2023)

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem for global public health. One of the strategies to combat this issue is the synthesis of novel antimicrobials through rational drug design based on extensive structure-activity relationship studies. The thiazole nucleus is a prominent feature in the structure of many authorized antimicrobials, being clubbed with different heterocycles. The purpose of this review is to study the structure-activity relationship in antimicrobial thiazoles clubbed with various heterocycles, as reported in the literature between 2017 and 2023, in order to offer an overview of the last years in terms of antimicrobial research and provide a helpful instrument for future research in the field.

Design, Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure, In silico Studies, and Inhibitory Properties of the PEPPSI Type Pd(II)NHC Complexes Bearing Chloro/Fluorobenzyl Group

This work contains synthesis, characterization, crystal structure, and biological activity of a new series of the PEPPSI type Pd(II)NHC complexes [(NHC)Pd(II)(3-Cl-py)]. NMR, FTIR, and elemental analysis techniques were used to characterize all (NHC)Pd(II)(3-Cl-py) complexes. Also, molecular and crystal structures of complex 1c were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Regarding the X-ray studies, the palladium(II) atom has a slightly distorted square-planar coordination environment. Additionally, the enzyme inhibitory effect of new (NHC)Pd(II)(3-Cl-py) complexes (1a-1g) was studied. They exhibited highly potent inhibition effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) (Ki values are in the range of 0.08 ± 0.01 to 0.65 ± 0.06 µM, 10.43 ± 0.98 to 22.48 ± 2.01 µM, 6.58 ± 0.30 to 10.88 ± 1.01 µM and 6.34 ± 0.37 to 9.02 ± 0.72 µM for AChE, BChE, hCA I, and hCA II, respectively). Based on the molecular docking, among the seven synthesized complexes, 1c, 1b, 1e, and 1a significantly inhibited AChE, BChE, hCA I, and hCA II enzymes, respectively. The findings highpoint that (NHC)Pd(II)(3-Cl-py) complexes can be considered as possible inhibitors via metabolic enzyme inhibition.

Antibacterial potential of chalcones and its derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus

Chalcones are natural substances found in the metabolism of several botanical families. Their structure consists of 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one and they are characterized by having in their chains an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system, two phenol rings and a three-carbon chain that unites them. In plants, Chalcones are mainly involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and isoflavonoids through the phenylalanine derivation. This group of substances has been shown to be a viable alternative for the investigation of its antibacterial potential, considering the numerous biological activities reported and the increase of the microbial resistance that concern global health agencies. Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that has stood out for its ability to adapt and develop resistance to a wide variety of drugs. This literature review aimed to highlight recent advances in the use of Chalcones and derivatives as antibacterial agents against S. aureus, focusing on research articles available on the Science Direct, Pub Med and Scopus data platforms in the period 2015-2021. It was constructed informative tables that provided an overview of which types of Chalcones are being studied more (Natural or Synthetic); its chemical name and main Synthesis Methodology. From the analysis of the data, it was observed that the compounds based on Chalcones have great potential in medicinal chemistry as antibacterial agents and that the molecular skeletons of these compounds as well as their derivatives can be easily obtained through substitutions in the A and B rings of Chalcones, in order to obtain the desired bioactivity. It was verified that Chalcones and derivatives are promising agents for combating the multidrug resistance of S. aureus to drugs.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03398-7.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiosemicarbazone derivatives

