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Stegmüller S, Beißmann N, Kremer JI, Mehl D, Baumann C, Richling E. A New UPLC-qTOF Approach for Elucidating Furan and 2-Methylfuran Metabolites in Human Urine Samples after Coffee Consumption. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215104. [PMID: 33153167 PMCID: PMC7663408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated urine samples after coffee consumption using targeted and untargeted approaches to identify furan and 2-methylfuran metabolites in urine samples by UPLC-qToF. The aim was to establish a fast, robust, and time-saving method involving ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quantitative time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-qToF-MS/MS). The developed method detected previously reported metabolites, such as Lys-BDA, and others that had not been previously identified, or only detected in animal or in vitro studies. The developed UPLC-qToF method detected previously reported metabolites, such as lysine-cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (Lys-BDA) adducts, and others that had not been previously identified, or only detected in animal and in vitro studies. In sum, the UPLC-qToF approach provides additional information that may be valuable in future human or animal intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stegmüller
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; (S.S.); (N.B.); (J.I.K.)
| | - Nadine Beißmann
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; (S.S.); (N.B.); (J.I.K.)
| | - Jonathan Isaak Kremer
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; (S.S.); (N.B.); (J.I.K.)
| | - Denise Mehl
- AB SCIEX Germany GmbH, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (D.M.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Elke Richling
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; (S.S.); (N.B.); (J.I.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax.: +0049-631-205-4061 (ext. 3085)
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Kassem NOF, Peterson LA, Liles S, Kassem NO, Zaki FK, Lui KJ, Vevang KR, Dodder NG, Hoh E, Hovell MF. Urinary metabolites of furan in waterpipe tobacco smokers compared to non-smokers in home settings in the US. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:202-210. [PMID: 32814080 PMCID: PMC10883161 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine uptake of furan, a potential human carcinogen, in waterpipe tobacco (WPT) smokers in home settings. METHODS We analysed data from a US convenience sample of 50 exclusive WPT smokers, mean age 25.3 years, and 25 non-smokers, mean age 25.5 years. For WPT smokers, data were collected at a home visit by research assistants during which participants smoked one WPT head of one brand for a mean of 33.1 min in their homes. Research assistants provided and prepared a WP for participants by weighing and loading 10 g of WPT in the WP head. At the completion of the smoking session, research assistants measured the remaining WPT. Cotinine and six furan metabolites were quantified in first morning urine samples provided on 2 consecutive days for non-smokers, and on the morning of a WPT smoking session and on the following morning for smokers. RESULTS WPT smokers consumed a mean of 2.99 g WPT. In WPT smokers, urinary cotinine levels increased significantly 26.1 times the following morning; however, urinary metabolites of furan did not increase significantly. Compared to non-smokers, 2 furan metabolites, N-acetyl-S-[1-(5-acetylamino-5-carboxylpentyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-S-[1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-L-cysteine sulfoxide, were significantly higher in WPT smokers in pre and in post WPT smoking levels. CONCLUSIONS To enable a more rigorous assessment of furan exposure from WPT smoking, future research should determine furan concentrations in WPT smoke, quantify furan metabolites from users of various WPT brands; and extend the investigation to social settings where WPT smoking is habitually practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada O F Kassem
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), Hookah Tobacco Studies Division, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92123, United States.
| | - Lisa A Peterson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Sandy Liles
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), Hookah Tobacco Studies Division, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92123, United States
| | - Noura O Kassem
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), Hookah Tobacco Studies Division, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92123, United States
| | - Flora K Zaki
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), Hookah Tobacco Studies Division, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92123, United States
| | - Kung-Jong Lui
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Karin R Vevang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Melbourne F Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), Hookah Tobacco Studies Division, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92123, United States
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Sánchez-Illana Á, Shah V, Piñeiro-Ramos JD, Di Fiore JM, Quintás G, Raffay TM, MacFarlane PM, Martin RJ, Kuligowski J. Adrenic acid non-enzymatic peroxidation products in biofluids of moderate preterm infants. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 142:107-112. [PMID: 30818053 PMCID: PMC6800232 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an essential role in processes of signaling and damage to biomolecules during early perinatal life. Isoprostanoids and isofuranoids from the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are widely recognized as reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress. However, their quantification is not straightforward due to high structural similarity of the compounds formed. In this work, a semiquantitative method for the analysis of adrenic acid (AdA, C22:4 n-6) non-enzymatic peroxidation products (i.e. dihomo-isoprostanes and dihomo-isofurans) was developed. The proposed ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was applied to the analysis of blood plasma and urine from preterm infants providing information about AdA peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Sánchez-Illana
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vidhi Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - José David Piñeiro-Ramos
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juliann M Di Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Guillermo Quintás
- Health and Biomedicine, Leitat Technological Center, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain; Analytical Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas M Raffay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
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Rietjens IMCM, Dussort P, Günther H, Hanlon P, Honda H, Mally A, O'Hagan S, Scholz G, Seidel A, Swenberg J, Teeguarden J, Eisenbrand G. Exposure assessment of process-related contaminants in food by biomarker monitoring. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:15-40. [PMID: 29302712 PMCID: PMC5773647 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure assessment is a fundamental part of the risk assessment paradigm, but can often present a number of challenges and uncertainties. This is especially the case for process contaminants formed during the processing, e.g. heating of food, since they are in part highly reactive and/or volatile, thus making exposure assessment by analysing contents in food unreliable. New approaches are therefore required to accurately assess consumer exposure and thus better inform the risk assessment. Such novel approaches may include the use of biomarkers, physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-facilitated reverse dosimetry, and/or duplicate diet studies. This review focuses on the state of the art with respect to the use of biomarkers of exposure for the process contaminants acrylamide, 3-MCPD esters, glycidyl esters, furan and acrolein. From the overview presented, it becomes clear that the field of assessing human exposure to process-related contaminants in food by biomarker monitoring is promising and strongly developing. The current state of the art as well as the existing data gaps and challenges for the future were defined. They include (1) using PBK modelling and duplicate diet studies to establish, preferably in humans, correlations between external exposure and biomarkers; (2) elucidation of the possible endogenous formation of the process-related contaminants and the resulting biomarker levels; (3) the influence of inter-individual variations and how to include that in the biomarker-based exposure predictions; (4) the correction for confounding factors; (5) the value of the different biomarkers in relation to exposure scenario's and risk assessment, and (6) the possibilities of novel methodologies. In spite of these challenges it can be concluded that biomarker-based exposure assessment provides a unique opportunity to more accurately assess consumer exposure to process-related contaminants in food and thus to better inform risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Dussort
- International Life Sciences Institute, Europe (ILSI Europe), Av E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Helmut Günther
- Mondelēz International, Postfach 10 78 40, 28078, Bremen, Germany
| | - Paul Hanlon
- Abbott Nutrition, 3300 Stelzer Road, Dept. 104070, Bldg. RP3-2, Columbus, OH, 43219, USA
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- KAO Corporation, R&D Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321 3497, Japan
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sue O'Hagan
- PepsiCo Europe, 4 Leycroft Road, Leicester, LE4 1ET, UK
| | - Gabriele Scholz
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 44, 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, Lurup 4, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - James Swenberg
