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Sangphech N, Sillapachaiyaporn C, Nilkhet S, Chuchawankul S. Auricularia polytricha ethanol crude extract from sequential maceration induces lipid accumulation and inflammatory suppression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Food Funct 2021; 12:10563-10570. [PMID: 34571527 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Auricularia polytricha (AP), an edible mushroom, is continuously being studied due to the medicinal properties. In this study, AP crude extracts from three sequential extraction, starting from hexane (APH), ethanol (APE) and water (APW), were examined for their anti-inflammatory activity and lipid accumulation property in macrophages. APE treatment was found to increase lipid droplet accumulation in both RAW264.7 and LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, nitric oxide production upon LPS stimulation was suppressed on APE pre-treatment. LC-MS analysis was performed to identify the potential bioactive compounds in APE. The PPARγ agonist, 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2-2-glycerol ester (15d-PGJ2-G), was uniquely presented in APE, which was previously described to bind with PPARγ and induces lipid uptake via the upregulation of Cd36. We found that pre-treatment with APE also showed an increase in Cd36 mRNA in RAW264.7 cells, indicating that 15d-PGJ2-G is the potential active compound found in AP. In conclusion, APE exhibited the induction of lipid uptake via CD36, resulting in lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naunpun Sangphech
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, 222 Thaiburi, Thasala, Nakorn Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Chanin Sillapachaiyaporn
- Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunita Nilkhet
- Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Chuchawankul
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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2
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Yue EW, Sparks R, Polam P, Modi D, Douty B, Wayland B, Glass B, Takvorian A, Glenn J, Zhu W, Bower M, Liu X, Leffet L, Wang Q, Bowman KJ, Hansbury MJ, Wei M, Li Y, Wynn R, Burn TC, Koblish HK, Fridman JS, Emm T, Scherle PA, Metcalf B, Combs AP. INCB24360 (Epacadostat), a Highly Potent and Selective Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitor for Immuno-oncology. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:486-491. [PMID: 28523098 PMCID: PMC5430407 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
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A data-centric medicinal
chemistry approach led to the invention
of a potent and selective IDO1 inhibitor 4f, INCB24360
(epacadostat). The molecular structure of INCB24360 contains several
previously unknown or underutilized functional groups in drug substances,
including a hydroxyamidine, furazan, bromide, and sulfamide. These
moieties taken together in a single structure afford a compound that
falls outside of “drug-like” space. Nevertheless, the in vitro ADME data is consistent with the good cell permeability
and oral bioavailability observed in all species (rat, dog, monkey)
tested. The extensive intramolecular hydrogen bonding observed in
the small molecule crystal structure of 4f is believed
to significantly contribute to the observed permeability and PK. Epacadostat
in combination with anti-PD1 mAb pembrolizumab is currently being
studied in a phase 3 clinical trial in patients with unresectable
or metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy W. Yue
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Richard Sparks
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Padmaja Polam
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Dilip Modi
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Brent Douty
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Brian Wayland
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Brian Glass
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Amy Takvorian
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Joseph Glenn
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Wenyu Zhu
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Michael Bower
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Lynn Leffet
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Kevin J. Bowman
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Michael J. Hansbury
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Min Wei
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Yanlong Li
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Richard Wynn
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Timothy C. Burn
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Holly K. Koblish
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Jordan S. Fridman
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Tom Emm
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Peggy A. Scherle
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Brian Metcalf
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Andrew P. Combs
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
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3
