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Engdahl K, Höglund O, Hedhammar Å, Hanson J, Bergström A. The epidemiology of osteochondrosis in an insured Swedish dog population. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106229. [PMID: 38795580 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis (OC) is a focal disturbance of endochondral ossification due to a failure of blood supply to the epiphyseal growth cartilage. In dogs, OC most commonly affects the shoulder joint, followed by the elbow, tarsal, and stifle joints. The condition is associated with clinical signs such as lameness and pain and the prognosis varies depending on the affected joint. Most epidemiologic studies of OC in dogs were performed over 20 years ago, and updated estimates of disease incidence are lacking. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to provide population-based estimates of the incidence rate, cause-specific mortality rate, and age at diagnosis of appendicular OC (AOC, including OC of the shoulder, elbow, stifle, and tarsal joints) and stifle and tarsal OC separately, using data from Agria Djurförsäkring in Sweden (2011-2016). Further, the study aimed to evaluate the risk of OC in subgroups divided by breed and sex and describe previous, concurrent, and subsequent diagnoses of the affected joint in dogs with stifle or tarsal joint OC. The study population included just over 600,000 dogs, of which 685 were affected by AOC. Stifle joint OC (n = 113) was more common than tarsal joint OC (n = 80). The incidence rate of AOC was 3.77 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.49-4.07) cases per 10,000 dog-years at risk, while the incidence rate of stifle and joint tarsal OC was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.53-0.77) and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.34-0.54) cases per 10,000 dog-years at risk, respectively. All breeds at increased risk of AOC were large or giant, and male dogs had an increased risk of AOC compared to female dogs (RR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.50-2.07, p < 0.001). The median age at first diagnosis during the study period was 0.74 (0.32-11.5) years for AOC, 2.62 (0.45-8.82) years for stifle joint OC, and 0.73 (0.35-7.35) years for tarsal joint OC. Of the dogs with stifle or tarsal joint OC, 30.2% and 15.0% had a previous diagnosis of stifle/tarsal joint pain or other unspecific clinical signs, respectively, and 13.8% of the dogs with stifle joint OC suffered subsequent cruciate ligament rupture. Osteochondrosis was the most common reason for euthanasia in the affected dogs. In total, 77 dogs were euthanised due to AOC during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala 75007, Sweden.
| | - Odd Höglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Åke Hedhammar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Hanson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Annika Bergström
- AniCura Djursjukhuset Albano, Rinkebyvägen 21A, Danderyd 182 36, Sweden
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Rebhun RB, York D, De Graaf FMD, Yoon P, Batcher KL, Luker ME, Ryan S, Peyton J, Kent MS, Stern JA, Bannasch DL. A variant in the 5'UTR of ERBB4 is associated with lifespan in Golden Retrievers. GeroScience 2024; 46:2849-2862. [PMID: 37855863 PMCID: PMC11009206 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in long-lived human populations have led to identification of variants associated with Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease, the latter being the most common cause of mortality in people worldwide. In contrast, naturally occurring cancer represents the leading cause of death in pet dogs, and specific breeds like the Golden Retriever (GR) carry up to a 65% cancer-related death rate. We hypothesized that GWAS of long-lived GRs might lead to the identification of genetic variants capable of modifying longevity within this cancer-predisposed breed. A GWAS was performed comparing GR dogs ≥ 14 years to dogs dying prior to age 12 which revealed a significant association to ERBB4, the only member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family capable of serving as both a tumor suppressor gene and an oncogene. No coding variants were identified, however, distinct haplotypes in the 5'UTR were associated with reduced lifespan in two separate populations of GR dogs. When all GR dogs were analyzed together (n = 304), the presence of haplotype 3 was associated with shorter survival (11.8 years vs. 12.8 years, p = 0.024). GRs homozygous for haplotype 3 had the shortest survival, and GRs homozygous for haplotype 1 had the longest survival (11.6 years vs. 13.5 years, p = 0.0008). Sub-analyses revealed that the difference in lifespan for GRs carrying at least 1 copy of haplotype 3 was specific to female dogs (p = 0.009), whereas survival remained significantly different in both male and female GRs homozygous for haplotype 1 or haplotype 3 (p = 0.026 and p = 0.009, respectively). Taken together, these findings implicate a potential role for ERBB4 in GR longevity and provide evidence that within-breed canine lifespan studies could serve as a mechanism to identify favorable or disease-modifying variants important to the axis of aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Rebhun
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel York
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora M D De Graaf
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paula Yoon
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kevin L Batcher
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Madison E Luker
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Ryan
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Peyton
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Danika L Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Chan H, Pepper BM, Ward MP, Quain A. Euthanasia of Cats by Australian Veterinarians: A Survey of Current Practices. Vet Sci 2023; 10:627. [PMID: 37888579 PMCID: PMC10610671 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to document the contemporary feline euthanasia practices among Australian veterinarians and determine the factors associated with the administration of a premedication or sedation prior to euthanasia. Australian veterinarians who had euthanised at least one cat during the previous 12 months were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey. From 615 valid responses, 585 respondents (95.1%) had euthanised at least one cat in the last 12 months, of which 462 respondents (75.1%) had performed an emergency euthanasia. Intravenous (IV) injection (n = 536, 91.6%) of pentobarbitone sodium (n = 584, 99.8%) was the predominant primary method. Premedication or sedation was administered to cats by 415/585 (71.0%) and 242/462 (52.4%) of respondents in non-emergency and emergency euthanasia, respectively. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, for non-emergency euthanasia, being female and working in a metropolitan area were significant predictors for administering a premedication or sedation (p < 0.001 and p = 0.037, respectively). For emergency euthanasia, working in an 'other' type of practice was a significant predictor for administering a premedication or sedation (p < 0.001). Australian veterinarians vary in their approach to feline euthanasia. There is scope for refinement of euthanasia techniques to maximise the welfare of cats, their owners or guardians, and veterinary team members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anne Quain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (H.C.); (B.M.P.); (M.P.W.)