- Environmental Science and Engineering, UNC-Chapel Hill Cancer Genetics, 253c Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin Teeguarden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, P.O. Box 3049, 67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Grill AE, Schmitt T, Gates LA, Lu D, Bandyopadhyay D, Yuan JM, Murphy SE, Peterson LA. Abundant Rodent Furan-Derived Urinary Metabolites Are Associated with Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1508-16. [PMID: 26114498 PMCID: PMC5473163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Furan, a possible human carcinogen, is found in heat treated foods and tobacco smoke. Previous studies have shown that humans are capable of converting furan to its reactive metabolite, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA), and therefore may be susceptible to furan toxicity. Human risk assessment of furan exposure has been stymied because of the lack of mechanism-based exposure biomarkers. Therefore, a sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for six furan metabolites was applied to measure their levels in urine from furan-exposed rodents as well as in human urine from smokers and nonsmokers. The metabolites that result from direct reaction of BDA with lysine (BDA-N(α)-acetyllysine) and from cysteine-BDA-lysine cross-links (N-acetylcysteine-BDA-lysine, N-acetylcysteine-BDA-N(α)-acetyllysine, and their sulfoxides) were targeted in this study. Five of the six metabolites were identified in urine from rodents treated with furan by gavage. BDA-N(α)-acetyllysine, N-acetylcysteine-BDA-lysine, and its sulfoxide were detected in most human urine samples from three different groups. The levels of N-acetylcysteine-BDA-lysine sulfoxide were more than 10 times higher than that of the corresponding sulfide in many samples. The amount of this metabolite was higher in smokers relative to that in nonsmokers and was significantly reduced following smoking cessation. Our results indicate a strong relationship between BDA-derived metabolites and smoking. Future studies will determine if levels of these biomarkers are associated with adverse health effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa A. Peterson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Lisa Peterson, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, Room 2-126, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455. Phone: 612-626-0164; fax: 612-626-5135;
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Issa MM, Nejem RM, Abu Shanab AM, Shaat NT. Kinetic spectrophotometric H-point standard addition method for the simultaneous determination of diloxanide furoate and metronidazole in binary mixtures and biological fluids. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 114:592-598. [PMID: 23807049 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Simple, reliable, and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of diloxanide furoate and metronidazole using H-point standard addition method (HPSAM). The method is based on the oxidation rate difference of diloxanide and metronidazole by potassium permanganate in basic medium. A green color has been developed and measured at 610 nm. Different experimental parameters were carefully optimized. The limiting logarithmic and the initial-rate methods were adopted for the construction of the calibration curve of each individual reaction with potassium permanganate. Under the optimum conditions, Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 1.0-20.0 and 5.0-25.0 μg ml(-1) for diloxanide furoate and metronidazole, respectively. The detection limits were 0.22 μg ml(-1) for diloxanide furoate and 0.83 μg ml(-1) for metronidazole. Correlation coefficients of the regression equations were greater than 0.9970 in all cases. The precision of the method was satisfactory; the maximum value of relative standard deviation did not exceed 1.06% (n=5). The accuracy, expressed as recovery was between 99.4% and 101.4% with relative error of 0.12 and 0.14 for diloxanide furoate and metronidazole, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of both drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and human urine samples and compared with alternative HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohamed Issa
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Alaqsa University, Gaza, Palestine
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Liu RP, Zhou JH, Zhu BL. [Relationship of urinary ttMA, S-PMA and 8-OHdG in workers to low-level BTEX]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2012; 30:918-922. [PMID: 23290646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Kraus T, Gube M, Lang J, Esser A, Sturm W, Fimm B, Willmes K, Neulen J, Baron JM, Merk H, Schettgen T, Konrad K, Deisz S, Rink L, Hagmann M, Fillies B, Zschiesche W, Wittsiepe J, Wilhelm M. Surveillance program for former PCB-exposed workers of a transformer and capacitor recycling company, family members, employees of surrounding companies, and area residents--executive summary. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2012; 75:1241-1247. [PMID: 22994578 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.709377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In a German company polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)-containing transformers and capacitors were recycled on a large scale. Human biomonitoring revealed a high PCB body burden in workers of the recycling company, in surrounding locations of this plant, in companies in the neighborhood of this plant, and in family members of these employees. In order to clarify whether possible adverse health effects occurred or may occur in the future, a prospective surveillance program was initiated. After an extensive literature search, an interdisciplinary group of experts developed a surveillance program based on current knowledge with respect to possible adverse health effects that might occur in the recycling process of transformers and capacitors. Exposure to various hazardous substances (PCB, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans [PCDD/F], metals, solvents) was considered. Criteria derived from human biomonitoring results of PCB were used for admission to the program. Participants in the surveillance program are first informed about risks and aims of the program. Subsequently, physicians started a detailed documentation of participants' general and occupational history, with their complaints, diseases, and nutritional habits, as well as information regarding their living areas, by means of a standardized questionnaire. In addition, separate examinations were performed to detect possible neurological, immunological, (neuro)psychological, hormonal, and skin effects. Moreover, DNA exposure as assessed by the comet assay and antioxidative status were determined. The program will be offered at yearly intervals for 3 years, and then at 5 and 10 years after program onset. Until now the program has proved to be feasible, and acceptance among workers and their families has been high. Based on the results, criteria will be developed to define adverse health effects that might be attributable to a hazardous substance exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kraus
- Department of Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Billings FT, Ball SK, Roberts LJ, Pretorius M. Postoperative acute kidney injury is associated with hemoglobinemia and an enhanced oxidative stress response. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1480-7. [PMID: 21334433 PMCID: PMC3090463 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently afflicts patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and independently predicts death. Both hemoglobinemia and myoglobinemia are independent predictors of postoperative AKI. Release of free hemeproteins into the circulation is known to cause oxidative injury to the kidneys. This study tested the hypothesis that postoperative AKI is associated with both enhanced intraoperative hemeprotein release and increased lipid peroxidation assessed by measuring F₂-isoprostanes and isofurans. In a case-control study nested within an ongoing randomized trial of perioperative statin treatment and AKI, we compared levels of F₂-isoprostanes and isofurans with plasma levels of free hemoglobin and myoglobin in 10 cardiac surgery AKI patients to those of 10 risk-matched controls. Peak plasma free hemoglobin concentrations were significantly higher in AKI subjects (289.0 ± 37.8 versus 104.4 ± 36.5mg/dl, P = 0.01), whereas plasma myoglobin concentrations were similar between groups. The change in plasma F₂-isoprostane and isofuran levels (repeated-measures ANOVA, P = 0.02 and P = 0.001, respectively) as well as the change in urine isofuran levels (P = 0.04) was significantly greater in AKI subjects. In addition, change in peak plasma isofuran levels correlated not only with peak free plasma hemoglobin concentrations (r² = 0.39, P = 0.001) but also with peak change in serum creatinine (r² = 0.20, P = 0.01). Postoperative AKI is associated with both enhanced intraoperative hemeprotein release and enhanced lipid peroxidation. The correlations among hemoglobinemia, lipid peroxidation, and AKI indicate a potential role for hemeprotein-induced oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of postoperative AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic T Billings
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Han ZH, Fu S, Yu KP. [Determination of tetrahydrofuran in urine by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2011; 29:150-151. [PMID: 21619851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was used pre-concentration procedure for the determination of tetrahydrofuran in urine by gas chromatography with hydrogen flame detector. METHODS Several parameters controlling SPME was studied and optimised: SPME fiber, extraction time and extraction temperature, desorption time and desorption temperature. RESULTS Under optimal conditions, the correlation coefficient was 0.9998 and good recoveries (range from 93.0% ∼ 100.8%) were achieved, the detection limit was 0.5 µg/L. CONCLUSION The method can be applied to the determination of trace amount of tetrahydrofuran in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-hui Han