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Gan J, Ma S, Zhang D. Non-cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation and its toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:473-501. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1225756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Boer J, Young-Sciame R, Lee F, Bowman KJ, Yang X, Shi JG, Nedza FM, Frietze W, Galya L, Combs AP, Yeleswaram S, Diamond S. Roles of UGT, P450, and Gut Microbiota in the Metabolism of Epacadostat in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1668-74. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Metabolism, Excretion and Bioavailability of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A after Oral Administration of Its Lipid-Based Formulation and Aqueous Solution in Rats. Chin J Nat Med 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1009.2010.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Orally active factor Xa inhibitors: Investigation of a novel series of 3-amidinophenylsulfonamide derivatives using an amidoxime prodrug strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4682-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Reeh C, Wundt J, Clement B. N,N'-dihydroxyamidines: a new prodrug principle to improve the oral bioavailability of amidines. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6730-4. [PMID: 18052320 DOI: 10.1021/jm701259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
N, N'-dihydroxybenzamdine represents a model compound for a new prodrug principle to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs containing amidine functions. The activation of the prodrug could be demonstrated in vitro by porcine and human subcellular enzyme fractions, the mitochondrial benzamidoxime reducing system, and porcine hepatocytes. In vivo, the bioavailability of benzamidine after oral application of N, N'-dihydroxybenzamidine was about 91% and exceeded that of benzamidine after oral application of benzamidoxime, being about 74% (Liu, L.; Ling, Y.; Havel, C.; Bashnick, L.; Young, W.; Rai, R.; Vijaykumar, D.; Riggs, J. R.; Ton, T.; Shaghafi, M.; Graupe, D.; Mordenti, J.; Sukbuntherng, J. Species comparison of in vitro and in vivo conversion of five N-hydroxyamidine prodrugs of fVIIA inhibitors to their corresponding active amidines. Presented at the 13th North America ISSX Meeting, Maui, HI, 2005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reeh
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany
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Lee SK, Jeong HG, Lee ES, Jeong TC. Metabolism of FPP-3, an anti-inflammatory propenone compound, in rat by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:967-71. [PMID: 17473444 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1-Furan-2-yl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propenone (FPP-3) is an anti-inflammatory agent with a propenone moiety. Following a single intravenous injection of male Sprague-Dawley rats with 4 mg/kg of FPP-3, three different metabolites of FPP-3 were identified as M1 (1-furan-2-yl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propan-1-one), M2 (1-furan-2-yl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propan-1-ol) and M3 (a glucuronide conjugate of M2) in rat urine by a liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of M1 and M2 were the same as observed previously following the incubation of rat liver microsomes with FPP-3 in the presence of NADPH. Although all metabolites of FPP-3 were identified in rat urine, only M1 and M2 were observed in the bile and feces. In addition, FPP-3 and its metabolites were mostly excreted into the urine. The M3 was identified as a glucuronide conjugate of M2 because of the addition of 176 Da from the protonated molecular ion of M2 in MS(2) and because of the production of free M2 following an incubation of urine with beta-glucuronidase. From these studies, a possible metabolic fate of FPP-3 could be proposed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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Testa B, Krämer SD. The biochemistry of drug metabolism--an introduction: Part 2. Redox reactions and their enzymes. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:257-405. [PMID: 17372942 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review continues a general presentation of the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics started in a recent issue of Chemistry & Biodiversity. This Part 2 presents the numerous oxidoreductases involved, their nomenclature, relevant biochemical properties, catalytic mechanisms, and the very diverse reactions they catalyze. Many medicinally, environmentally, and toxicologically relevant examples are presented and discussed. Cytochromes P450 occupy a majority of the pages of Part 2, but a large number of relevant oxidoreductases are also considered, e.g., flavin-containing monooxygenases, amine oxidases, molybdenum hydroxylases, peroxidases, and the innumerable dehydrogenases/reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Testa
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Centre (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne.
