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Zajc AL, Harper A, Benoit J, Mason S. Non-injection-site soft tissue sarcoma in cats: outcome following adjuvant radiotherapy. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e183-e193. [PMID: 35639367 PMCID: PMC10812266 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221098961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biological behaviour and treatment options of non-injection-site soft tissue sarcomas (nFISS) in cats are less well understood than in dogs. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the outcomes of cats with nFISS following treatment with adjuvant radiotherapy. METHODS The medical records of cats with soft tissue sarcomas in locations not associated with, and histology reports not suggestive of, injection-site sarcomas were reviewed. All cats underwent adjuvant radiotherapy, either hypofractionated (32-36 Gy delivered in weekly 8-9 Gy fractions) or conventionally fractionated (48-54 Gy delivered in 16-18 3 Gy fractions) to microscopic disease. RESULTS In total, 18 cats were included in the study, 17 with extremity nFISS and one with facial nFISS. Nine received radiotherapy after a single surgery and nine after multiple surgeries for recurrent nFISS. Eight cats were treated with a hypofractionated protocol and 10 with a conventionally fractionated protocol. The median follow-up time was 540 days (range 51-3317 days). The tumour recurred in eight (44.4%) cats following adjuvant radiotherapy; it recurred in three (37.5%) cats following a hypofractionated protocol and in five (50%) cats following a conventionally fractionated protocol. The overall median progression-free interval (PFI) for 17/18 cats was 2748 days, while the median PFI for the 7/8 cats with recurrence was 164 days. The recurrence for one cat was reported, but the date was unknown and it was therefore censored from these data. When stratifying based on the protocol, the median PFI for hypofractionated and conventionally fractionated protocols was 164 days and 2748 days, respectively. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the two protocols (P = 0.636). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Adjuvant radiotherapy resulted in good long-term tumour control in 12/18 cats with nFISS. Further studies in larger populations are required to assess the significance of radiation dose and fractionation on tumour control and the effect of multiple surgeries prior to initiation of radiotherapy on outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Mason
- Southfields Veterinary Specialists, Laindon, UK
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Expression of Platelet Derived Growth Factor a, Its Receptor, and Integrin Subunit Alpha V in Feline Injection-Site Sarcomas. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Injection-site sarcomas are considered an important entity in veterinary oncology, especially in cats. The current study investigated the immunohistochemical expression of platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGFA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFR-α), and integrin alpha subunit v in feline injection-site sarcomas (FISS). A total of 14 paraffin-embedded tissue samples previously diagnosed as soft tissue sarcomas were selected from the departmental archive and sectioned at 5µm using a microtome. Tissue sections were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, Alcian blue-Periodic Acid Schiff (AB-PAS), Masson’s Trichrome, and immunohistochemically for PDGFA, PDGR-α, and integrin alpha v. The majority of the tumors were fibrosarcomas (n=13/14), except one case of myxoid liposarcoma. The tumors occurred at sites commonly used for injections or vaccine administration. Histologically, tumors were characterized by peripheral infiltration of mononuclear cells mainly lymphocytes, variable sized central necrotic areas, and many multinucleated tumor giant cells. AB-PAS staining revealed the presence of myxoid or mucinous areas in (8/14) tumors while trichrome staining demonstrated a variable amount of collagenous stroma in 12/14 tumors. Vimentin immunoreactivity was observed in all the tumors while smooth muscle actin and muscle actin staining was noticed in four and two cases, respectively. PDGFA and PDGFR-α immunoexpression was observed in all 14 cases while integrin alpha v in 13/14 cases. The results of the current study indicate that fibrosarcoma is the major morphologic phenotype of FISS. The PDGFA, its receptor, and integrin alpha v immunoexpression are increased in these tumors in cats which elucidates their role in the pathogenesis of FISS.