- Institute of Labour Hygiene and Occupational Diseases of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province 410007, China
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Abstract
Furan is a rodent hepatotoxicant and carcinogen. Because this compound is an important industrial intermediate and has been detected in heat-processed foods and smoke, humans are likely exposed to this toxic compound. Characterization of urinary metabolites of furan will lead to the development of biomarkers to assess human health risks associated with furan exposure. Previous studies indicate that furan is oxidized to a reactive alpha,beta-unsaturated dialdehyde, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA), in a reaction catalyzed by cytochrome P450. Five previously characterized metabolites are derived from the reaction of BDA with cellular nucleophiles such as glutathione and protein. They include the monoglutathione reaction product, N-[4-carboxy-4-(3-mercapto-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-oxobutyl]-l-cysteinylglycine cyclic sulfide, and its downstream metabolite, S-[1-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]methylthiol, as well as (R)-2-acetylamino-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-hexanoic acid and N-acetyl-S-[1-(5-acetylamino-5-carboxypentyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-l-cysteine and its sulfoxide. The last two compounds are downstream metabolites of a BDA-derived cysteine-lysine cross-link, S-[1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-l-cysteine. In this report, we present the characterization of seven additional urinary furan metabolites, all of which are derived from this cross-link. The cysteinyl residue is subject to several biotransformation reactions, including N-acetylation and S-oxidation. Alternatively, it can undergo beta-elimination followed by S-methylation to a methylthiol intermediate that is further oxidized to a sulfoxide. The lysine portion of the cross-link either is N-acetylated or undergoes a transamination reaction to generate an alpha-ketoacid metabolite that undergoes oxidative decarboxylation. Some of these metabolites are among the most abundant furan metabolites present in urine as judged by LC-MS/MS analysis, indicating that the oxidation of furan to BDA and BDA's subsequent reaction with cellular cysteine and lysine residues may represent a significant in vivo pathway of furan biotransformation. Because they are derived from cellular BDA reaction products, these metabolites are markers of furan exposure and bioactivation and could be explored as potential biomarkers in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Lu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Lisa A. Peterson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Abstract
Furan is a liver toxicant and carcinogen in rodents. On the basis of these observations and the large potential for human exposure, furan has been classified as a possible human carcinogen. The mechanism of tumor induction by furan is unknown. However, the toxicity requires cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidation of furan. The product of this oxidation, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA), reacts readily with glutathione, amino acids, and DNA and is a bacterial mutagen in Ames assay strain TA104. Characterization of the urinary metabolites of furan is expected to provide information regarding the structure(s) of the reactive metabolite(s). Recently, several urinary metabolites have been identified. We reported the presence of a monoglutathione-BDA reaction product, N-[4-carboxy-4-(3-mercapto-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-oxobutyl]-l-cysteinylglycine cyclic sulfide. Three additional urinary metabolites of furan were also characterized as follows: R-2-acetylamino-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-hexanoic acid, N-acetyl-S-[1-(5-acetylamino-5-carboxypentyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-l-cysteine, and its sulfoxide. It was postulated that these three metabolites are derived from degraded protein adducts. However, the possibility that these metabolites result from the reaction of BDA with free lysine and/or cysteine was not ruled out. In this latter case, one might predict that the reaction of thiol-BDA with free lysine would not occur exclusively on the epsilon-amino group. Reaction of BDA with N-acetylcysteine or GSH in the presence of lysine indicated that both the alpha- and the epsilon-amino groups of lysine can be modified by thiol-BDA. The N-acetylcysteine-BDA-N-acetyllysine urinary metabolites were solely linked through the epsilon-amino group of lysine. A GSH-BDA-lysine cross-link was a significant hepatocyte metabolite of furan. In this case, the major product resulted from reaction with the epsilon-amino group of lysine; however, small amounts of the alpha-amino reaction product were also observed. Western analysis of liver and hepatocyte protein extracts using anti-GSH antibody indicated that GSH was covalently linked to proteins in tissues or cells exposed to furan. Our data support the hypothesis that GSH-BDA can react with either free lysine or protein lysine groups. These data suggest that there are multiple pathways by which furan can modify cellular nucleophiles. In one pathway, BDA reacts directly with proteins to form cysteine-lysine reaction products. In another, BDA reacts with GSH to form GSH-BDA conjugates, which then react with cellular nucleophiles like free lysine or lysine moieties in proteins. Both pathways will give rise to N-acetyl-S-[1-(5-acetylamino-5-carboxypentyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-l-cysteine. Given the abundance of these metabolites in urine of furan-treated rats, these pathways appear to be major pathways of furan biotransformation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Lu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Martin B. Phillips
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Lisa A. Peterson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Lee SK, Jeong HG, Lee ES, Jeong TC. Metabolism of FPP-3, an anti-inflammatory propenone compound, in rat by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:967-71. [PMID: 17473444 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1-Furan-2-yl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propenone (FPP-3) is an anti-inflammatory agent with a propenone moiety. Following a single intravenous injection of male Sprague-Dawley rats with 4 mg/kg of FPP-3, three different metabolites of FPP-3 were identified as M1 (1-furan-2-yl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propan-1-one), M2 (1-furan-2-yl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propan-1-ol) and M3 (a glucuronide conjugate of M2) in rat urine by a liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of M1 and M2 were the same as observed previously following the incubation of rat liver microsomes with FPP-3 in the presence of NADPH. Although all metabolites of FPP-3 were identified in rat urine, only M1 and M2 were observed in the bile and feces. In addition, FPP-3 and its metabolites were mostly excreted into the urine. The M3 was identified as a glucuronide conjugate of M2 because of the addition of 176 Da from the protonated molecular ion of M2 in MS(2) and because of the production of free M2 following an incubation of urine with beta-glucuronidase. From these studies, a possible metabolic fate of FPP-3 could be proposed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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Nobilis M, Pour M, Senel P, Pavlík J, Kunes J, Voprsalová M, Kolárová L, Holcapek M. Metabolic profiling of a potential antifungal drug, 3-(4-bromophenyl)-5-acetoxymethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one, in mouse urine using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV photodiode-array and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 853:10-9. [PMID: 17400036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3-(4-bromophenyl)-5-acetyloxymethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one (LNO-18-22) is a representative member of a novel group of potential antifungal drugs, derived from a natural 3,5-disubstituted butenolide, (-)incrustoporine, as a lead structure. This lipophilic compound is characterized by high in vitro antifungal activity and low acute toxicity. For the purpose of in vivo studies, a new bioanalytical high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV photodiode-array and mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-PDA-MS), involving a direct injection of diluted mouse urine was developed and used in the evaluation of the metabolic profiling of this drug candidate. The separation of LNO-18-22 and its phase I metabolites was performed in 37 min on a 125 mmx4 mm chromatographic column with Purospher RP-18e using an acetonitrile-water gradient elution. Scan mode of UV detection (195-380 nm) was employed for the identification of the parent compound and its biotransformation products in the biomatrix. Finally, the identity of LNO-18-22 and its metabolites was confirmed using HPLC-MS analyses of the eluate. These experiments demonstrated the power of a comprehensive analytical approach based on the combination of xenobiochemical methods and the results from tandem HPLC-PDA-MS (chromatographic behaviour, UV and MS spectra of native metabolites versus synthetic standards). The chemical structures of five phase I LNO-18-22 metabolites and one phase II metabolite were elucidated in the mouse urine, with two of these metabolites having very unexpected structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Nobilis
- Institute of Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Joint Research Center of PRO.MED.CS Praha a.s. and Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského 1207, CZ-500 02 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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15