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Kogan LR, Cooney KA. Defining a "Good Death": Exploring Veterinarians' Perceptions of Companion Animal Euthanasia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2117. [PMID: 37443914 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine how veterinarians define a good euthanasia experience. This information is used to generate a working definition of companion animal euthanasia that aligns with animal welfare standards and pet owners' expectations. An electronic survey distributed via veterinary-related social media (Facebook, Instagram) and listservs were completed by 249 veterinarians who perform feline and/or canine euthanasia. Our results suggest that very few veterinarians feel their veterinary school training adequately prepared them for euthanasia. When veterinarians were asked to rank a list of physiologic conditions and anatomical traits in order of euthanasia-related concerns, respiratory distress was ranked the highest, while the most concerning physical changes were reported to be indications or impressions of seizures or pain. The most commonly reported euthanasia injection technique performed by participants was intravenous administration of pentobarbital sodium (97%), and most veterinarians preferred having owners present (57%) or having no preference (38%) during euthanasia. Results suggest that veterinarians want a pain-free, anxiety-free experience for the patient, appreciate the use of sedatives before euthanasia, and feel that when available and appropriate, home euthanasia offers several benefits. This understanding of the numerous aspects involved in a good euthanasia experience can help inform the creation of an updated definition of companion animal euthanasia that strives to prioritize the welfare of the patient as well as the needs and expectations of the pet owner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori R Kogan
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen A Cooney
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Companion Animal Euthanasia Training Academy, Loveland, CO 80538, USA
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Pepper BM, Chan H, Ward MP, Quain A. Euthanasia of Dogs by Australian Veterinarians: A Survey of Current Practices. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050317. [PMID: 37235400 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Euthanasia techniques utilised by veterinarians impact the welfare of many dogs in their final moments. Despite euthanasia guidelines, little is known about euthanasia techniques used in practice. We administered an online survey of Australian veterinarians who had euthanised at least one dog in the previous 12 months. We found that 668 (96.8%) had euthanised a dog in the previous 12 months, almost all using intravenous pentobarbitone sodium (n = 651, 99.7%). For non-emergency euthanasia (n = 653), the majority (n = 442, 67.7%) administered a premedication or sedation prior to euthanasia versus less than half for emergency euthanasia (n = 286, 46.4%). Practices and views about euthanasia varied. Female veterinarians and veterinarians located in metropolitan regions were more likely to administer a premedication or sedation prior to non-emergency euthanasia (p < 0.05). Veterinarians in private mixed animal practices were less likely to administer a premedication or sedation prior to a non-emergency euthanasia (p < 0.05). For non-emergency and emergency euthanasia, veterinarians who worked in "other" practice types were more likely to administer a premedication or sedation than private companion animal practices (p < 0.05). The possible reasons for differences in euthanasia practices are explored, and scope for refinement is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Marlene Pepper
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hedia Chan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anne Quain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Mota-Rojas D, Strappini A, Whittaker AL, Ghezzi M, Titto CG, Calderón-Maldonado N, Mora-Medina P, Domínguez-Oliva A, Gómez-Prado J, Hernández-Ávalos I, José-Pérez N, Casas-Alvarado A, Orihuela A. Controversial Topics in Animal Welfare in Latin America: A Focus on the Legislation Surrounding the Human-Companion Animal Relationship and Animals Used for Recreational Practices. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091463. [PMID: 37174499 PMCID: PMC10177325 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare is a societally relevant issue that is globally attracting increased attention. This is in addition to the importance placed on welfare for the animals themselves. However, the content and application of laws protecting animals' welfare vary across countries. In Latin America, there are a range of common practices or activities involving certain animal species, many of which are legal, that can impair an animal's quality of life. These include the performance of aesthetic surgical procedures; bull-, cock-, and dog fighting; and the existence of circuses that exhibit animals. The extent and impact of these practices being dependent on the socioeconomic, cultural, territorial, and regulatory landscape of each country. Particularly, Ibero-American regions face welfare challenges that might be influenced by traditions and relevant legal gaps. The objective of this article is to review controversial practices carried out in companion and entertainment animals in Latin America, with a focus on legal aspects, as well as the current efforts being made to address and incorporate global welfare standards into domestic and wild animal practice and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Ana Strappini
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra L Whittaker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia
| | - Marcelo Ghezzi
- Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Cristiane Gonçalves Titto
- Laboratório de Biometeorologia e Etologia, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | - Nancy José-Pérez
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Agustín Orihuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