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Clinical and Pathological Data of 17 Non-Epithelial Pancreatic Tumors in Cats. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020055. [PMID: 32349235 PMCID: PMC7356899 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors of mesenchymal origin are rarely reported in the pancreas. Therefore, this study characterized 17 feline non-epithelial pancreatic tumors, including clinical data, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Seventeen feline pancreatic tissue samples were investigated histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Selected pancreatic and inflammatory serum parameters, e.g., feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI), 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase and serum amyloid A (SAA), were recorded, when available. The neoplasms were characterized as round (n = 13) or spindle (n = 4) cell tumors. Round cell tumors included 12 lymphomas and one mast cell tumor in ectopic splenic tissue within the pancreas. Lymphomas were of T-cell (n = 9) or B-cell (n = 3) origin. These cats showed leukocytosis (3/3) and increased fPLI (5/5), DGGR lipase (3/5) and SAA (4/5) values. Spindle cell tumors included two hemangiosarcomas, one pleomorphic sarcoma and one fibrosarcoma. The cat with pleomorphic sarcoma showed increased SAA value. Overall survival time was two weeks to seven months. These are the first descriptions of a pancreatic pleomorphic sarcoma and a mast cell tumor in accessory spleens within feline pancreas. Although rare, pancreatic tumors should be considered in cats presenting with clinical signs and clinical pathology changes of pancreatitis. Only histopathology can certainly distinguish solitary pancreatitis from a neoplasm with inflammation.
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Carneiro CS, de Queiroz GF, Pinto ACBCF, Dagli MLZ, Matera JM. Feline injection site sarcoma: immunohistochemical characteristics. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:314-321. [PMID: 29788832 PMCID: PMC10814634 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18774709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline injection site sarcoma (FISS) is a rapid growing locally aggressive tumor with a low metastatic rate. Its histologic features are clearly defined, but there are few studies regarding its immunohistochemical characteristics. The present study investigated the immunohistochemical characteristics of 21 cases of FISS. METHODS FISSs from 12 male and nine female cats, 20 mixed-breed and one Siamese, were included in the study. After histopathological diagnosis, additional histologic sections were immunostained for vimentin, cytokeratin, desmin, S100 protein, viral feline leukemia virus (FeLV) particles, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and c-KIT. Positive and negative controls were adopted accordingly. Immunostainings were classified as positive or negative according to the number of positive cells from a total of 1000 cells per tumor section. RESULTS Histopathologic diagnosis of the tumors revealed 18 (85.7%) fibrosarcomas and three (14.3%) other sarcomas; four fibrosarcomas (22.2%) were grade III, five (27.8%) were grade II and nine (50.0%) were grade I. Two sarcomas were grade III and one was grade II. Seventeen (81%) tumors were negative for desmin. All samples were positive for vimentin. Twenty tumors (95.2%) were positive for S-100 protein. Positivity for c-KIT was observed in four (19%) samples; COX-2 was positive in 13 (61.9%) and FeLV viral particles were positive in nine (42.9%) FISSs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Immunohistochemical findings of FISSs revealed positive immunostainings for desmin, vimentin, S-100 protein, c-KIT, COX-2 and FeLV viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Carneiro
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Genilson F de Queiroz
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Ana CBCF Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria LZ Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia M Matera
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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AbdelMageed MA, Foltopoulou P, McNiel EA. Feline vaccine-associated sarcomagenesis: Is there an inflammation-independent role for aluminium? Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:E130-E143. [PMID: 28960714 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium has been found in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas. In this study, we investigated the potential for aluminium to contribute directly to tumourigenesis. Our results indicated that an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant preparation was cytotoxic and mutagenic in human-Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) hybrid cells in vitro. Moreover, CHO cells deficient in DNA double strand break (DSB), but not single-strand break (SSB), repair, were particularly sensitive to aluminium exposure compared with repair proficient cells, suggesting that aluminium is associated with DSBs. In contrast to CHO cells, primary feline skin fibroblasts were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of aluminium compounds and exposure to an aluminium chloride salt promoted cell growth and cell cycle progression at concentrations much less than those measured in particular feline rabies vaccines. These findings suggest that aluminium exposure may contribute, theoretically, to both initiation and promotion of tumours in the absence of an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A AbdelMageed
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - P Foltopoulou
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - E A McNiel