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Niemeyer HB, Honig DM, Kulling SE, Metzler M. Studies on the metabolism of the plant lignans secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51:6317-6325. [PMID: 14518962 DOI: 10.1021/jf030263n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The plant lignans secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol occur in numerous foods such as oil seeds, whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. We have studied the hitherto unknown oxidative metabolism of secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol in hepatic microsomes from untreated and Aroclor 1254-induced Wistar rats and from humans. Five oxidative metabolites of secoisolariciresinol and 10 oxidative metabolites of matairesinol were detected in rat liver microsomes, and their chemical structures were elucidated. The pathways in the metabolism of both secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol included aliphatic and aromatic hydroxylation, whereas oxidative demethylation was only observed for matairesinol. Human hepatic microsomes were able to metabolize secoisolariciresinol whereas matairesinol was only poorly metabolized. This study clearly shows that secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol are substrates of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism. However, from preliminary experiments with rats dosed orally with secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol, it appears that the intestinal absorption and subsequent oxidative metabolism of these plant lignans occur only to a very small extent due to the highly efficient conversion of secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol to the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone by the gut microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike B Niemeyer
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Karlsruhe, P.O. Box 6980, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Perbellini L, Princivalle A, Cerpelloni M, Pasini F, Brugnone F. Comparison of breath, blood and urine concentrations in the biomonitoring of environmental exposure to 1,3-butadiene, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and benzene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2003; 76:461-6. [PMID: 12687377 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-003-0436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2002] [Accepted: 01/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate and compare alveolar, blood, and urine concentrations of 1,3-butadiene, 2,5 dimethylfuran, and benzene, in non-occupational exposure to these products. METHODS Benzene, 2,5-dimethylfuran and 1,3-butadiene were measured in the breath, blood, and urine samples of 61 subjects living in small mountain villages. All 61 were regularly employed as forestry workers. Sampling was done during the long winter-season non-working period. Samples were collected after overnight rest and analysed by headspace and GC-mass spectrometry methods. RESULTS The median 1,3-butadiene level was 1.2 ng/l (range: <0.8-13.2 ng/l) in alveolar air, 2.2 ng/l (range: <0.5-50.2 ng/l) in blood, and 1.1 ng/l (range: <1-8.9 ng/l) in urine. The median benzene level was 5.7 ng/l (range: <1-24.9 ng/l) in alveolar air, 62.3 ng/l (range: 33.5-487.2 ng/l) in blood, and 63.4 ng/l (range: 25.8-1099.1 ng/l) in urine. The median 2,5-dimethylfuran level was 0.5 ng/l (range: <1-12.5 ng/l) in alveolar air, 2.5 ng/l (range: <5-372.9 ng/l) in blood, and 51.8 ng/l (range: <5-524.9 ng/l) in urine. In several cases, 2,5-dimethylfuran levels were below the detection limit in alveolar air and blood, especially in non-smokers. 1,3-Butadiene, 2,5-dimethylfuran and benzene levels were significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers in all biological media. CONCLUSIONS 1,3-Butadiene and benzene, as ubiquitous pollutants, are detectable and quantifiable in human alveolar air, blood and urine. 2,5-Dimethylfuran, which is not a usual environmental pollutant, is almost always detectable in biological media, but only in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Perbellini
- Occupational Medicine Service, Department of Medicine and Public Health, Policlinico GB Rossi, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy. perbelui@.univr.it
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17
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Tan ZB, Tonks CE, O'Donnell GE, Geyer R. An improved HPLC analysis of the metabolite furoic acid in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural. J Anal Toxicol 2003; 27:43-6. [PMID: 12587683 DOI: 10.1093/jat/27.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the analysis of the metabolite furoic acid in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural is described. The procedure involved an alkaline hydrolysis step followed by solvent extraction using ethyl acetate. HPLC analysis used an acidic acetonitrile/water mobile phase with a C18 column and ultraviolet detection. The overall relative recovery of furoic acid in urine was found to be 98.8% with a relative standard deviation of 9.7%. The limit of quantitation was determined to be 0.01 mmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z B Tan
- Laboratory Services Unit, WorkCover Authority of New South Wales, 5A Pioneer Avenue, Thornleigh, NSW 2120, Australia
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18
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Cartigny B, Azaroual N, Imbenotte M, Sadeg N, Testart F, Richecoeur J, Vermeersch G, Lhermitte M. 1H NMR spectroscopic investigation of serum and urine in a case of acute tetrahydrofuran poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 2001; 25:270-4. [PMID: 11386640 DOI: 10.1093/jat/25.4.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports the investigation by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy of biological fluids in a case of intentional poisoning with tetrahydrofuran (THF). Occupational exposures to this solvent are well documented, but acute poisoning cases are extremely rare, and the one presented here is the second known case of this kind. Urine and serum samples were collected. Without any pretreatment, the presence of THF was confirmed by characteristic resonances at 1.90 and 3.76 ppm; high lactate levels were also observed. The presence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) was noted. Quantitative analysis was performed by relative integration of peak areas. THF concentrations were 813 and 850 mg/L (11.3 and 11.8 mmol/L), and GHB concentrations 239 and 2,977 mg/L (2.3 and 28.6 mmol/L) in serum and urine, respectively. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method confirmed 1H NMR observations. The origin of GHB detected in serum and urine is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cartigny
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Hĵpital Albert Calmette, Lille, France
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19
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Shockcor JP, Unger SE, Savina P, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC. Application of directly coupled LC-NMR-MS to the structural elucidation of metabolites of the HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor BW935U83. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2000; 748:269-79. [PMID: 11092604 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human in vivo metabolism of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor 5-chloro-1-(2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-erythro-pentofuranosyl)uracil (BW935U83) was studied using 19F NMR spectroscopy, directly coupled LC-NMR and LC-NMR-MS. The number and relative proportions of the drug metabolites were obtained from 19F NMR spectra of whole human urine. The novel use of the continuous-flow 19F detected LC-NMR experiment yielded chromatographic retention times and 19F chemical shifts for the parent drug, the glucuronide conjugate of the parent and an early eluting polar metabolite. The parent drug and its glucuronide conjugate were easily characterised by directly coupled 1H LC-NMR spectroscopy and two-dimensional TOCSY experiments. The identification of the second metabolite was achieved using 19F NMR and directly coupled 1H LC-NMR-MS which furnished the molecular weight, and through the use of MS-MS techniques, information on the fragment ions. This species was identified as 3-fluoro-ribolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Shockcor
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Newark, DE 19714, USA
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20
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Jiang G, Tang G, Wang S, Wang C, Zheng L. [Studies on urinary metabolites of perlolyrine in rats]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2000; 22:154-8. [PMID: 12903518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the metabolism of perlolyrine in rats, which is an active ingredient from the traditional Chinese herb, Ligusticum Wallichii Franch. METHODS After administration of perlolyrine and deuterated perlolyrine, the rat urines were hydrolyzed with glucuronidase, basified with NaHCO3-Na2CO3, extracted with ethyl ether--iso-propyl alcohol. The organic phases (neutral and basic fractions) were concentrated for trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. The aqueous phase were acidified with sulfuric acid, taken to dryness and extracted with methanol (water soluble acidic fractions) and concentrated for TMS derivatives. The TMS derivatives were determined by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS Perlolyrine and one metabolite were found from the neutral and basic fractions, and two different metabolites were found from the water soluble acidic fractions. CONCLUSIONS It was proposed that the major metabolic pathways of perlolyrine were that the hydroxylation of perlolyrine and the oxidation of its hydroxylmethyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PUMC Hospital, CAMS, PUMC, Beijing 100730, China.