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McNulty KE, Creevy KE, Fitzpatrick A, Wilkins V, Barnett BG, Ruple A. Development and Validation of a Novel Instrument to Capture Companion Dog Mortality Data: The Dog Aging Project End of Life Survey. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.01.535178. [PMID: 37034699 PMCID: PMC10081320 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.01.535178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective The researchers and clinicians within the Dog Aging Project (DAP), a longitudinal cohort study of aging in companion dogs, created and validated a novel survey instrument titled the End of Life Survey (EOLS) to gather owner-reported mortality data about companion dogs. Sample Bereaved dog owners who participated in the refinement, face validity assessment, or reliability assessment of the EOLS (n=42) and/or completed the entire survey between January 20 and March 24, 2021 (n=646). Procedures The EOLS was created and modified by veterinary health professionals and human gerontology experts using published literature, clinical veterinary experience, previously created DAP surveys, and feedback from a pilot study conducted with bereaved dog owners. The EOLS was subjected to qualitative validation methods and post-hoc free-text analysis to evaluate its ability to thoroughly capture scientifically relevant aspects of companion dogs' death. Results The EOLS was well-received with excellent face validity as assessed by dog owners and experts. The EOLS had fair to substantial reliability for the three validation themes: cause of death (kappa = 0.73; 95% CI [0.5-0.95]), perimortem quality of life (kappa = 0.49; 95% CI [0.26-0.73]), and reason for euthanasia (kappa = 0.3; 95% CI [0.08-0.52]) and had no need for any substantial content alterations based on free-text analysis. Clinical Relevance The EOLS has proven to be a well-accepted, comprehensive, and valid instrument for capturing owner-reported companion dog mortality data and has the potential to enhance veterinarians' ability to care for the aging dog population by illuminating their understanding of companion dogs' end-of-life experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellyn E McNulty
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (College Station, TX)
| | - Kate E Creevy
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (College Station, TX)
| | - Annette Fitzpatrick
- University of Washington, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Departments of Family Medicine and Epidemiology (Seattle, WA)
| | - Vanessa Wilkins
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (College Station, TX)
| | - Brian G Barnett
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Athens, GA)
| | - Audrey Ruple
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences (Blacksburg, VA)
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Hajzler I, Nenadović K, Vučinić M. Health changes of old cats. J Vet Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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Alves JC, Santos A, Jorge P. Initial psychometric evaluation of the Portuguese version of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory. Am J Vet Res 2022; 84:ajvr.22.09.0166. [PMID: 36434762 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.09.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform the initial psychometric evaluation of the Portuguese version of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI). ANIMALS A total of 100 dogs, 50 with bilateral hip osteoarthritis and 50 unaffected dogs. PROCEDURES The 2 groups of dogs were assessed using the CBPI. The English version of the CBPI (divided into a pain severity score and a pain interference score) was translated into Portuguese, and a copy of the translated version was completed by native Portuguese speakers' canine handlers. The results from the 2 groups were compared, and psychometric properties were evaluated. Construct validity was evaluated by assessing differences between animals with osteoarthritis and unaffected animals with the Mann-Whitney test. Further evaluation was performed with the Kaiser-Meyer-Olin measure of sampling adequacy, Eigenvalue, and scree-plot analysis. Internal consistency was tested with Cronbach α. RESULTS A significant difference was observed between dogs with osteoarthritis and unaffected dogs in pain severity and pain interference scores (P < .01 for both), one indication of construct validity. Cronbach α was 0.99, and a high interitem correlation was observed, showing strong internal consistency. One factor accounted for 92.3% of the total variance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE We presented the initial validation of the Portuguese version of the CBPI and its validity in the Portuguese language. It is an essential step in providing a valid tool for clinicians to assess pain in dogs with osteoarthritis. Further studies are required to determine if the present results can be replicated across samples with different characteristics and evaluate response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Lisbon, Portugal.,MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Santos
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Jorge
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Lisbon, Portugal
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Montoya-Navarrete AL, Guerrero-Barrera AL, Quezada-Tristán T, Valdivia-Flores AG, Cano-Rábano MJ. Red blood cells morphology and morphometry in adult, senior, and geriatricians dogs by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:998438. [PMID: 36439358 PMCID: PMC9685804 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.998438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) morphologic evaluation through microscopy optical (OM) and SEM, provides information to forecast, evaluate, and monitor the functioning of many organs. Factors, such aging and diseases affect RBC morphology in both, human and animals. SEM is useful to evaluate RBC morphology, although its use in diagnosis and evaluation in dogs is limited, due to the availability and cost. The aim of this research was to assess the normal RBC morphology in adult, senior and geriatrician dogs, clinically healthy by OM and SEM. In addition to evaluating the age effect, sex, body size, and their interaction on erythrocyte morphometry. To carry out the research 152 blood samples were evaluated from dogs of different sexes and body sizes (small, medium, and large). Three groups were made based on dogs age: group I adults (1-7.9 years old), group II senior (8-11.9 years old), and group III geriatricians (>12 years old). Erythrocyte parameters were evaluated by OM (diameter, height, and axial ratio). Per each dog, the parameters of 20 erythrocytes were measured. A total of 2,600 cells were scanned with the AmScope™ Software scale. In addition, the RBC morphology was evaluated by SEM. Statistical analyses used analysis of variance and a general linear model, which allows the comparison of multiple factors at two or more levels (p < 0.05). The results of this study showed that diameter and height were lower in adult dogs than in senior and geriatrician dogs (p < 0.05). Whereas, sex, body size, and the interaction did not show a significant effect (p > 0.05). Additionally, some images of anisocytosis, polychromasia, and poikilocytosis (echinocytes, acanthocytes, codocytes, spherocytes, stomatocytes, dacryocytes quatrefoil, and elliptocytes) were obtained by OM and SEM. Our study provides information about the morphological and morphometry alterations of adult, senior, and geriatrician dogs RBC. This work contributes to future investigations and the diagnosing diseases, where it is necessary to evaluate the morphology of RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Montoya-Navarrete