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts.,Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Trzil JE, Masseau I, Webb TL, Chang CH, Dodam JR, Cohn LA, Liu H, Quimby JM, Dow SW, Reinero CR. Long-term evaluation of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in a feline model of chronic allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1546-57. [PMID: 25220646 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) decrease airway eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and remodelling in murine models of acutely induced asthma. We hypothesized that MSCs would diminish these hallmark features in a chronic feline asthma model. OBJECTIVE To document effects of allogeneic, adipose-derived MSCs on airway inflammation, AHR, and remodelling over time and investigate mechanisms by which MSCs alter local and systemic immunologic responses in chronic experimental feline allergic asthma. METHODS Cats with chronic, experimentally induced asthma received six intravenous infusions of MSCs (0.36-2.5 × 10E7 MSCs/infusion) or placebo bimonthly at the time of study enrollment. Cats were evaluated at baseline and longitudinally for 1 year. Outcome measures included: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology to assess airway eosinophilia, pulmonary mechanics and clinical scoring to assess AHR, and thoracic computed tomographic (CT) scans to assess structural changes (airway remodelling). CT scans were evaluated using a scoring system for lung attenuation (LA) and bronchial wall thickening (BWT). To assess mechanisms of MSC action, immunologic assays including allergen-specific IgE, cellular IL-10 production, and allergen-specific lymphocyte proliferation were performed. RESULTS There were no differences between treatment groups or over time with respect to airway eosinophilia or AHR. However, significantly lower LA and BWT scores were noted in CT images of MSC-treated animals compared to placebo-treated cats at month 8 of the study (LA P = 0.0311; BWT P = 0.0489). No differences were noted between groups in the immunologic assays. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE When administered after development of chronic allergic feline asthma, MSCs failed to reduce airway inflammation and AHR. However, repeated administration of MSCs at the start of study did reduce computed tomographic measures of airway remodelling by month 8, although the effect was not sustained at month 12. Further study of MSC therapy including repeated MSC administration is warranted to assess impact on remodelling in chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Trzil
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Cannon CM. Cats, Cancer and Comparative Oncology. Vet Sci 2015; 2:111-126. [PMID: 29061935 PMCID: PMC5644631 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring tumors in dogs are well-established models for several human cancers. Domestic cats share many of the benefits of dogs as a model (spontaneous cancers developing in an immunocompetent animal sharing the same environment as humans, shorter lifespan allowing more rapid trial completion and data collection, lack of standard of care for many cancers allowing evaluation of therapies in treatment-naïve populations), but have not been utilized to the same degree in the One Medicine approach to cancer. There are both challenges and opportunities in feline compared to canine models. This review will discuss three specific tumor types where cats may offer insights into human cancers. Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma is common, shares both clinical and molecular features with human head and neck cancer and is an attractive model for evaluating new therapies. Feline mammary tumors are usually malignant and aggressive, with the ‘triple-negative’ phenotype being more common than in humans, offering an enriched population in which to examine potential targets and treatments. Finally, although there is not an exact corollary in humans, feline injection site sarcoma may be a model for inflammation-driven tumorigenesis, offering opportunities for studying variations in individual susceptibility as well as preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Cannon
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Cazzini P, Frontera-Acevedo K, Garner B, Howerth E, Torres B, Northrup N, Sakamoto K. Morphologic, molecular, and ultrastructural characterization of a feline synovial cell sarcoma and derived cell line. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:369-76. [PMID: 25901004 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715583529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2.5-year-old, male, neutered cat presented with a 5-month history of progressive right hind limb lameness and an enlarged right popliteal lymph node. Radiographs revealed significant bony lysis of the tarsus and distal tibia, and fine-needle aspirate of the bone lesion and lymph node revealed a neoplastic population of cells with uncertain origin. Amputation was elected, and the mass was submitted for histology and cellular culture for better characterization. Histologic examination revealed a mixture of spindle-shaped cells and larger, round to polygonal cells. All cells were immunoreactive for vimentin, and only the larger polygonal cells were also positive for cytokeratin. All cells were negative for desmin, smooth muscle actin, cluster of differentiation (CD)3, CD18, CD79a, macrophage antibody (MAC)387, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Cultured neoplastic cells failed to express CD18, and were not able to secrete the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 (IL-1)β, and IL-6 when stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, disproving that the cells originated from the macrophage or monocyte line. Ultrastructurally, neoplastic cells were characterized by abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, interdigitating cellular processes, and membrane condensations. Based on location and cytologic, histologic, ultrastructural, and functional studies, this neoplasm was considered a synovial cell sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cazzini
- Departments of Pathology (Garner, Howerth, Sakamoto) College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GASmall Animal Medicine and Surgery (Torres, Northrup), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GAUniversity of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom (Cazzini)Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad (Frontera-Acevedo)
| | - Karelma Frontera-Acevedo
- Departments of Pathology (Garner, Howerth, Sakamoto) College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GASmall Animal Medicine and Surgery (Torres, Northrup), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GAUniversity of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom (Cazzini)Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad (Frontera-Acevedo)
| | - Bridget Garner
