1
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Galer J, Forward AK, Hughes J, Crawford AH, Behr S, Cherubini GB, Cornelis I, Royaux E. Clinical features, treatment, and outcome of juvenile dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2214-2220. [PMID: 38932495 PMCID: PMC11256174 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The information relating to the outcome specifically for juvenile dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE) is lacking. OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, treatment, and outcome in a cohort of dogs with MUE <52 weeks old. ANIMALS Thirty-four client-owned dogs. METHODS Multicenter retrospective case series. Records from 5 referral centers were searched. Data was extracted from the medical records and referring veterinarians were contacted for survival data if this was not available from the record. RESULTS The mean age was 31 weeks; the youngest dog was 11 weeks and 3 dogs were <16 weeks old. Altered mentation (71%), ataxia (44%), seizures (29%), and circling (26%) were the most common presenting complaints. Neuroanatomical localization was to the forebrain (38%), multifocal (35%), brainstem (18%), and cerebellum (12%). Corticosteroid monotherapy (n = 15) and corticosteroid plus cytosine arabinoside (n = 15) were used in equal proportions. Outcome data was available for 26 dogs, 8 (31%) were alive at the time of data collection with a follow-up range of 135 to 2944 days. Death or euthanasia was related to MUE in 17/18 dogs that died during the study period. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated a median survival time for all-cause death of 84 days. CONCLUSION The prognosis for MUE in this subset of dogs was considered poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Galer
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Alexander K Forward
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Hughes
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Abbe Harper Crawford
- Royal Veterinary College, Clinical Services Division, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Hatfield, UK
| | - Sebastien Behr
- Willows Referral Services, Neurology, Highlands Road Shirley, Solihull, UK
| | - Giunio Bruto Cherubini
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Mario Modenato, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dick White Referrals Ltd, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Ine Cornelis
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Emilie Royaux
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK
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2
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Rätsep E, Ojkic D. Canine distemper virus infection of vaccinal origin in a 14-week-old puppy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:287-290. [PMID: 38362661 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241229436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The body of a 14-wk-old puppy (Canis familiaris) was submitted to the Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Ontario for postmortem examination following a history of intermittent anorexia and lethargy progressing to pyrexia, pruritic skin rash, mucoid nasal discharge, decreased mentation, dysphagia, muscle twitches, and focal seizures. Gross examination revealed rhinitis and pulmonary edema. Histologically, there was fibrinonecrotizing bronchopneumonia, tracheitis, and neutrophilic and lymphohistiocytic rhinitis; rarely within the cortical gray and white matter of the brain were small clusters of glial cells, with rare individual neutrophils in the choroid plexus. Although canine distemper was suspected, none of the usual supportive histologic lesions of distinct syncytial cells, viral inclusion bodies, or demyelinating leukoencephalitis were observed. Lung and brain tissues were PCR-positive for canine distemper virus (CDV), and CDV was detected immunohistochemically in the brain. The agent from the PCR-positive sample from the brain was genotyped and was a 99.9% match to the CDV Rockborn strain, indicating that the disease agent in our case was vaccinal in origin. Our unusual case highlights the possibility of reversion to virulence in a modified-live virus vaccine, and the occurrence of a disease in the absence of a full complement of the usual and compatible histologic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rätsep
- Animal Health Laboratory, Kemptville, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Guelph, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Pekkarinen HM, Karkamo VK, Vainio-Siukola KJ, Hautaniemi MK, Kinnunen PM, Gadd TK, Holopainen RH. Post-vaccinal distemper-like disease in two dog litters with confirmed infection of vaccine virus strain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 105:102114. [PMID: 38142559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Modified live canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccines are widely used and considered both safe and effective. Although there are occasional literature reports of suspected vaccine-induced disease, there are none where the vaccine strain has been identified in affected tissues. Here we describe two such cases in different litters. In litter A, five of ten puppies presented with fever, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea a few days post-vaccination. Four puppies died or were euthanized, and autopsy revealed atypical necrosis of the lymphoid tissue. In litter B, two of five puppies developed typical neurological signs some months post-vaccination and autopsy revealed encephalitis. In all cases, affected organs tested positive for CDV on immunohistochemistry, and CDV RNA extracted from the lesions confirmed the presence of vaccine strain. Since multiple puppies from each litter were affected, it cannot be excluded without further studies that some undiagnosed inherited immunodeficiency disorder may have been involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veera K Karkamo
- Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Paula M Kinnunen
- MSD Animal Health Finland, Keilaniementie 1, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tuija K Gadd
- Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Sui P, Sun Y, Shi Y, Ran W, Shi N, Sun D, Zheng J, Zhao J. Establishment and evaluation of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR for quantitative and differential detection of wild-type canine distemper virus from vaccine strains. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19344. [PMID: 37662817 PMCID: PMC10469063 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to establish a real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method to differentially detect canine distemper virus (CDV) wild-type and vaccine strains. To this end, a pair of CDV universal primers and two specific minor groove binder (MGB) probes, harboring a T/C substitution in the hemagglutinin (H) gene, were designed. Using a recombinant plasmid expressing the H gene of the CDV wild-type or vaccine strain as standards, a sensitive and specific multiplex real-time RT-PCR was established for quantitative and differential detection of CDV wild-type and vaccine strains. The limit of detection for this multiplex assay was 22.5 copies/μL and 2.98 copies/μL of viral RNA for wild-type and vaccine strains, respectively. Importantly, the wild-type and vaccine MGB probes specifically hybridized different genotypes of wild-type CDV circulating in China as well as globally administered vaccine viruses, respectively, with no cross-reactivity observed with non-CDV viruses. Moreover, this method was successfully applied for the quantitative detection of CDV RNA in tissue samples of experimentally infected breeding foxes, raccoon dogs, and minks. Additionally, the multiplex real-time RT-PCR was able to detect the viral RNA in the whole blood samples as early as 3 days post-infection, 3 to 4 days prior to the onset of clinical signs in these CDV infection animals. Hence, the established multiplex real-time RT-PCR method is useful for differentiating wild-type CDV and vaccine strains in China, and for conducting canine distemper early diagnosis as well as dynamic mechanism of CDV replication studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yiyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yijun Shi
- Shandong Yantai Animal Disease Control Center, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Wei Ran
- Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Guiyang 551400, China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jiasan Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
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5
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Ad Y, Halperin IM, Olstad EC, Gershwin LJ, Sullivan L, Reagan KL. Clinical assessment of a point-of-care assay to determine protective vaccinal antibody titers to canine viral diseases. Vet J 2023; 298-299:106017. [PMID: 37524148 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Guidelines recommend that dogs are vaccinated for canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine adenovirus (CAV) every 3 years. Alternatively, their antibody titers are measured and vaccines given when titers fall below a protective threshold. In this study, a point-of-care (POC) assay was compared to hemagglutination inhibition (for CPV) and virus neutralization (for CAV and CDV) assays to predict the need for revaccination Ninety-two dogs presented for vaccination were enrolled. The POC assay indicated protective titers against CDV in 79/80, CPV in 89/90, and CAV in 91/91 dogs with reference standard antibody measurements that were over a protective threshold. The sensitivity of the POC assay for to detect protective concentrations of CDV antibodies was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI 95%], 93.3-99.9%). Ten dogs were falsely considered protected against CDV by the POC assay with a specificity of 17% (CI 95%, 3.0-44.8%). The sensitivity of the POC assay for protective concentrations of CPV titers was 99% (CI 95%, 93.9-99.9%). The sensitivity of the POC assay to detect protective concentrations of CAV antibodies was 100% (CI 95%, 95.9-100%). Only classifying high-positive CDV and CPV titers on the POC assay as protective improved assay specificity to 100%, but sensitivity decreased to 51% and 76% respectively. This POC assay had a high sensitivity for the detection of protective antibody titers; however, some dogs were falsely categorized as protected, especially for CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ad
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - I M Halperin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - E C Olstad
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - L J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - L Sullivan
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - K L Reagan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA.