- Morphology Department, Basic Sciences Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | - Teódulo Quezada-Tristán
- Veterinary Sciences Department, Agricultural Sciences Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Arturo G. Valdivia-Flores
- Veterinary Sciences Department, Agricultural Sciences Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - María J. Cano-Rábano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, León, Spain
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Pugliese M, Falcone A, Alibrandi A, Zirilli A, Passantino A. Risk Factors Regarding Dog Euthanasia and Causes of Death at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Italy: Preliminary Results. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100554. [PMID: 36288167 PMCID: PMC9608742 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The decision to request and proceed with euthanasia in a dog is complex and predictors of such decisions are important. This study investigates the risk factors (demographic and clinical) associated with the main clinical causes and methods of death (euthanasia or unassisted death) in a population of dogs. By comparing euthanasia to unassisted deaths, the authors assess causes of death to evaluate their relative impacts on decision-making to choose euthanasia compared with an unassisted death. For this, goal data from electronic medical records of dogs who had died (unassisted death and euthanasia), obtained from an Italian referral veterinary teaching hospital from 2010 to 2020, were analyzed. The causes of death were categorized by pathophysiological process and the organ system. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors that significantly affect the probability of undergoing euthanasia and to individuate independent significant predictors of euthanasia and unassisted death, respectively. Death rate by euthanasia was 40.7% (125/307), by died unassisted 50.8% (156/307), whilst only 8.5% of dogs (26/307) died accidentally. The main causes of death for euthanasia were due to neoplastic (75.6%), degenerative (64.3%), and congenital (60%) diseases. Furthermore, the findings reveal that in deaths by euthanasia, the significant risk predictors were female gender, age, and neoplastic and degenerative processes; while in unassisted deaths, the significant risk predictors were male gender, age, and infection/inflammatory conditions. These preliminary outcomes highlight the information of this study which may be used to evaluate strategic interventions and health promotion strategies to be implemented, with consequent welfare gains for the canine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pugliese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Annastella Falcone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- Unit of Statistical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Economics, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Agata Zirilli
- Unit of Statistical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Economics, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Annamaria Passantino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-90-676-6742
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Calver MC, Crawford HM, Scarff FR, Bradley JS, Dormon P, Boston S, Fleming PA. Intensive Adoption as a Management Strategy for Unowned, Urban Cats: A Case Study of 25 Years of Trap-Assess-Resolve (TAR) in Auckland, New Zealand. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172301. [PMID: 36078020 PMCID: PMC9454951 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, unowned urban cats are a major concern because they may suffer from poor welfare and cause problems, including public health risks, nuisances, and urban wildlife predation. While management options are often presented as a choice between culling or trap−neuter−return (TNR), for 25 years, the Lonely Miaow (Inc.) charity in Auckland, New Zealand (hereafter LM), has used a third strategy—intensive adoption or trap−assess−resolve (TAR). As of 2019, of 14,611 unowned cats trapped, 64.2% were adopted, 22.2% were euthanized if unsocialised or in grave ill-health, 5.7% were neutered and returned to the site, and 7.9% had other outcomes, such as being transferred to other shelters. Adoption rates increased over this time, exceeding 80.0% in 2018 and 2019. The cost of processing each cat from capture to adoption rose from NZD 58 in 1999 to NZD 234 by 2017. Approximately 80% of colonies (sites where cats were trapped) were around residential areas. Approximately 22% of cats required veterinary treatment after capture; common ailments included respiratory infections, ringworm, dental problems, and trauma. Consistently, 52% of cats were young kittens (<10 weeks old), c. 80% of cats were <1 year old, and only c. 2% were estimated to be >5 years old. TAR avoids euthanasia where possible. Its effectiveness would be enhanced by fewer abandonments of owned cats and kittens, fitting within integrated strategies for the control of unowned cats involving community education. Cat adoptions improve the welfare of cats and, with appropriate husbandry, should alleviate concerns about nuisances, public health, and attacks on wildlife or the cats themselves, essentially benefitting the community and the cats. This case study is relevant to other cities around the world that are seeking to manage unowned cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Calver
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Heather M. Crawford
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Fiona R. Scarff
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - J. Stuart Bradley
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Peter Dormon
- Lonely Miaow Association, Lonely Miaow Association, 35a, Riddell Road, Glendowie, Auckland 1071, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Boston
- Lonely Miaow Association, Lonely Miaow Association, 35a, Riddell Road, Glendowie, Auckland 1071, New Zealand
| | - Patricia A. Fleming
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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McKenzie BA, Chen F, LaCroix-Fralish ML. The phenotype of aging in the dog: how aging impacts the health and well-being of dogs and their caregivers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:963-970. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.02.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the single most important cause of disease, disability, and death in adult dogs. Contrary to the common view of aging as a mysterious and inevitable natural event, it is more usefully understood as a set of complex but comprehensible biological processes that are highly conserved across species. Although the phenotypic expression of these processes is variable, there are consistent patterns both within and between species.