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22
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Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of branched-chain amino acid metabolism due to deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. The disease was originally named after the characteristic sweet aroma, reminiscent of maple syrup, present in the body fluids of affected patients. Until now, the substance responsible for the odour has not been positively identified. Using enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC-MS), we could demonstrate that 4,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone (sotolone), a well-known flavour impact compound present in fenugreek and lovage, was present in urine from seven patients with maple syrup urine disease. Urine samples from healthy control persons lacked sotolone. We have shown that sotolone is responsible for the characteristic odour of maple syrup urine disease and, since maple syrup also contains sotolone, the naming of this disease appears to be correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Podebrad
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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23
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Gil del Valle L, Gebru W/Michael D, Martinez Rodríguez A, Tápanes Peraza R, Ramos F, Pérez Avila J. Contribution to the determination of the chemotherapeutic drug G1 in biological fluids. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1997; 698:312-6. [PMID: 9836853 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive gas chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of the new antibacterial and antifungal drug G1, 1-(5-bromofuran-2-yl)-2-bromo-2-nitroethene, has been optimized. The method involves a fast and single extraction step from spiked serum and urine samples. The G1 drug was quantified using an internal standard method and by means of a nitrogen-selective detector. The results are statistically significant and show that mean levels of G1 as low as 1 microg ml(-1) can be measured accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gil del Valle
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
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24
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Roscher R, Koch H, Herderich M, Schreier P, Schwab W. Identification of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3[2H]-furanone beta-D-glucuronide as the major metabolite of a strawberry flavour constituent in humans. Food Chem Toxicol 1997; 35:777-82. [PMID: 9350222 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(97)00055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3[2H]furanone (Furaneol, DMHF) [3658-77-3], an important flavour constituent of strawberry fruit, was administered to four male and two female volunteers using fresh strawberries as a natural DMHF source. The amount excreted was determined by measuring urinary levels of DMHF and DMHF glucuronide. DMHF glucuronide was synthesized and the structure elucidated by mens of 1H, 13C and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, as well as mass spectral data. Identification and quantification of DMHF glucuronide in human urine were achieved after solid phase extraction on XAD-2 using reverse-phase reverse-phase HPLC with either on-line UV/VIS or electrospray tandem mass spectrometry detection. Male and female volunteers excreted 59-69% and 81-94%, respectively, of the DMHF dose (total of free and glycosidically bound DMHF in strawberries) as DMHF glucuronide in urine within 24 hr. The amount of DMHF excretion was independent of the dose size and the ratio of free to glycosidically bound forms of DMHF in strawberry fruit. DMHF, DMHF glucoside and its 6'-O-malonyl derivative, naturally occurring in strawberries, were not detected in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Roscher
- Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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Dietzen DJ, Wilhite TR, Kenagy DN, Milliner DS, Smith CH, Landt M. Extraction of glyceric and glycolic acids from urine with tetrahydrofuran: utility in detection of primary hyperoxaluria. Clin Chem 1997; 43:1315-20. [PMID: 9267307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is an autosomal recessive metabolic abnormality characterized by excessive oxalate excretion leading to nephrocalcinosis and progressive renal dysfunction. Type I primary hyperoxaluria (PH I) results from a deficiency of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase, whereas type II disease has been traced to a deficiency of D-glycerate dehydrogenase. The two syndromes are often distinguished on the basis of organic acids that are coexcreted with oxalate: glycolate and L-glycerate in type I and type II disease, respectively. Routine organic acid analysis with diethyl ether extraction followed by gas chromatographic analysis failed to detect normal and increased concentrations of these diagnostic metabolites. Subsequent extraction of urine with tetrahydrofuran (THF), however, extracted 75% of added glycerate, 42% of added glycolate, and 75% of added ethylphosphonic acid (internal calibrator). THF extraction was analytically sensitive enough to allow determination of normal excretion of glycolate (14-72 micrograms/mg creatinine) and glycerate (0-5 years, 12-177 micrograms/mg creatinine and > 5 years, 19-115 micrograms/mg creatinine). Four of five patients with PH I and both patients with type II disease were correctly identified. Thus, THF extraction is a convenient adjunct to routine organic acid analysis and facilitates the detection of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Dietzen
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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26
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Costigan MG, Callaghan CA, Lindup WE. Hypothesis: is accumulation of a furan dicarboxylic acid (3-carboxy-4- methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid) related to the neurological abnormalities in patients with renal failure? Nephron Clin Pract 1996; 73:169-73. [PMID: 8773339 DOI: 10.1159/000189035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Plasma concentrations of a lipophilic furan dicarboxylic acid (3- carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-fluranpropanoic acid; 5-propyl FPA), which is highly bound to albumin and not removed by haemodialysis, have been measured in patients with renal impairment who were not dialysis dependent or who were treated by either haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Neurological abnormalities were assessed as absent, moderate, or severe. A relationship was observed between the increasing severity of abnormalities attributable to the uraemic state and the higher plasma concentrations of 5-propyl FPA. There are theoretical grounds for believing that 5-propyl FPA contributes to these neurological abnormalities because of its structure and also because it inhibits the transport of organic acids in the kidney and could do likewise at the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Costigan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK
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Sato M, Koyama M, Miyazaki T, Niwa T. Reduced renal clearance of furancarboxylic acid, a major albumin-bound organic acid, in undialyzed uremic patients. Nephron Clin Pract 1996; 74:419-21. [PMID: 8893167 DOI: 10.1159/000189346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (CMPF) is accumulated in uremic serum as a major albumin-bound organic acid. We determined both serum and urine levels of total CMPF to calculate renal clearance of CMPF in healthy subjects and undialyzed uremic patients. Urinary excretion of CMPF and renal clearance were significantly decreased in the uremic patients. The relative clearance ratios of CMPF to creatinine were as low as 0.43% in healthy subjects and 0.45% in uremic patients, indicating that only the protein-unbound, free form of serum CMPF (about 0.4%) is ultrafiltrated in the glomeruli and then excreted into urine. In conclusion, CMPF is accumulated in uremic serum as a consequence of its reduced renal clearance. Urinary excretion of CMPF may be explained only by glomerular filtration of free CMPF in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sato
- Nagoya University Branch Hospital, Japan
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Abstract
The urinary metabolites of n-nonane in male Fischer 344 rats, after administering the hydrocarbon by gavage, included gamma-valerolactone, delta-hexanolactone, 2,5-hexanedione, delta-heptanolactone, 1-heptanol, 2-nonanol, 3-nonanol, 4-nonanol, 4-nonanone and 5-methyl-2-(3-oxobutyl)furan. Metabolism strongly favored the formation of monoalcohols and lactones, which are the products of appropriately substituted hydroxy carboxylic acids. The metabolites were identified using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) permitted the detection of the dicarboxylic acids malonic acid and glutaric acid in the n-nonane dosed rat urines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Serve