In this study, firstly, 22 thiosemicarbazone derivatives (3a-y) were synthesized. Then, ADME parameters, pharmacokinetic properties, drug-like structures, and suitability for medicinal chemistry of these molecules were studied theoretically by using SwissADME and admetSAR programs. According to the results of these theoretical studies, it can be said that the bioavailability and bioactivity of these compounds may be high. In silico molecular docking between ligands (thiosemicarbazone derivatives) and targeted proteins (protein-78 (GRP78) for C6 and quinone reductase-2 (4ZVM for MCF 7) was analyzed using Hex 8.0.0 docking software. According to the docking data, almost all molecules had higher negative E values than Imatinib (already used as a drug). For this, in vitro anticancer studies of these molecules were done. The cytotoxic activities of thiosemicarbazone derivatives (3a-y) were evaluated on C6 glioma and MCF7 breast cancer cell lines at 24 h, and Imatinib was used as the positive control. According to the results of the cytotoxicity assay, it can be said that the five compounds (3b, c, f, g, and m with IC₅₀ = 10.59-9.08 μg/mL; Imatinib IC₅₀ = 11.68 μg/mL) showed more potent cytotoxic activity than Imatinib on C6 cell line. Together with to these results ten compounds (3b, d, f, g, I, k, l, m, n, and r with IC₅₀ = 7.02-9.08 μg/mL; Imatinib IC₅₀ = 9.24 μg/mL) had a more effective cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line than Imatinib. Compound 3 m showed the highest antiproliferative effect against C6 and MCF7 cell lines.

Potent Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Potential Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the cognitive or memory-related impairments occurring with advancing age. Since its exact mechanism is not known, the full therapy has still not been found. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been reported to be a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of AD and other dementias. To this end, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are commonly used. AChE is a member of the hydrolase enzyme family. A hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. AChE is useful for the development of novel and mechanism-based inhibitors. It has a role in the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholinemediated neurotransmission. AChEIs are the most effective approaches to treat AD. AChE hydrolyzes ACh to acetate and choline, as an important neurotransmitter substance. Recently, Gülçin and his group explored new AChEIs. The most suggested mechanism for AD is the deficiency of ACh, which is an important neurotransmitter. In this regard, AChEIs are commonly used for the symptomatic treatment of AD. They act in different ways, such as by inhibiting AChE, protecting cells from free radical toxicity and β-amyloid-induced injury or inhibiting the release of cytokines from microglia and monocytes. This review focuses on the role of AChEIs in AD using commonly available drugs. Also, the aim of this review is to research and discuss the role of AChEIs in AD using commonly available drugs. Therefore, in our review, related topics like AD and AChEIs are highlighted. Also, the latest work related to AChEIs is compiled. In recent research studies, novel natural and synthetic AChEIs, used for AD, are quite noteworthy. These studies can be very promising in detecting potent drugs against AD.

Determination of the inhibition profiles of pyrazolyl-thiazole derivatives against aldose reductase and α-glycosidase and molecular docking studies

Aldose reductase (AR) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the polyol pathway, which converts glucose to sorbitol in an NADPH-dependent reaction. α-Glycosidase breaks down starch and disaccharides to glucose. Hence, inhibition of these enzymes can be regarded a considerable approach in the treatment of diabetic complications. AR was purified from sheep liver using simple chromatographic methods. The inhibitory effects of pyrazolyl-thiazoles ((3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-{1-[4-(4-bromophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-5-(aryl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl}phenyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione derivatives; 3a-i) on AR and α-glycosidase enzymes were investigated. All compounds showed a good inhibitory action against AR and α-glycosidase. Among these compounds, compound 3d exhibited the best inhibition profiles against AR, with a K_i value of 7.09 ± 0.19 µM, whereas compound 3e showed the lowest inhibition effects, with a K_i value of 21.89 ± 1.87 µM. Also, all compounds showed efficient inhibition profiles against α-glycosidase, with K_i values in the range of 0.43 ± 0.06 to 2.30 ± 0.48 µM, whereas the K_i value of acarbose was 12.60 ± 0.78 µM. Lastly, molecular modeling approaches were implemented to predict the binding affinities of compounds against AR and α-glycosidase. In addition, the ADME analysis of the molecules was performed.