The purpose of this feature is to describe the patterns currently recognized in the physical and behavioral manifestations of aging in the dog and how these impact the health and welfare of companion dogs and their human caregivers. Important gaps in our knowledge of the canine aging phenotype will be identified, and current research efforts to better characterize aging in the dog will be discussed. This will help set the context for future efforts to develop clinical assessments and treatments to mitigate the negative impact of aging on dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frances Chen
- Cellular Longevity Inc dba Loyal, San Francisco, CA
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Quain A, Mullan S, Ward MP. Low and No-Contact Euthanasia: Associated Ethical Challenges Experienced by Veterinary Team Members during the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050560. [PMID: 35268128 PMCID: PMC8908847 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During the COVID-19 pandemic, many veterinary practices have been required to move to a low or no-contact consultation model to minimise the risk of SARS-CoV-2. Utilising data from a global survey, we explored the experiences of veterinary team members performing low and no-contact euthanasia during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that low and no-contact euthanasia were encountered as common and/or stressful ethical challenges in the pandemic. In order to minimise the potential negative impacts of low and no-contact euthanasia on veterinary team members, clients and animal patients, there is a need for a toolkit of protocols to assist veterinary team members in provision of low-contact euthanasia, and avoidance of no-contact euthanasia wherever possible. Abstract Background: During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, many veterinary practices around the world have shifted to a low or no-contact consultation model to ensure the safety of their team members and clients, and comply with public health orders, while continuing to provide veterinary care. Methods: We performed reflexive thematic analysis on a subset of data collected using a mixed-methods survey of veterinary team members globally. Results: There were 540 valid responses available for analysis. Low and no-contact euthanasia we raised as a common and/or stressful ethical challenge for 22.8% of respondents. We identified five key themes: no-contact euthanasia as a unique ethical challenge; balancing veterinary team safety with the emotional needs of clients; low and no-contact protocols may cause or exacerbate fear, anxiety and distress in veterinary patients; physical distancing was more challenging during euthanasia consultations; and biosecurity measures complicated communication around euthanasia and end-of-life decision making. Recommendations: In light of concerns highlighted by respondents, we recommend the development of a toolkit of protocols that will assist veterinary team members in performing low-contact euthanasia in a range of circumstances, in alignment with their values and professional ethical codes. Professional bodies may be involved in developing, updating and disseminating this information, and ensuring a continuous supply chain of PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Quain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Siobhan Mullan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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15
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Roberts C, Armson B, Bartram D, Belshaw Z, Capon H, Cherry G, Gonzalez Villeta L, McIntyre SL, Odeyemi I, Cook AJC. Construction of a Conceptual Framework for Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life in Dogs With Osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:741864. [PMID: 34631862 PMCID: PMC8497798 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.741864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An owner's ability to detect changes in the behavior of a dog afflicted with osteoarthritis (OA) may be a barrier to presentation, clinical diagnosis and initiation of treatment. Management of OA also relies upon an owner's ability to accurately monitor improvement following a trial period of pain relief. The changes in behavior that are associated with the onset and relief of pain from OA can be assessed to determine the dog's health-related quality of life (HRQOL). HRQOL assessments are widely used in human medicine and if developed correctly can be used in the monitoring of disease and in clinical trials. This study followed established guidelines to construct a conceptual framework of indicators of HRQOL in dogs with OA. This generated items that can be used to develop a HRQOL assessment tool specific to dogs with OA. A systematic review was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus with search terms related to indicators of HRQOL in dogs with osteoarthritis. Eligibility and quality assessment criteria were applied. Data were extracted from eligible studies using a comprehensive data charting table. Resulting domains and items were assessed at a half-day workshop attended by experts in canine osteoarthritis and quality of life. Domains and their interactions were finalized and a visual representation of the conceptual framework was produced. A total of 1,264 unique articles were generated in the database searches and assessed for inclusion. Of these, 21 progressed to data extraction. After combining synonyms, 47 unique items were categorized across six domains. Review of the six domains by the expert panel resulted in their reduction to four: physical appearance, capability, behavior, and mood. All four categories were deemed to be influenced by pain from osteoarthritis. Capability, mood, and behavior were all hypothesized to impact on each other while physical appearance was impacted by, but did not impact upon, the other domains. The framework has potential application to inform the development of valid and reliable instruments to operationalize measurement of HRQOL in canine OA for use in general veterinary practice to guide OA management decisions and in clinical studies to evaluate treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Roberts
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony Armson
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - David Bartram
- Outcomes Research, Zoetis, Loughlinstown, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zoe Belshaw
- EviVet Research Consultancy, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Capon
- Canine Arthritis Management, Shoreham-by-Sea, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Cherry
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shona L. McIntyre
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Odeyemi
- Outcomes Research, Zoetis, Loughlinstown, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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16