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Havemeyer A, Bittner F, Wollers S, Mendel R, Kunze T, Clement B. Identification of the Missing Component in the Mitochondrial Benzamidoxime Prodrug-converting System as a Novel Molybdenum Enzyme. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34796-802. [PMID: 16973608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607697200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amidoximes can be used as prodrugs for amidines and related functional groups to enhance their intestinal absorption. These prodrugs are reduced to their active amidines. Other N-hydroxylated structures are mutagenic or responsible for toxic effects of drugs and are detoxified by reduction. In this study, a N-reductive enzyme system of pig liver mitochondria using benzamidoxime as a model substrate was identified. A protein fraction free from cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase was purified, enhancing 250-fold the minor benzamidoxime-reductase activity catalyzed by the membrane-bound cytochrome b5/NADH cytochrome b5 reductase system. This fraction contained a 35-kDa protein with homologies to the C-terminal domain of the human molybdenum cofactor sulfurase. Here it was demonstrated that this 35-kDa protein contains molybdenum cofactor and forms the hitherto ill defined third component of the N-reductive complex in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Thus, the 35-kDa protein represents a novel group of molybdenum proteins in eukaryotes as it forms the catalytic part of a three-component enzyme complex consisting of separate proteins. Supporting these findings, recombinant C-terminal domain of the human molybdenum cofactor sulfurase exhibited N-reductive activity in vitro, which was strictly dependent on molybdenum cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Havemeyer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Lee SK, Lee DW, Jeon TW, Jin CH, Kim GH, Jun IH, Lee DJ, Kim SI, Kim DH, Jahng Y, Jeong TC. Characterization of the Phase II metabolites of rutaecarpine in rat by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Xenobiotica 2006; 35:1135-45. [PMID: 16418066 DOI: 10.1080/00498250500363742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
From the authors' previous studies on the Phase I metabolism of rutaecarpine, nine metabolites formed were identified as products of hydroxylation on the aromatic rings in rat liver microsomes. In order to determine the possible metabolic fate of rutaecarpine, the Phase II metabolites of rutaecarpine were characterized in the present study by using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS). When male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated intravenously with 4 mg kg(-1) rutaecarpine, 16 different Phase I and II metabolites were identified in urine including four sulfate and four glucuronide conjugates. Phase I metabolites of rutaecarpine were identified as four mono-hydroxylated metabolites (M2-5) and four isobaric di-hydroxylated metabolites (M6-9). These metabolites were identical to the in vitro metabolites except one, which was hydroxylated in the aliphatic moiety. In addition, Phase II metabolites were identified as conjugated with sulfate (S1-4) and glucuronide (G1-4). In faeces, 11 different metabolites were identified. The metabolites M8 and glucuronide conjugated (G1-4) were not detected. Structures of all metabolites were confirmed with CID fragmentation spectra of MS(2), MS(3) and retention times by LC/ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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Froehlich AK, Girreser U, Clement B. METABOLISM OF N-HYDROXYGUANIDINES (N-HYDROXYDEBRISOQUINE) IN HUMAN AND PORCINE HEPATOCYTES: REDUCTION AND FORMATION OF GLUCURONIDES. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 33:1532-7. [PMID: 16033947 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.004572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotransformation of N-hydroxydebrisoquine, a model substrate for N-hydroxyguanidines, was studied in vitro with cultured and characterized porcine and human hepatocytes. The objective of the present work was to compare the N-oxidative and N-reductive metabolism of this compound using a monolayer culture system with previously described microsomal studies and to investigate the phase 2 metabolism, in particular, the glucuronidation of this class of compounds. At the same time, the suitability of pig hepatocytes as a model system for the human metabolism could be investigated. Two glucuronides of the parent compound N-hydroxydebrisoquine were analyzed. For the first time, one of these phase 2 metabolites could be identified as an O-glucuronide of an N-hydroxyguanidine by comparing it to a synthesized authentic compound. The involvement of certain human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) was evaluated by incubating the substrate with eight human hepatic recombinant UGT enzymes. Metabolites were determined by a newly developed LC-MS (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry) analysis using electrospray ionization (ESI). The known microsomal reduction of the N-hydroxylated compound was also demonstrated with hepatocytes. The N-hydroxylation of the corresponding reduced compound (debrisoquine), which was previously described with microsomes, could not be detected in hepatocytes. There was no qualitative difference in the formation of the described derivatives by human and porcine hepatocytes. All phase 2 metabolites identified in hepatocyte culture were also formed by glucuronosyltransferases. In culture, the N-reduction of the N-hydroxylated substrate is the dominating reaction, indicating a predominance of N-reduction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristina Froehlich
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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