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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Komulainen H, Huuskonen H, Kosma VM, Lötjönen S, Vartiainen T. Toxic effects and excretion in urine of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) in the after a single oral dose. Arch Toxicol 1994; 68:398-400. [PMID: 8092931 DOI: 10.1007/s002040050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects and excretion in urine of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), the potent mutagenic compound in chlorinated drinking water, was evaluated in male Wistar rats by the up-and-down method. MX was dosed by gavage in deionized water at doses between 200 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg, for one animal at a time, and effects were observed for 14 days. Urine was collected in metabolism cages up to 72 h after dosing for chemical analysis of MX in urine. The animals receiving 200 mg/kg did not display clear clinical signs but at higher doses the signs of ill effects included dyspnea, laborious, wheezing and gasping breathing, decreased spontaneous motor activity, ataxia, nostril discharges, catalepsia and cyanosis. In necropsy bronchi contained foamy liquid and the lungs appeared edematous and spongy. The stomach cavity was expanded due to accumulation of fluid and gas and the gastrointestinal tract from stomach to caecum was reddish. Microscopically, the main target organ of toxicity was the gastrointestinal tract (diffuse congestion and necrosis in the mucosa). Signs of toxicity were recorded also in lungs (slight edema) and kidneys (dilated tubules, thin tubular epithelium, brownish tubular and interstitial concretion). The LD50 in 48 h was 230 mg/kg. Only 0.03-0.07% of the dose (200 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg) was excreted in urine as intact MX. The results indicate that at high doses MX has a strong local irritating effect in the gastrointestinal tract and it probably increases liquid permeability in lungs. MX may also cause tubular damage in kidneys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H Komulainen
- National Public Health Institute, Division of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland
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Shinzato T, Morita H, Maeda K. Metabolism and kinetics of propylurofuranic acid in end-stage renal failure. ASAIO J 1994; 40:94-6. [PMID: 8186503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Shinzato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Branch Hospital, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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31
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Nomeir AA, Silveira DM, McComish MF, Chadwick M. Comparative metabolism and disposition of furfural and furfuryl alcohol in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 1992; 20:198-204. [PMID: 1352210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The comparative metabolism and disposition of furfural (FAL) and furfuryl alcohol (FOL) were investigated following oral administration of approximately 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 of the LD50, corresponding to approximately 0.127, 1.15, and 12.5 mg/kg for FAL and 0.275, 2.75, and 27.5 mg/kg for FOL. At all doses studied, at least 86-89% of the dose of FAL or FOL was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. FAL and FOL were extensively metabolized prior to excretion. The major route of excretion was in urine, where 83-88% of the dose was excreted, whereas 2-4% was excreted in the feces. Approximately 7% of the dose from rats treated with FAL at 12.5 mg/kg was exhaled as 14CO2. At 72 hr following administration, the pattern of tissue distribution of radioactivity was similar for both FAL and FOL. Liver and kidney contained the highest, and brain the lowest concentrations of radioactivity. Generally, the concentrations of radioactivity in tissues were proportional to the dose. Almost all of the urinary radioactivity was tentatively identified. No FAL or FOL was detected in urine. Furoylglycine was the major urinary metabolite (73-80% of dose), and furoic acid (1-6%) and furanacrylic acid (3-8%) were the minor metabolites following treatment with either FAL or FOL. Therefore, the initial step in the metabolism of FAL and FOL involves the oxidation to furoic acid, which is excreted unchanged and decarboxylated to form 14CO2, conjugated with glycine, or condensed with acetic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Nomeir
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Arthur D. Little, Inc
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32
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Abstract
In a recently completed 2-yr bioassay, furan was found to induce cholangiocarcinomas at high incidence in rats. The disposition of single and multiple gavage doses of [2,5-14C]furan has been determined in male F344 rats to aid in interpretation of that study. In the 24 h after dosing about 80% of the furan-derived radioactivity was eliminated, primarily via urine and expired air. [14C]Carbon dioxide was a major metabolite, indicating that furan ring opening followed by complete oxidation of at least one of the labeled carbons was a major part of the overall metabolism of furan. Liver contained more furan-derived radioactivity by far than other tissues after 24 h. Approximately 80% of the radioactivity in liver was not extracted by organic solvents and was associated with protein. There was either no binding to DNA or the furan-DNA adduct was not stable to the isolation procedure. Repeated daily administration of [14C]furan resulted in a more or less linear increase in covalent binding through four doses; at this point the amount of nonextractable radioactivity plateaus. Urine contained at least 10 metabolites, again indicating extensive metabolism of the furan ring. From the data obtained in this study it is clear that furan is metabolized to reactive species, apparently primarily in liver, and these intermediates react with protein. The hepatotoxicity resulting from furan exposure may be due to the reaction of furan metabolites with liver macromolecules; the presence of some of these reactive metabolites following chronic exposure to furan may result in cholangiocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Burka
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Abstract
Occupational exposure to tetrahydrofuran (THF) was studied by analysis of environmental air, blood, alveolar air, and urine from 58 workers in a video tape manufacturing plant. Head space gas chromatography (GC) with an FID detector was used for determination of THF concentration in alveolar air, urine, and blood. Environmental exposure to THF was measured by personal sampling with a carbon felt passive dosimeter. When the end of shift urinary THF concentrations were compared with environmental time weighted average (TWA) values, urinary THF concentration corrected for specific gravity correlated well with THF concentration in air (r = 0.88), and uncorrected urinary THF concentration gave a similar result (r = 0.86). Correction for creatinine in urine weakened the correlation (r = 0.56). For exposure at the TWA concentration of 200 ppm the extrapolated concentration of THF was 33 mumol/l in blood and 111.9 mumol/l (61 mumol/g creatinine) or 109 mumol/l at a specific gravity of 1.018 in urine. The correlation between exposure to THF and its concentration in exhaled breath and blood was low (r = 0.61 and 0.68 respectively). Laboratory methodological considerations together with the good correlation between urinary THF concentration and the environmental concentration suggest that THF concentration in urine is a useful biological indicator of occupational exposure to THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Ong
- Department of Community, Occupational, and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore
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Kawai T, Yasugi T, Mizunuma K, Horiguchi S, Uchida Y, Iwami O, Iguchi H, Ikeda M. Dose-dependent increase in 2,5-hexanedione in the urine of workers exposed to n-hexane. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1991; 63:285-91. [PMID: 1743771 DOI: 10.1007/bf00386379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), an n-hexane metabolite, and 2-acetylfuran (2-AF) were measured in urine samples from 123 workers who had predominantly been exposed to n-hexane vapor and 53 workers who had experienced no exposure to solvents. The time-weighted average intensity of exposure to n-hexane vapor was determined by a diffusive sampling method. For biological monitoring of exposure, urine samples were collected late in the afternoon during the second half of a working week and were analyzed in the presence and absence of acid hydrolysis (at pH less than 0.5) for 2,5-HD and 2-AF by gas chromatography on a nonpolar capillary DB-1 column. The urinary 2,5-HD concentration increased as a linear function of the intensity of exposure to n-hexane, showing a correlation coefficient of 0.64-0.77 after acid hydrolysis and that of 0.73-0.83 in the absence of hydrolysis, depending on the correction for urinary density (P less than 0.01 in all cases, with no improvement in the coefficient occurring after the corrections). In contrast, 2-AF levels were independent of n-hexane exposure. The geometric mean 2,5-HD concentration in urine samples from 53 nonexposed men was 0.26 mg/l as observed (i.e., with no correction), 0.19 mg/l after correction for a urinary specific gravity of 1.016, and 0.23 mg/g creatinine after correction for creatinine concentration, and the geometric standard deviation was approximately 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawai