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Quain A. The Gift: Ethically Indicated Euthanasia in Companion Animal Practice. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8080141. [PMID: 34437463 PMCID: PMC8402858 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of companion animals seen by veterinary practitioners will die by euthanasia. Yet euthanasia can be a source of moral stress for veterinary team members, even when ethically indicated. In this discussion, I explore when euthanasia is ethically indicated and discuss the potential impact of ethically indicated euthanasia on veterinary team members. In particular, I challenge the analogy that the veterinarian performing ethically indicated euthanasia is akin to an executioner, arguing that this analogy is both inappropriate and potentially harmful. Finally, I discuss how we can support ourselves and our colleagues in relation to euthanasia, so we can attend to and maximise the welfare of our patients at the end of their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Quain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
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17
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Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Siracusa R, Fusco R, D’Amico R, Di Paola R, Schievano C, Cuzzocrea S, Crupi R. Dietary Supplementation with Palmitoyl-Glucosamine Co-Micronized with Curcumin Relieves Osteoarthritis Pain and Benefits Joint Mobility. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101827. [PMID: 33049960 PMCID: PMC7601140 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative joint disease and a major cause of elective euthanasia. The disorder increasingly limits joint motion, might cause lameness as well as pain, and impacts quality of life. An unmet need remains for safe and effective therapies for osteoarthritis. Palmitoyl-glucosamine and curcumin are used in animal nutrition. A co-micronized formulation, with the two substances being jointly processed to reduce their particle size and increase the extent to which they can be absorbed, is currently available on the European market. The present study investigated if this formulation could relieve joint pain and benefit mobility. Two well-established rat models of inflammation and osteoarthritis pain were used. Results from the first set of experiments showed that the dietary supplement relieved experimentally induced paw edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli (thermal hyperalgesia). In the osteoarthritis model, the supplement proved to protect joint cartilage against degradation and successfully address neuropathic pain (i.e., pain from normally non-painful stimuli). Locomotor function recovered by 45% under supplement administration. The present findings suggest that the dietary supplement with palmitoyl-glucosamine co-micronized with curcumin might help manage osteoarthritis. Abstract Chronic mixed pain and orthopedic dysfunction are the most frequently associated consequences of canine osteoarthritis (OA). An unmet need remains for safe and effective therapies for OA. Palmitoyl-glucosamine (PGA) and curcumin are safe and naturally occurring compounds whose use is limited by poor bioavailability. Micronization is an established technique to increase bioavailability. The aim of this study was to investigate if the dietary supplementation with PGA co-micronized with curcumin (PGA-Cur, 2:1 ratio by mass) could limit pathologic process in two well-established rat models of inflammation and OA pain, i.e., subplantar carrageenan (CAR) and knee injection of sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA), respectively. In CAR-injected animals, a single dose of PGA-cur significantly reduced paw edema and hyperalgesia, as well as tissue damage and neutrophil infiltration. The repeated administration of PGA-Cur three times per week for 21 days, starting the third day after MIA injection resulted in a significant anti-allodynic effect. Protection against cartilage damage and recovery of locomotor function by 45% were also recorded. Finally, PGA-cur significantly counteracted MIA-induced increase in serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, NGF, as well as metalloproteases 1, 3, and 9. All the effects of PGA-Cur were superior compared to the compounds used singly. PGA-Cur emerged as a useful dietary intervention for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (D.I.); (M.C.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (R.D.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (D.I.); (M.C.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (R.D.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (D.I.); (M.C.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (R.D.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (D.I.); (M.C.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (R.D.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (D.I.); (M.C.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (R.D.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (D.I.); (M.C.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (R.D.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (D.I.); (M.C.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (R.D.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (D.I.); (M.C.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (R.D.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Carlo Schievano
- Innovative Statistical Research srl, Prato Della Valle 24, I-35123 Padova, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (A.F.P.); (D.I.); (M.C.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (R.D.); (R.D.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
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Marchitelli B, Shearer T, Cook N. Factors Contributing to the Decision to Euthanize: Diagnosis, Clinical Signs, and Triggers. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:573-589. [PMID: 32139081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews factors contributing to the decision to euthanize a patient by exploring the diagnosis, clinical signs, and triggers behind the choice. By investigating these triggers, the article helps guide practitioners to proactively manage areas of concern that lead to the decision of euthanasia. Included in this article is a benchmark comprehensive survey for pet families that standardizes documentation of family decision making surrounding end of life and euthanasia. Increased knowledge about diagnosis, clinical signs, and triggers may improve the technical and communication skills of professionals about specific conditions that are encountered at the end of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Marchitelli
- 4 Paws Farewell: Mobile Pet Hospice, Palliative Care and Home Euthanasia, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Tamara Shearer
- Smoky Mountain Integrative Veterinary Clinic, 1054 Haywood Road, Sylva, NC 28779, USA
| | - Nathaniel Cook
- Chicago Veterinary Geriatrics, 1544 West Thorndale Avenue, Unit 1, Chicago, IL 60660, USA.