- Departments of Pathology (Garner, Howerth, Sakamoto) College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GASmall Animal Medicine and Surgery (Torres, Northrup), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GAUniversity of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom (Cazzini)Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad (Frontera-Acevedo)
| | - Elizabeth Howerth
- Departments of Pathology (Garner, Howerth, Sakamoto) College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GASmall Animal Medicine and Surgery (Torres, Northrup), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GAUniversity of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom (Cazzini)Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad (Frontera-Acevedo)
| | - Bryan Torres
- Departments of Pathology (Garner, Howerth, Sakamoto) College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GASmall Animal Medicine and Surgery (Torres, Northrup), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GAUniversity of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom (Cazzini)Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad (Frontera-Acevedo)
| | - Nicole Northrup
- Departments of Pathology (Garner, Howerth, Sakamoto) College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GASmall Animal Medicine and Surgery (Torres, Northrup), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GAUniversity of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom (Cazzini)Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad (Frontera-Acevedo)
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Departments of Pathology (Garner, Howerth, Sakamoto) College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GASmall Animal Medicine and Surgery (Torres, Northrup), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GAUniversity of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom (Cazzini)Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad (Frontera-Acevedo)
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Phelps HA, Kuntz CA, Milner RJ, Powers BE, Bacon NJ. Radical excision with five-centimeter margins for treatment of feline injection-site sarcomas: 91 cases (1998-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:97-106. [PMID: 21718202 DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate outcomes of radical excision of feline injection-site sarcomas (ISS) via assessment of local recurrence and metastasis rates, survival times, and complications associated with surgery. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 91 cats with ISS. PROCEDURES Medical records of cats that had radical excision of ISS without adjunctive treatment were reviewed. Information extracted included sex, type of surgical procedure, histologic tumor grade, tumor diameter, time from tumor detection to definitive surgery, complications associated with surgery, whether tumors recurred locally or metastasized, and survival times. Diagnosis of ISS was histologically confirmed, and additional follow-up was performed. RESULTS Overall median survival time was 901 days. Thirteen of 91 (14%) cats had local tumor recurrence; 18 (20%) cats had evidence of metastasis after surgery. Median survival time of cats with and without recurrence was 499 and 1,461 days, respectively. Median survival time of cats with and without metastasis was 388 and 1,528 days, respectively. Tumor recurrence and metastasis were significantly associated with survival time, whereas other examined variables were not. Major complications occurred in 10 cats, including 7 with incisional dehiscence. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Radical excision of ISS resulted in a metastasis rate similar to rates reported previously; the local recurrence rate appeared to be substantially less than rates reported after less aggressive surgeries, with or without adjuvant treatment. Major complication rates were similar to rates reported previously after aggressive surgical resection of ISS. Radical excision may be a valuable means of attaining an improved outcome in the treatment of feline ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Phelps
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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10
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Munday JS, Banyay K, Aberdein D, French AF. Development of an injection site sarcoma shortly after meloxicam injection in an unvaccinated cat. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:988-91. [PMID: 21880528 PMCID: PMC10832968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A single dose of a rapidly-absorbed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the interscapular region of a 12.5-year-old cat. A mild swelling was noticed at the injection site 6 weeks later. This progressed into a 5 cm diameter mass which was removed 6 months after the injection had been given. An injection site sarcoma (ISS) was diagnosed histologically. As the cat had not been vaccinated for at least 12 years, the previous NSAID injection was considered to be a possible cause of the ISS. Inflammation is thought to be important in the development of ISS. If injection of a rapidly-absorbed NSAID can stimulate sufficient inflammation to promote the development of an ISS, other non-vaccine injections may also have the potential to influence ISS development. This suggests that injection of both vaccines and non-vaccine medications should be minimised to reduce the risk of ISS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Srivastav A, Kass PH, McGill LD, Kent MS, Farver TB. Methodologic Approaches to Histologically Distinguishing Vaccine versus Nonvaccine-Associated Sarcomas Using Validated Time and Location Vaccination Histories in Cats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5402/2011/375143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies of feline vaccine-associated sarcoma (FVAS) require accurate sarcoma case definitions free from unverified assumptions for valid causal inference. This study developed methodologic approaches to improve reliable differentiation of vaccine versus nonvaccine-associated sarcomas on histologic characteristics using time windows of vaccine histories and body geographic information. Four case and five control definitions were used to classify 124 sarcomas. Results showed presence in the subcutis versus dermis, increased nuclear pleomorphism, more granulation tissue, and higher presence of inflammation in FVAS than presumptive non-FVAS. Correctly classifying sarcomas using stringent classification criteria as employed in this study will help reduce misclassification of FVAS in future epidemiologic studies of comparative risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Srivastav