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6
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Silva MDLE, Silva GEB, Borin-Crivellenti S, Alvarenga AWO, Aldrovani M, Braz LADN, Aoki C, Santana AE, Pennacchi CS, Crivellenti LZ. Renal Abnormalities Caused by Canine Distemper Virus Infection in Terminal Patients. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:822525. [PMID: 35350433 PMCID: PMC8957885 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.822525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the glomerular and tubular alterations in dogs with terminal distemper through light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Thirteen animals with a molecular diagnosis of distemper and neurological signs were selected. As a control group, 10 clinically healthy animals with no manifestations or signs of disease and with negative tests for Ehrlichia sp., Anaplasma sp., and Babesia sp. were included in this study. Renal tissue was evaluated by light microscopy, topochemistry for DNA/chromatin, and video image analysis to detect the nuclear phenotypes of the renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs), immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that dogs with distemper exhibited anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and proteinuria. Creatinine in the distemper group was lower compared to the control group (p = 0.0026), but there was no significant difference in relation to urea (p = 0.9876). Although this alteration may be due to the smaller muscle mass observed in animals with distemper, it probably is not of clinical importance. Glomerular and tubular lesions were confirmed by light microscopy in 84.6% of these animals. Additional findings in the animals with distemper included deposition of different classes of immunoglobulins, particularly IgM in 92.3% of the cases, fibrinogen deposition in 69.2% of the cases as assessed by immunofluorescence, alterations in the nuclear phenotypes of the RTEC characterized by condensation of chromatin, loss of DNA and reduction in the nuclear shape, and the presence of subendothelial and mesangial electron-dense deposits. These findings confirm the existence of renal alterations related to terminal distemper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra de Lima e Silva
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Universidade de Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sofia Borin-Crivellenti
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCV), College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Marcela Aldrovani
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Universidade de Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Ayane do Nascimento Braz
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP/FCAV), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Caroline Aoki
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP/FCAV), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Aureo Evangelista Santana
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP/FCAV), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Caio Santos Pennacchi
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCV), College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Caio Santos Pennacchi
| | - Leandro Zuccolotto Crivellenti
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCV), College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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7
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Feijóo G, Yamasaki K, Delucchi L, Verdes JM. Central nervous system lesions caused by canine distemper virus in 4 vaccinated dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:640-647. [PMID: 33870768 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211009210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the cerebellum and cerebrum of 4 vaccinated dogs, 3-60-mo-old, that displayed clinical signs of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection, and died 7-40 d after developing neurologic signs. The main histologic lesions were demyelination, gliosis, meningitis, perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, and inclusion bodies. These lesions were similar in all 4 cases regardless of the time since vaccination, except that meningoencephalitis and gliosis were subacute in 3 dogs and chronic in 1 dog. However, these differences did not appear to be related to their vaccination status. Immunohistologically, a CDV-positive immunoreaction was seen mainly in astrocytes, neurons and their axons, lymphocytes around and in the blood vessels of the pia mater and choroid plexus, ependymal cells of each ventricle, and the cells of the choroid plexus. The histologic and immunohistologic changes were similar in the cerebellum and cerebrum. The genetic characterization of the virus strains in 2 of these naturally occurring canine distemper cases confirmed that they were South American wild-type strains (Kiki and Uy251) belonging to the EU1/SA1 lineage. These strains are not included in the commercial CDV vaccines available in Uruguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gimena Feijóo
- Departments of Pathobiology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Veterinary Clinics & Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Kanji Yamasaki
- Departments of Pathobiology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luis Delucchi
- Veterinary Clinics & Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José Manuel Verdes
- Departments of Pathobiology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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8
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MODIFIED LIVE DISTEMPER VACCINES CARRY LOW MORTALITY RISK FOR CAPTIVE AFRICAN WILD DOGS, LYCAON PICTUS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:176-184. [PMID: 33827174 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, canine distemper virus (CDV) has been linked to population declines in the endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). As CDV appears able to persist in wildlife, threats to free-ranging wild dogs cannot be eliminated by vaccinating domestic dogs. Conservation managers may therefore consider CDV vaccination of wild dogs in highly threatened populations. For use in field conservation, the ideal CDV vaccine would be safe, immunogenic, and readily available in Africa. The CDV vaccine type most commonly used for domestic dogs (modified live vaccine) is available in Africa, and apparently immunogenic in wild dogs, but has been linked to fatal vaccine-induced distemper in captive wild dogs. However, alternatives are either ineffective (inactivated vaccine) or difficult to obtain in Africa (recombinant vaccine). Data from a questionnaire survey of zoo vaccination practices were therefore combined with studbook tracing to assess the safety of modified live CDV vaccine in captive African wild dogs. Among 135 wild dog pups given modified live CDV vaccine for the first time, there was a single, unconfirmed, case of potential vaccine-induced distemper. Pups given modified live vaccine survived better than those given inactivated vaccine or no vaccine. Although studbook tracing revealed higher overall pup survival at zoos which responded to the questionnaire than at zoos which did not, tracing of all pups born during a 20-yr period that lived long enough to be vaccinated (n = 698 pups in 155 litters) revealed no mortality events consistent with vaccine-induced distemper. Modified live CDV vaccine thus appears to carry low mortality risks for African wild dog pups in captivity, and may warrant trials in free-ranging populations.