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Adlercreutz H, Fotsis T, Bannwart C, Wähälä K, Brunow G, Hase T. Isotope dilution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in human urine, including identification of genistein. Clin Chim Acta 1991; 199:263-78. [PMID: 1663006 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(91)90120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe an isotope dilution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the quantitative determination of the lignans enterolactone, enterodiol and matairesinol and the isoflavonoids daidzein, equol, O-desmethylangolensin and genistein in urine. Furthermore we present the gas chromatographic/mass spectrometer identification of genistein. Urine samples were extracted on Sep-Pak cartridges, conjugated fractions were isolated by chromatography on the acetate form of DEAE-Sephadex and deuterated internal standards of all seven compounds were added to the samples before hydrolysis. The hydrolysate was extracted on a Sep-Pak cartridge and following chromatography on the acetate form of QAE-Sephadex two fractions were obtained: Fraction 1 contained equol, enterolactone, enterodiol, matairesinol and all estrogens and fraction 2 contained O-desmethylangolensin, daidzein and genistein. The latter was ready for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, but the first one was further purified to eliminate the estrogens by chromatography on the carbonate form of QAE-Sephadex. Following silylation, the samples were analyzed by combined capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the selective ion monitoring mode. The within-assay imprecision varied from 0.8-15.2% (mean 8.7%) and the between-assay imprecision from 4.1-13.9% (mean 9.3%), depending on compound and concentration level. The mean recovery of authentic standards added to urine extracts before hydrolysis varied from 96.6 to 105.5%. Values obtained from 10 Finnish omnivorous men are presented. Individual values for matairesinol (excretion range 3.3-59.9 nmol/24 h) and genistein (range 21.8-1180 nmol/24 h) in human urine have never been published before.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Adlercreutz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Kawai T, Yasugi T, Mizunuma K, Horiguchi S, Uchida Y, Iwami O, Iguchi H, Ikeda M. 2-Acetylfuran, a confounder in urinalysis for 2,5-hexanedione as an n-hexane exposure indicator. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1991; 63:213-9. [PMID: 1917072 DOI: 10.1007/bf00381571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The apparent amount of 2,5-hexanedione, a biomarker of n-hexane expsoure in occupational health, in the urine of both exposed and non-exposed subjects varied not only as a function of the pH at which the urine sample was hydrolyzed but also depending on the capillary column used for gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of the urinary hydrolyzates after extraction with dichloromethane. The formation of a compound, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as 2-acetylfuran, following acid hydrolysis was a major cause of confounding effects. This compound was hardly separated from 2.5-hexanedione on a capillary column such as DB-WAX, whereas separation could be achieved on a DB-1 capillary column. 2-Acetylfuran was formed when a urine sample was heated at a pH of less than 2 for hydrolysis, and the amount detected in urine did not differ between exposed and non-exposed subjects, indicating that the formation of 2-acetylfuran is independent of n-hexane exposure. When urinary hydrolysis is used, hydrolysis at a pH of less than 0.5, extraction with dichloromethane, and GC analysis on a non-polar capillary column are proposed to be the best analytical conditions for 2,5-hexanedione analysis in biological monitoring of exposure to n-hexane.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawai
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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37
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Wuis EW, Janssen MG, Vree TB, van der Kleijn E. Determination of a dantrolene metabolite, 5-(p-nitrophenyl)-2-furoic acid, in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1990; 526:575-80. [PMID: 2361999 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E W Wuis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St. Radboud University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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38
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Liebich HM, Bubeck JI, Pickert A, Wahl G, Scheiter A. Hippuric acid and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid in serum and urine. Analytical approaches and clinical relevance in kidney diseases. J Chromatogr A 1990; 500:615-27. [PMID: 2329153 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)96096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hippuric acid (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (FA) were determined in serum, plasma, ultrafiltrate and urine by gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography and GC with mass-selective detection, and the methods were compared. As determined by affinity chromatography and analysis of serum and ultrafiltrate, 0.5% of FA in serum occurs free and 99.5% is bound to albumin. In haemodialysed patients with chronic renal failure, the plasma levels of HA and FA are elevated in comparison with normal controls and hospital patients without kidney diseases: HA, 11.1 +/- 5.7 mg/dl (n = 86); FA, 1.9 +/- 1.2 mg/dl (n = 86). Gradual increases in HA in serum, depending on the creatinine concentrations, are found in non-dialysed patients with chronic renal failure. By haemodialysis and haemofiltration the HA levels are lowered (53-66 and 30-36%, respectively), whereas FA is not dialysable.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Liebich
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Tübingen, F.R.G
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39
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McTigue JJ, Henderson SJ, Lindup WE. Excretion of the uraemic metabolite 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid in human urine. Nephron Clin Pract 1990; 55:214-5. [PMID: 2362637 DOI: 10.1159/000185955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J J McTigue
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK
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40
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Bannwart C, Adlercreutz H, Wähälä K, Brunow G, Hase T. Detection and identification of the plant lignans lariciresinol, isolariciresinol and secoisolariciresinol in human urine. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 180:293-301. [PMID: 2545375 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(89)90011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol are regular constituents of human urine and are excreted daily in mumol amounts. They are produced by metabolic action of intestinal bacteria from natural plant lignan precursors which are constituents of various food plants. However, natural plant lignans seem to occur very seldom in detectable amounts in human urine. The present investigation shows that only in 5% of the 150 diphenolic fractions extracted from the urine of women plant lignans other than the previously identified matairesinol could be found. The lignans lariciresinol, isolariciresinol and secoisolariciresinol were identified for the first time by comparison of their GC characteristics and mass spectra with the corresponding results of authentic synthesized reference compounds. Secoisolariciresinol is one natural precursor of the mammalian lignan enterodiol. Of the two other plant lignans, no animal or human metabolic products are known. The occurrence of chemically unchanged plant lignans in some cases in human urine could be a result of an insufficient metabolic capacity of intestinal bacteria, resulting in a decreased detoxification of phenolic plant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bannwart
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Abstract
The observation that F-acids (1) occur in rat chow initiated a search for F-acids in human diet. We observed that the amount of F-acids with a pentyl side chain in alpha-position taken up with a one-day diet correlates well with the amount of excreted degradation products, the pentyl urofuran acids (2), (3) and (4). Therefore it can be concluded that F-acids with a pentyl side chain are not produced in the human body but are introduced through the diet. The origin of F-acids carrying an alpha-propyl side chain is less clear. The amount of propyl-urofuran acids (2) and (3) excreted in urine was found in one case out of three to be five times higher than the amount of F-acids carrying a propyl group in alpha-position taken up by the diet. Therefore, it can presently not be excluded that a portion of the propyl F-acids is produced by the body. F-acids found in human food are mainly introduced into the body by vegetables and fruits. F-acids were found also in birch leaves in considerable amounts, as well as in grasses, dandelion and clover leaves. Thus, we can conclude that F-acids are common constituents of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hannemann
- Lehrstuhl fur Organische Chemie I der Universitat Bayreuth, Federal Republic of Germany
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42
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Abstract
1. Continuous extraction, column chromatography and t.l.c. were employed to isolate a minor metabolite of 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde from rat urine. 2. The metabolite was identified by mass spectrometry and independent synthesis as 5-methyl-2-furylmethylketone. 3. A method for quantitative determination of the metabolite in urine was devised. About 7% of the parent compound was metabolized to 5-methyl-2-furylmethylketone.