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19
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Spitznagel MB, Marchitelli B, Gardner M, Carlson MD. Euthanasia from the Veterinary Client's Perspective: Psychosocial Contributors to Euthanasia Decision Making . Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:591-605. [PMID: 32115280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
End-of-life decision making for a companion animal relies on the veterinarian acting as educator and counselor. However, little research has been conducted to understand client variables in this context. The current study examined potential client-related contributors to steps taken toward a euthanasia decision. Caregiver burden, anticipatory grief, depression, stress, and income all correlated positively with this outcome. However, when client factors were examined in a regression model controlling for animal quality of life, only caregiver burden and income emerged as significant predictors. All 3 caregiver burden factors: general strain, affective/relational discomfort, and guilt/uncertainty were significantly related to consideration of euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Spitznagel
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent Hall, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Beth Marchitelli
- 4 Paws Farewell: Mobile Pet Hospice, Palliative Care and Home Euthanasia, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Mary Gardner
- Lap of Love, 805 North Federal Highway, Boynton Beach, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mark D Carlson
- Stow Kent Animal Hospital, 4559 Kent Road, Kent, OH 44240, USA
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20
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Blikslager AT, Mair TS. Trends in the management of horses referred for evaluation of colic: 2004–2017. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
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21
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Rioja-Lang F, Bacon H, Connor M, Dwyer CM. Determining priority welfare issues for cats in the United Kingdom using expert consensus. Vet Rec Open 2019. [PMID: 31798909 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2019-000365.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cats are the most popular pets in the UK, yet relatively little research has been conducted into the welfare of cats living in a home environment. The purpose of this study was to determine and prioritise welfare issues for cats using a Delphi method. Methods Cat welfare experts (n=14) were asked to identify and rank welfare issues for cats in the UK. An initial list of 118 welfare issues was generated by an anonymous online discussion board of experts and thematic analysis using NVivo. Subsequently experts ranked the list of welfare issues according to severity, duration and prevalence using a 6-point Likert scale. All issues with a median score of 3 or above (n=43) were included in the second survey to determine agreement on the rankings of issues. Finally, a subsection of experts attended a two-day workshop to discuss the welfare rankings and determine the final prioritised list of welfare issues. Results The issues considered to be the most severe and/or likely to cause prolonged cat suffering included social behaviour issues, diseases of old age, obesity, owners not seeking veterinary care and poor pain management. The welfare issues perceived to be most prevalent included neglect/hoarding, delayed euthanasia, inherited conformational defects/diseases, social or environmental restriction, and poor pain management. Conclusions The outcomes suggested that, although issues such as cat behaviour required further research, owner education was an important factor in improving cat welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Rioja-Lang
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather Bacon
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melanie Connor
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cathy Mary Dwyer
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK.,Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Rioja-Lang F, Bacon H, Connor M, Dwyer CM. Determining priority welfare issues for cats in the United Kingdom using expert consensus. Vet Rec Open 2019; 6:e000365. [PMID: 31798909 PMCID: PMC6861065 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2019-000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cats are the most popular pets in the UK, yet relatively little research has been conducted into the welfare of cats living in a home environment. The purpose of this study was to determine and prioritise welfare issues for cats using a Delphi method. METHODS Cat welfare experts (n=14) were asked to identify and rank welfare issues for cats in the UK. An initial list of 118 welfare issues was generated by an anonymous online discussion board of experts and thematic analysis using NVivo. Subsequently experts ranked the list of welfare issues according to severity, duration and prevalence using a 6-point Likert scale. All issues with a median score of 3 or above (n=43) were included in the second survey to determine agreement on the rankings of issues. Finally, a subsection of experts attended a two-day workshop to discuss the welfare rankings and determine the final prioritised list of welfare issues. RESULTS The issues considered to be the most severe and/or likely to cause prolonged cat suffering included social behaviour issues, diseases of old age, obesity, owners not seeking veterinary care and poor pain management. The welfare issues perceived to be most prevalent included neglect/hoarding, delayed euthanasia, inherited conformational defects/diseases, social or environmental restriction, and poor pain management. CONCLUSIONS The outcomes suggested that, although issues such as cat behaviour required further research, owner education was an important factor in improving cat welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Rioja-Lang
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather Bacon
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melanie Connor
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cathy Mary Dwyer
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, The University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
Appetite influences perceived quality of life for a dog or cat with cancer. Inappetence often is multifactorial, complicating treatment. Cancer-related anorexia/cachexia syndrome is a metabolic, paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by decreased food intake, involuntary weight loss, and loss of fat and muscle. If weight loss/cachexia has an impact on canine and feline cancer patients as in humans, management may improve survival times and quality of life. The challenge is having effective, proved therapies available for clinical use. Recent Food and Drug Administration approvals for appetite stimulation have renewed interest and discussion and has the potential to alter the course of case management.