Catalyst-Free Synthesis of Polysubstituted 5-Acylamino-1,3-Thiazoles via Hantzsch Cyclization of α-Chloroglycinates

A catalyst-free heterocyclization reaction of α-chloroglycinates with thiobenzamides or thioureas leading to 2,4-disubstituted-5-acylamino-1,3-thiazoles has been developed. The methodology provides straightforward access to valuable building blocks for pharmaceutically relevant compounds.

Inhibition profiles of Voriconazole against acetylcholinesterase, α-glycosidase, and human carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes

In this work, the inhibitory activity of Voriconazole was measured against some metabolic enzymes, including human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) I and II isoenzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and α-glycosidase; the results were compared with standard compounds including acetazolamide, tacrine, and acarbose. Half maximal inhibition concentration (IC₅₀ ) values were obtained from the enzyme activity (%)-[Voriconazole] graphs, whereas K_i values were calculated from the Lineweaver-Burk graphs. According to the results, the IC₅₀ value of Voriconazole was 40.77 nM for α-glycosidase, while the mean inhibition constant (K_i ) value was 17.47 ± 1.51 nM for α-glycosidase. The results make an important contribution to drug design and have pharmacological applications. In addition, the Voriconazole compound demonstrated excellent inhibitory effects against AChE and hCA isoforms I and II. Voriconazole had K_i values of 29.13 ± 3.57 nM against hCA I, 15.92 ± 1.90 nM against hCA II, and 10.50 ± 2.46 nM against AChE.

The effects of zingerone against vancomycin-induced lung, liver, kidney and testis toxicity in rats: The behavior of some metabolic enzymes

In this study, it was demonstrated the ameliorative effect of zingerone (ZO) (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) against vancomycin (VCM) (200 mg/kg body weight) administered to rats on some metabolic enzymes' activities in the lung, liver, kidney, and testis tissues of rats. Forty-two rats were divided into six groups as follows: control, ZO-25, ZO-50, VCM, VCM + ZO-25, and VCM + ZO-50. α-Glycosidase, butyrylcholinesterase, aldose reductase, acetylcholinesterase, paraoxonase-1, and carbonic anhydrase enzyme activities were significantly (P < .05) decreased in VCM group when compared with the control group. ZO, supplied with VCM, significantly activated some of these enzyme in all tissues. The results of this study showed that ZO regulates abnormal increases and decreases in VCM-induced metabolic enzyme activities in all tissues.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of bromophenol derivatives with cyclopropyl moiety: Ring opening of cyclopropane with monoester

Trans-(1R*,2R*,3R*)-Ethyl 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate (6) and its cis isomer 7 were obtained from the reaction of the methyl isoeugenol (5) with ethyl diazoacetate. The reduction and bromination reactions of the ester 6 and 7 together with the hydrolysis of all esters were carried out. Opening ring of cyclopropane was observed in the reaction of 7 with bromine. The opening of cyclopropane ring with COOR and synthesis of esters, alcohols and acids (6-26) are new. These obtained bromophenol derivatives (6-26) were effective inhibitors of the cytosolic carbonic anhydrase I and II isoforms (hCA I and II) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes with Ki values in the range of 7.8 ± 0.9-58.3 ± 10.3 nM for hCA I, 43.1 ± 16.7-150.2 ± 24.1 nM for hCA II, and 159.6 ± 21.9-924.2 ± 104.8 nM for AChE, respectively. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the most popular drugs applied in the treatment of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, senile dementia, and ataxia, among others.

The effects of some antibiotics from cephalosporin groups on the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes activities in different tissues of rats

In our study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of cefazolin, cefuroxime, and cefoperazon injected to rats on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme activities in the heart, brain, eye, liver, and kidney tissues of rats. Liver AChE activity at the 1st and 3rd hours of cefuroxime groups was higher than the control group at the same time (p <.05). The AChE activity of the heart tissue decreased in the cefazolin group compared to the control group at the same hour, whereas it increased in the cefuroxime group (p <.05). AChE activities of kidney tissue of cefazolin and cefuroxime groups were lower than those of the same control group on the 3rd and started to increase on the next hours (p <.05). BChE activity is measured in tissues increased within the first three hours and decreased significantly within the first hour in the cefoperazone group (p <.05).