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Vandenberghe H, Escauriaza L, Nye G, Teague M, Granger N. Postvaccination encephalomyelitis in German pinschers. Vet Rec 2021; 188:231-232. [PMID: 33739527 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Vandenberghe
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, 615 Wells Road, Whitchurch, Bristol, BS14 9BE
| | - Leticia Escauriaza
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, 615 Wells Road, Whitchurch, Bristol, BS14 9BE
| | - George Nye
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, 615 Wells Road, Whitchurch, Bristol, BS14 9BE
| | - Molly Teague
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, 615 Wells Road, Whitchurch, Bristol, BS14 9BE
| | - Nicolas Granger
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, 615 Wells Road, Whitchurch, Bristol, BS14 9BE
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Antiviral Screen against Canine Distemper Virus-Induced Membrane Fusion Activity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010128. [PMID: 33477492 PMCID: PMC7831055 DOI: 10.3390/v13010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV), a close relative of the human pathogen measles virus (MeV), is an enveloped, negative sense RNA virus that belongs to the genus Morbillivirus and causes severe diseases in dogs and other carnivores. Although the vaccination is available as a preventive measure against the disease, the occasional vaccination failure highlights the importance of therapeutic alternatives such as antivirals against CDV. The morbilliviral cell entry system relies on two interacting envelope glycoproteins: the attachment (H) and fusion (F) proteins. Here, to potentially discover novel entry inhibitors targeting CDV H, F and/or the cognate receptor: signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) proteins, we designed a quantitative cell-based fusion assay that matched high-throughput screening (HTS) settings. By screening two libraries of small molecule compounds, we successfully identified two membrane fusion inhibitors (F2736-3056 and F2261-0043). Although both inhibitors exhibited similarities in structure and potency with the small molecule compound 3G (an AS-48 class morbilliviral F-protein inhibitor), F2736-3056 displayed improved efficacy in blocking fusion activity when a 3G-escape variant was employed. Altogether, we present a cell-based fusion assay that can be utilized not only to discover antiviral agents against CDV but also to dissect the mechanism of morbilliviral-mediated cell-binding and cell-to-cell fusion activity.
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Day MJ, Crawford C, Marcondes M, Squires RA. Recommendations on vaccination for Latin American small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:E1-E35. [PMID: 32227347 PMCID: PMC7228315 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The World Small Animal Veterinary Association Vaccination Guidelines Group has produced global guidelines for small companion animal practitioners on best practice in canine and feline vaccination. Recognising that there are unique aspects of veterinary practice in certain geographical regions of the world, the Vaccination Guidelines Group undertook a regional project in Latin America between 2016 and 2019, culminating in the present document. The Vaccination Guidelines Group gathered scientific and demographic data during visits to Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, by discussion with national key opinion leaders, visiting veterinary practices and review of the scientific literature. A questionnaire survey was completed by 1390 veterinarians in five Latin American countries and the Vaccination Guidelines Group delivered continuing education at seven events attended by over 3500 veterinarians. The Vaccination Guidelines Group recognised numerous challenges in Latin America, for example: (1) lack of national oversight of the veterinary profession, (2) extraordinary growth in private veterinary schools of undetermined quality, (3) socioeconomic constraints on client engagement with preventive health care, (4) high regional prevalence of some key infectious diseases (e.g. feline leukaemia virus infection, canine visceral leishmaniosis), (5) almost complete lack of minimal antigen vaccine products as available in other markets, (6) relative lack of vaccine products with extended duration of immunity as available in other markets, (7) availability of vaccine products withdrawn from other markets (e.g. Giardia vaccine) or unique to Latin America (e.g. some Leishmania vaccines), (8) accessibility of vaccines directly by pet owners or breeders such that vaccination is not delivered under veterinary supervision, (9) limited availability of continuing education in veterinary vaccinology and lack of compulsion for continuing professional development and (10) limited peer‐reviewed published scientific data on small companion animal infectious diseases (with the exception of leishmaniosis) and lack of support for such academic research. In this document, the Vaccination Guidelines Group summarises the findings of this project and assesses in evidence‐based fashion the scientific literature pertaining to companion animal vaccine‐preventable diseases in Latin America. The Vaccination Guidelines Group makes some recommendations on undergraduate and postgraduate education and academic research. Recognising that current product availability in Latin America does not permit veterinarians in these countries to vaccinate according to the global World Small Animal Veterinary Association guidelines, the Vaccination Guidelines Group makes a series of “pragmatic” recommendations as to what might be currently achievable, and a series of “aspirational” recommendations as to what might be desirable for the future. The