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Abstract
Treating the animal patient as a "person" involves refining the capacity to see the patient as clearly as possible. Veterinary end-of-life care can usefully engage with the science of animal emotion and cognition to help bring the patient into 3-D. This article highlights 3 specific areas in which engagement with the ethology literature and more careful attention to the subjective experiences of animals could improve end-of-life care: (1) interpretation and management of pain, (2) assessments of quality of life, and (3) attention to the autonomy of animal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pierce
- Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical School, Aurora, CO, USA.
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25
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Managing Aged Animals in Zoos to Promote Positive Welfare: A Review and Future Directions. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8070116. [PMID: 30011793 PMCID: PMC6070885 DOI: 10.3390/ani8070116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many animals experience physical and behavioral changes as they age. Age-related changes in physical or mental ability can limit the opportunities for animals to experience positive well-being. As animals in zoos are living longer than ever, understanding common physical, cognitive, and behavioral changes associated with ageing across species can help inform management practices. This review aggregates information about common age-related changes across a wide number of species, discusses the potential welfare impacts of these changes for ageing animals, and suggests methods for caretakers to maximize positive welfare opportunities for ageing animals under human care. Abstract Improvements in veterinary care, nutrition, and husbandry of animals living in zoos have led to an increase in the longevity of these animals over the past 30 years. In this same time period, the focus of animal welfare science has shifted from concerns over mitigating negative welfare impacts to promoting positive welfare experiences for animals. For instance, providing opportunities for animals to exert agency, solve problems, or acquire rewards are all associated with positive welfare outcomes. Many common age-related changes result in limitations to opportunities for positive welfare experiences, either due to pain or other physical, cognitive, or behavioral limitations. This review aggregates information regarding common age-related physical and behavioral changes across species, discusses how age-related changes may limit positive welfare opportunities of aged animals in human care, and suggests potential management methods to help promote positive welfare for animals at all life stages in zoos and aquariums.
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Abstract
Simple Summary Historically, older cats and dogs have been particularly at-risk for euthanasia in animal shelters due to their lower perceived appeal for adoption. This study found that the condition at intake had the greatest impact on the outcomes of older cats and dogs. Additionally, the application of specialized veterinary care, such as orthopedic surgery or chronic disease maintenance, is discussed as factors that inform higher rates of live outcomes for these senior companion animals. These findings demonstrate that if shelters integrate practices that address the specific needs of ageing companion animals, the live outcomes for this population can increase. Abstract With advances in veterinary medicine that can increase the lifespan of cats and dogs and the effectiveness of spay/neuter programs in reducing the juvenile population of pets, animal shelters are experiencing an increasing population of older companion animals in their care. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors that inform the outcomes of these older cats and dogs. The sample consisted of 124 cats and 122 dogs that were over the age of 84 months (seven years) who were taken into a shelter over a one-year period. To assess the impact of condition at intake on the outcome for the senior animals, a multinomial logistic regression was performed. These findings indicate that preventative programming that can address the reasons these older animals are surrendered, as well as advancements in specialized medical or behavioral programs for ageing companion animals, may support an increase in live outcomes for older cats and dogs in shelters. Further study is needed to evaluate how the quality of life of older animals is impacted by remaining in the care of shelters rather than being euthanized.
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Druet I, Hennet P. Relationship between Feline calicivirus Load, Oral Lesions, and Outcome in Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis (Caudal Stomatitis): Retrospective Study in 104 Cats. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:209. [PMID: 29270412 PMCID: PMC5724031 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to assess the relationship between oral Feline calicivirus (FCV) load and severity of lesions at the time of presentation of cats suffering from feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) (part 1) and treatment outcome after dental extractions (part 2). We hypothesized that a higher FCV viral load would be positively correlated with the severity of lesions at presentation and negatively correlated with treatment outcome. In addition, the effect of dental extractions on outcome and the influence of preoperative severity of lesions on the outcome were investigated. Materials and methods Cats with FCGS were included in the study if they had been diagnosed with caudal stomatitis, had been tested positive for FCV using a real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR test on oropharyngeal swab, and had dental extractions performed within the authors’ department. General practitioners provided all previous medical treatments. Cats with recheck examinations were included in part 2 of the study. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the different parameters. Results One hundred four cats met the requirements for part 1 and 56 cats for part 2 of the study. Data collected from patients’ record included patient history, viral testing results, extent and severity of oral lesions, extent of teeth extraction. Signalment, history, preoperative treatment, and severity of caudal and alveolar stomatitis score were not associated with FCV load (P > 0.05). Presence of lingual ulcers was significantly correlated with FCV load (P = 0.0325). Clinical cure (32.1%) or very significant improvement (19.6%) was achieved in 51.8% of cats within 38 days. Concomitantly, 60.7% of the owners considered their cat cured (41.1%) or significantly improved (19.6%). Extent of teeth extraction was not found to influence the clinical outcome (P > 0.05). Conclusion The results of this study did not support the hypothesis that FCV oral load is correlated with the severity of oral lesions or with the outcome following dental extractions. In addition, the severity of caudal inflammation was not correlated with healing time or achievement of cure.
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