In vitro cytotoxic and in vivo antitumoral activities of some aminomethyl derivatives of 2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones-Evaluation of their acetylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase enzymes inhibition profiles

The 1,2,4-triazole and its derivatives were reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antitumoural, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties. In this study, a series of triazole compounds (M1-M10) were evaluated for some biological activities. In vitro qualifications of these compounds on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human carbonic anhydrase enzyme activities were performed. Also, their antitumoral activities in human colon cancer (HT29) cell line cultures were examined. In addition, colon cancer experimentation was induced in rats by an in vivo method, and the in vivo anticancer effects of triazole derivatives were investigated. Also, the effects of these derivatives in levels of antioxidant vitamin A, vitamin E, and MDA were studied in rat liver and blood samples. Most of the compounds were found to exhibit significant antioxidant and antitumoral activities. All the compounds had cytotoxic activities on HT29 cell lines with their IC50 values lower than 10 µM concentrations. The low IC 50 values of the compounds are M1 (3.88 µM), M2 (2.18 µM), M3 (4.2 µM), M4 (2.58 µM), M5 (2.88 µM), M6 (2.37 µM), M7 (3.49 µM), M8 (4.01 µM), M9 (8.90 µM), and M10 (3.12 µM).

Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure of the coordination polymer Zn(II) with thiosemicarbazone of glyoxalic acid and their inhibitory properties against some metabolic enzymes

A new coordination polymer Zn(II) with thiosemicarbazone glyoxalic acid H₂GAT was obtained in this study. According to the X-ray diffraction data, the coordination of the Zn(II) ion is carried out by one sulfur atom, in the thiol form, one nitrogen atom of the azomethine group and two oxygen atoms of the carboxylate groups, one of which belongs to neighbouring complex molecule. The oxygen atom of the water molecule completes Zn(II) ion environment to a distorted square-pyramidal structure. The binding of the monomer complex into polimer occurs through the bridge oxygen atom of carboxylate group. This complex is effective inhibitor of the α-glycosidase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), cytosolic carbonic anhydrase I and II isoforms (hCA I and II), and acetylcholinesterase enzymes (AChE) enzymes with Ki values of 1.45 ± 0.23 µM for hCA I, 2.04 ± 0.11 µM for hCA II, 3.47 ± 0.88 µM for α-glycosidase, 0.47 ± 0.10 µM for BChE, and 0.58 ± 0.13 µM for AChE, respectively.

A novel proteochemometrics model for predicting the inhibition of nine carbonic anhydrase isoforms based on supervised Laplacian score and k-nearest neighbour regression

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are essential enzymes in biological processes. Prediction of the activity of compounds towards CA isoforms could be evaluated by computational techniques to discover a novel therapeutic inhibitor. Studies such as quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), molecular docking and pharmacophore modelling have been carried out to design potent inhibitors. Unfortunately, QSAR does not consider the information of target space in the model. We successfully developed an in silico proteochemometrics model that simultaneously uses target and ligand descriptors to predict the activities of CA inhibitors. Herein, a strong predictive model was built for the prediction of protein-ligand binding affinity between nine human CA isoforms and 549 ligands. We applied descriptors obtained from the PROFEAT webserver for the proteins. Ligands were encoded by descriptors from PaDEL-Descriptor software. Supervised Laplacian score (SLS) and particle swarm optimization were used for feature selection. Models were derived using k-nearest neighbour (KNN) regression and a kernel smoother model. The predictive ability of the models was evaluated by an external validation test. Statistical results (Q²_ext = 0.7806, r²_test = 0.7811 and RMSE_test = 0.5549) showed that the model generated using SLS and KNN regression outperformed the other models. Consequently, the selectivity of compounds towards these enzymes will be predicted prior to synthesis.