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lawrence D. McGill
- Animal Reference Pathology Division, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas B. Farver
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Woodward KN. Origins of injection-site sarcomas in cats: the possible role of chronic inflammation-a review. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2011; 2011:210982. [PMID: 23738095 PMCID: PMC3658838 DOI: 10.5402/2011/210982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of feline injection-site sarcomas remains obscure. Sarcomas and other tumors are known to be associated with viral infections in humans and other animals, including cats. However, the available evidence suggests that this is not the case with feline injection-site sarcomas. These tumors have more in common with sarcomas noted in experimental studies with laboratory animals where foreign materials such as glass, plastics, and metal are the causal agent. Tumors arising with these agents are associated with chronic inflammation at the injection or implantation sites. Similar tumors have been observed, albeit infrequently, at microchip implantation sites, and these also are associated with chronic inflammation. It is suggested that injection-site sarcomas in cats may arise at the administration site as a result of chronic inflammation, possibly provoked by adjuvant materials, with subsequent DNA damage, cellular transformation, and clonal expansion. However, more fundamental research is required to elucidate the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N. Woodward
- Technology Sciences (Europe) Limited, Concordia House, St James Business Park, Grimbald Crag Court, Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, HG5 8QB, UK
- Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Breakspear Road South, Harefield, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB9 6LS, UK
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Groskopf BS, Dubielzig RR, Beaumont SL. Orbital extraskeletal osteosarcoma following enucleation in a cat: a case report. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13:179-83. [PMID: 20500718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present a unique case of a feline orbital extraskeletal osteosarcoma that developed 5 years post-enucleation. HISTORY In 2002, an ophthalmologist enucleated the left eye of a 2-year-old neutered male DSH and submitted it to the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW). COPLOW diagnosed the left eye with feline diffuse iris melanoma. In June 2007, the cat presented to another veterinarian for moderate swelling of the enucleation site. Palpation suggested a firm mass along the lateral orbital rim and an exploratory orbitotomy revealed a cyst with a mass adhered to it and the ventrolateral orbital rim. The cyst and mass were excised by the veterinarian and submitted to COPLOW. COPLOW diagnosed the tissue as an orbital conjunctival inclusion cyst and an acquired orbital osteosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS Following the enucleation, retained conjunctival epithelium became embedded in the connective tissue of the orbit and caused a cyst to develop. The cyst wall consisted of a myofibroblastic collagen-rich matrix and acted as a nidus of chronic irritation and tumor growth. This orbital osteosarcoma resembles feline vaccine-associated sarcomas (VAS), feline post-traumatic ocular sarcomas, and microchip-associated sarcomas in terms of it histopathology and its hypothesized pathogenesis related to exposure to antigenic material such as implanted epithelium, lens protein, vaccine components, and microchips as foreign bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke S Groskopf
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1102, USA.
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Smith AJ, Njaa BL, Lamm CG. Immunohistochemical Expression of c-KIT Protein in Feline Soft Tissue Fibrosarcomas. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:934-9. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0219-l-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
C-KIT is the cellular homolog of the feline sarcoma viral oncogene v-KIT, which encodes the tyrosine kinase receptor protein KIT. Mutations and varied expression of this gene have been demonstrated within multiple neoplasms in people and domestic animals. The purpose of this study was to determine if KIT protein is expressed in feline soft tissue fibrosarcomas (ST FSA) using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The computer database at the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory was searched from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2007, for any domestic cat with an ST FSA. Routinely stained slides from 46 feline ST FSAs were reviewed and graded based on the scale outlined by Kuntz et al. Immunohistochemistry for KIT protein was performed on one representative section from each cat. There were a total of 12/46 (26%) cats that were immunoreactive for KIT. Immunoreactivity was detected in greater than 80% of the neoplastic cells in 4/46 (9%) cats. Immunoreactivity was detected in less than 10% of the neoplastic cells in 8/46 (17%) cats. Immunoreactivity was characterized by evenly distributed cytoplasmic stippling within the neoplastic spindle-shaped cells and/or multinucleated giant cells. Based on these results, KIT immunoreactivity can be detected within feline ST FSAs using IHC. The results of this study also indicate that KIT immunoreactivity in feline ST FSA does not correlate with the histologic grade ( P = .141, X 2 = 2.166), survivability ( P = .241, X 2 = 1.373), or whether the neoplasm was a spontaneous or an injection site FSA ( P = .074, X 2 = 3.184).
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - B. L. Njaa
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - C. G. Lamm
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
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