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43
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Andreolini F, Jemiolo B, Novotny M. Dynamics of excretion of urinary chemosignals in the house mouse (Mus musculus) during the natural estrous cycle. Experientia 1987; 43:998-1002. [PMID: 3653342 DOI: 10.1007/bf01952217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The volatile fraction of urinary metabolites was investigated chromatographically at five different stages of the natural estrous cycle. A very substantial endocrine dependency has been noted for 11 compounds: 4 ketones, 2 acetate esters, 3 dihydrofuran isomers, dehydro-exo-brevicomin, and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. The compounds were structurally verified through combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Andreolini
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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44
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Inoue T, Suzuki S. The metabolism of 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-benzylamino)propane (benzphetamine) and 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-furfurylamino)propane (furfenorex) in man. Xenobiotica 1986; 16:691-8. [PMID: 3751123 DOI: 10.3109/00498258609043559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic fate of 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-benzylamino)propane (benzphetamine) and 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-furfurylamino)propane (furfenorex) in healthy volunteers has been investigated. Nine metabolites with traces of the unchanged drug were detected in human urine after oral administration of benzphetamine, and five metabolites were found following administration of furfenorex. The major metabolites were 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(N-benzylamino)propane for benzphetamine and 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-gamma-valerolactonylamino)propane for furfenorex. In both cases, methamphetamine, amphetamine and their hydroxylated metabolites were also excreted as minor metabolites. Identified metabolites excreted in three days after administration of benzphetamine accounted for 30-44% of the dose and those excreted after administration of furfenorex, 31-46%.
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45
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Iwata M, Takeuchi Y, Hisanaga N, Ono Y. Changes of n-hexane metabolites in urine of rats exposed to various concentrations of n-hexane and to its mixture with toluene or MEK. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1983; 53:1-8. [PMID: 6654498 DOI: 10.1007/bf00406172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that n-hexane produces peripheral neuropathy, and 2,5-hexanedione, one of the metabolites of n-hexane, is thought to be the main causative agent. Recently, the metabolites of n-hexane in urine have been measured by gas chromatography, and 2,5-hexanedione was proved to be useful for the biological monitoring of n-hexane exposure. In the present experiment, we intended to clarify the change of n-hexane metabolites in the urine of rats exposed to various concentrations of n-hexane and to its mixture with toluene of MEK. In the first experiment, five separate groups of five rats each were exposed to 100, 500, 1000, or 3000 ppm of n-hexane, or fresh air respectively in an exposure chamber for 8 h a day. Urinary samples were gathered during exposure, 16, 24, and 40 h after exposure. Half of each sample was analyzed by gas chromatography after hydrolysis with acid and enzymes, and the other half was analyzed without hydrolysis. 2,5-Dimethylfuran, MBK, 2-hexanol, 2,5-hexanedione, and gamma-valerolactone could be identified as n-hexane metabolites in the urine. The main metabolites were 2-hexanol and 2,5-hexanedione. 2-Hexanol was mostly excreted during exposure, while most of the 2,5-hexanedione was excreted after the end of exposure. The amount of metabolites in the urine correlatively increased with the concentration of n-hexane from 100 to 1000 ppm, but the amount of metabolites scarcely increased when the concentration of n-hexane increased from 1000 to 3000 ppm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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46
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Abstract
A mixture of long-chain furan fatty acids was prepared as methyl esters from testes lipids of Northern pike (Esox lucius). Upon feeding these esters to rats, dicarboxylic acids, which still contained the furan structure, were found in the urine. The first phase of a rapid but incomplete catabolism is beta-oxidation of the proximal chain of the furan fatty acids. It proceeds to a distance of three carbon atoms from the ring. omega-Oxidation of the terminal alkyl chain, followed by alpha-oxidation gives rise to a second alkylcarboxyl chain with five carbon atoms or less. The ring methyl substituents of the precursor acids seem to be more resistant to oxidation than the alkyl substituent with three or five carbon atoms. The urinary catabolites from furan fatty acids in the rat are similar to furan acids found in human urine, but only one of the structures occurs in both sources.
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47
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Abstract
Ranitidine is a potent histamine H2-receptor blocker that inhibits histamine- and pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion. After doses of 100 mg both intravenously and orally ranitidine kinetics and bioavailability were investigated in a single dose two-way crossover study in 12 normal men. Serum concentrations of ranitidine were determined by radioimmunoassay and urine concentrations by an ion-pair HPLC method. Intravenous data were fitted to exponential equations with the computer program NONLIN; model-independent kinetic parameters were calculated. Elimination t 1/2, plasma clearance, renal clearance, hepatic clearance, and volume of distribution for ranitidine after intravenous injection were 2 hr, 10.4 ml/(min X kg), 7.2 ml/(min X kg), 3.1 ml/(min X kg), and 1.82 l/kg, respectively; after oral doses mean t 1/2 was 2.7 hr and mean bioavailability was 52%. The average cumulative urinary excretion of ranitidine as percent of dose was 69.4 +/- 6.1% and 26.7 +/- 7.2% after intravenous and oral doses.
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48
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Abstract
n-Hexane is one of the solvents widely used in industry and well known to be neurotoxic. Recently it was clearly revealed that n-hexane is metabolized in vivo and its metabolites are excreted in the urine. However, the relationship between the exposed dose of n-hexane and the metabolites in the urine has not yet been substantially determined. Therefore, in this investigation we intended to clarify the above relationship in order to establish its usefulness for biological monitoring of n-hexane exposure. The exposed dose was measured by means of a personal monitoring badge worn by workers in seven factories manufacturing vinyl sandals. The time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of n-hexane was 0.2-47.4 ppm. The n-hexane metabolites in the urine of 22 workers were measured with modified Perbellini's method [12] in the early morning (6:00-7:00 hrs) and at 17:00 hrs. 2,5-Dimethylfuran, 2,5-hexanedione and gamma-valerolactone were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometory. At 17:00 hrs the means +/- SD of the metabolites were 0.21 +/- 0.11 mg/l for 2,5-dimethylfuran, 1.13 +/- 0.71 mg/l for 2,5-hexanedione, and 2.04 +/- 2.31 mg/l for gamma-valerolactone. The metabolites were also found in the urine in the early morning. 2-Hexanol was not detected in the urine of any worker examined. A strong correlation between TWA concentration of n-hexane and 2,5-hexanedione in the urine was found at 17:00 hrs (r = 0.895, P less than 0.001). The results suggest that the urinary metabolites of n-hexane, especially 2,5-hexanedione, could be useful indicators for biological monitoring of n-hexane exposure. Furthermore the present study offers the advantage of a better estimate of n-hexane TWA.
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49
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Adlercreutz H, Fotsis T, Heikkinen R, Dwyer JT, Woods M, Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Excretion of the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol and of equol in omnivorous and vegetarian postmenopausal women and in women with breast cancer. Lancet 1982; 2:1295-9. [PMID: 6128595 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dietary studies and assays of urinary lignans in postmenopausal women showed that lignan excretion is significantly lower in urine of women with breast cancer than in normal omnivorous and vegetarian women and confirmed that there is a significant correlation between fibre intake and lignan excretion. It is suggested that the precursors of the human lignans enterolactone and enterodiol formed by the intestinal microflora are to be found in fibre-rich foods such as grains, nuts, and legumes. Excretion of equol, which has antioestrogenic properties, was similar in all groups studied and did not correlate with fibre intake, but occasional high values were found in some subjects.
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Statham CN, Dutcher JS, Kim SH, Boyd MR. Ipomeanol 4-glucuronide, a major urinary metabolite of 4-ipomeanol in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos 1982; 10:264-7. [PMID: 6125360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary excretion and metabolism of 4-ipomeanol was studied in rats injected ip with the radiolabeled compound. There was a rapid elimination of radioactivity in the urine, amounting to 47% of the administrated dose within 4hr. One major metabolite was isolated and purified by HPLC. Analysis by analytical HPLC, beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis, and mass spectrometry identified this material as ipo-meanol 4-glucuronide. The large amount of this metabolite excreted suggests that 4-glucuronidation is an important detoxication reaction in vivo for 4-ipomeanol in rats.
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