concept of “vaccine husbandry” is addressed via some simple guidelines for the management of vaccine products in the practice. Finally, the Vaccination Guidelines Group emphasises the global trend towards delivery of vaccination as one part of an “annual health check” or “health care plan” that reviews holistically the preventive health care needs of the individual pet animal. Latin American practitioners should transition towards these important new practices that are now well embedded in more developed veterinary markets. The document also includes 70 frequently asked questions and their answers; these were posed to the Vaccination Guidelines Group during our continuing education events and small group discussions and should address many of the issues surrounding delivery of vaccination in the Latin American countries. Spanish and Portuguese translations of this document will be made freely available from the on‐line resource pages of the Vaccination Guidelines Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - C Crawford
- University of Florida School of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Marcondes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - R A Squires
- Discipline of Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Sarfaty AE, Fulbright RK, Compton SR, Asher JL, Zeiss CJ. Transverse myelitis following measles vaccination in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2019; 49:103-106. [PMID: 31789460 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 16-year-old rhesus macaque presented with progressive, ascending quadriparesis following measles vaccination. He was diagnosed with transverse myelitis following MRI, gross necropsy, and histopathology. This is the first report of transverse myelitis in a rhesus macaque following measles vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Sarfaty
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert K Fulbright
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Susan R Compton
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jennifer L Asher
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Hornsey SJ, Philibert H, Godson DL, Snead ECR. Canine adenovirus type 1 causing neurological signs in a 5-week-old puppy. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:418. [PMID: 31752890 PMCID: PMC6873714 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious canine hepatitis is a rarely encountered disease, that is caused by Canine Adenovirus-1. Clinical signs can vary dramatically, and neurological signs are rarely seen. Neurological manifestation of this disease is rarely reported in the veterinary literature. Case presentation A 5-week-old, male entire Husky cross puppy presented for a one-day history of abnormal neurological behaviour (circling, ataxia, vocalization and obtund mentation). The puppy was euthanized shortly after presentation due to rapid deterioration. Histopathology raised concerns for Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAdV-1) based on vasculitis in the brain and intranuclear inclusion bodies in endothelial cell and hepatocytes; immunohistochemistry on brain tissue confirmed CAdV-1 infection. Conclusions This report discusses possible routes of infection and manifestations of adenovirus infections causing neurologic signs. It also provides a timely reminder that CAdV-1 should be considered a differential in unvaccinated dogs that present with neurological signs. Further studies are required to better understand the neurotrophic tendencies of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hornsey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Hélène Philibert
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Dale L Godson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Elisabeth C R Snead
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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Li WT, Wu CC, Tu YC, Huang WH, Chang HW, Pang VF, Jeng CR, Liu CH. Concurrent leukoencephalomyelitis and polyneuritis in a Maltese terrier: resembling combined central and peripheral demyelination in humans. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1373-1378. [PMID: 31366813 PMCID: PMC6785618 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-year-old male Maltese terrier presented with mild ataxia and disorientation for 4 months. Over time, clinical signs progressed from paraparesis to non-ambulatory tetraparesis, voice change and dysphagia. Histological examination revealed concurrent leukoencephalomyelitis and polyneuritis. Infectious etiologies, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, canine distemper, pseudorabies, rabies, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, leishmaniasis, and encephalitozoonosis, were ruled out by PCR and/or immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. IHC tested on neurological tissues highlighted a heterogeneous population of infiltrating T and B lymphocytes admixed macrophages. Therefore, this case was diagnosed with current leukoencephalomyelitis and polyneuritis, resembling combined central and peripheral demyelination (CCPD), an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease affecting both the CNS and PNS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ta Li
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Current affiliation: Fishhead Labs, LLC, 5658 SE Pine Ave, Stuart, FL 34997, U.S.A
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Tu
- Epidemiology Division, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, No. 376, Zhongzheng Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei 251, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Victor Fei Pang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Ren Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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