A prospective cohort study investigating the effect of generalized joint hypermobility on outcomes after arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization

Inconsistencies in Controlling for Risk Factors for Recurrent Shoulder Instability After Primary Arthroscopic Bankart Repair: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Failure rates after arthroscopic shoulder stabilization are highly variable in the current orthopaedic literature. Predictive factors for risk of failure have been studied to improve patient selection, refine surgical techniques, and define the role of bony procedures. However, significant heterogeneity in the analysis and controlling of risk factors makes evidence-based management decisions challenging.

PURPOSE

The goals of this systematic review were (1) to critically assess the consistency of reported risk factors for recurrent instability after arthroscopic Bankart repair, (2) to identify the existing studies with the most comprehensive inclusion of confounding factors in their analyses, and (3) to give recommendations for which factors should be reported consistently in future clinical studies.

STUDY DESIGN

Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. An initial search yielded 1754 titles, from which 56 full-text articles were screened for inclusion. A total of 29 full-text articles met the following inclusion criteria: (1) clinical studies regarding recurrent anterior shoulder instability; (2) surgical procedures performed including arthroscopic anterior labral repair; (3) reported clinical outcome data including failure rate; and (4) assessment of risk factors for surgical failure. Further subanalyses were performed for 15 studies that included a multivariate analysis, 17 studies that included glenoid bone loss, and 8 studies that analyzed the Instability Severity Index Score.

RESULTS

After full-text review, 12 of the most commonly studied risk factors were identified and included in this review. The risk factors that were most consistently significant in multivariate analyses were off-track lesions (100%), glenoid bone loss (78%), Instability Severity Index Score (75%), level of sports participation (67%), number of anchors (67%), and younger age (63%). In studies of bone loss, statistical significance was more likely to be found using advanced imaging, with critical bone loss thresholds of 10% to 15%. Several studies found predictive thresholds of 2 to 4 for Instability Severity Index Score by receiver operating characteristic or multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

Studies reporting risk factors for failure of arthroscopic Bankart repair often fail to control for known confounding variables. The factors with the most common statistical significance among 15 multivariate analyses are off-track lesions, glenoid bone loss, Instability Severity Index Score, level of sports participation, number of anchors, and younger age. Studies found significance more commonly with advanced imaging measurements or arthroscopic assessment of glenoid bone loss and with lower thresholds for the Instability Severity Index Score (2-4). Future studies should attempt to control for all relevant factors, use advanced imaging for glenoid bone loss measurements, and consider a lower predictive threshold for the Instability Severity Index Score.

Maximal Medical Improvement Following Shoulder Stabilization Surgery May Require up to 1 Year: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

There is increased emphasis on properly allocating healthcare resources to optimize value within orthopedic surgery. Establishing time to maximal medical improvement (MMI) can inform clinical decision-making and practice guidelines.

PURPOSE

We sought (1) to evaluate the time to MMI as predicted by commonly used patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for evaluation of shoulder stabilization and (2) to evaluate typical time to return to sports and employment following surgery.

METHODS

A systematic review of the Medline database was conducted to identify outcome studies reporting sequential follow-up at multiple time points, up to a minimum of 2 years after shoulder stabilization surgery. The included studies examined the outcomes of arthroscopic or open surgical techniques on anterior instability. Clinically significant improvements were evaluated utilizing the minimal clinically important difference specific to each PROM. Secondary outcomes included range of motion, return to sport/work, and recurrent instability.

RESULTS

Ten studies comprising 590 surgically managed cases of anterior shoulder instability were included (78% arthroscopic, 22% open). Clinically significant improvements in PROMs were achieved up to 1 year post-operatively for Rowe, Western Ontario Instability Index (WOSI), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and Simple Shoulder Test (SST) scores. For the three most utilized tools (Rowe, WOSI, ASES), the majority of improvement occurred in the first 6 post-operative months. Clinically significant improvements in Constant Score and Oxford Shoulder Instability Score (OSIS) were achieved up to 6 months and 2 years after surgery, respectively. No clinically significant improvements were achieved on the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) tool.

CONCLUSION

Maximal medical improvement as determined by commonly utilized PROMs occurs by 1 year after operative management of anterior shoulder instability. The DASH tool does not appear to demonstrate a reliable time frame for clinically significant outcome improvement.

[Short-term effectiveness of arthroscopically capsular vertical mattress suturing for shoulder recurrent anterior dislocation combined with joint laxity]

Objective

To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of arthroscopically capsular vertical mattress suturing for shoulder recurrent anterior dislocation combined with joint laxity.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on 6 shoulder recurrent anterior dislocation patients combined with joint laxity treated with arthroscopically capsular vertical mattress suturing between January 2017 and December 2018. There were 5 males and 1 female with an average age of 20.8 years (range, 19-24 years). The number of shoulder dislocation was 3-18 times, with an average of 9.5 times. The disease duration ranged from 2 to 60 months, with an average of 25.3 months. The preoperative Beighton score was 4-7, with an average of 5.8; the Instability Severity Index Score (ISIS) was 2-5, with an average of 3.5. There were 5 cases of simple Bankart injury and 1 case of bony Bankart injury. The range of motion of shoulder joint (including active flexion and lifting, external rotation, abduction and external rotation, and internal ratation) was recorded before operation and at last follow-up; Oxford shoulder instability score, Rowe shoulder instability score, and Simple Shoulder Test (SST) score were used to evaluate shoulder joint function before operation, at 6 months after operation, and at last follow-up, and complications were recorded.

Results

All patients were followed up 16-28 months (mean, 19.3 months). During the follow-up, all patients had satisfactory motor function, and no re-dislocation and postoperative neurovascular complications occurred. At last follow-up, the activities of active external rotation and abduction and external rotation were significantly improved when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05); the activities of active flexion and lifting and internal rotation were not limited before and after operation, and the difference was not significant ( P>0.05). The Oxford shoulder instability score, Rowe shoulder instability score, and SST score at 6 months after operation and at last follow-up were significantly improved when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05); there was no significant difference between at 6 months after operation and at last follow-up ( P>0.05).

Conclusion

The treatment of shoulder recurrent anterior dislocation combined with joint laxity by arthroscopically vertical matress suturing can achieve good short-term effectiveness.

It's Not All About Redislocation: A Systematic Review of Complications After Anterior Shoulder Stabilization Surgery

BACKGROUND

The surgical treatment of recurrent shoulder instability has evolved in recent years to include a variety of soft tissue and bone block procedures, undertaken with either an open or arthroscopic approach. Although the utilization of such techniques has rapidly expanded, the associated risk of complications remains poorly defined. This information is vital for clinical decision making and patient counseling.

PURPOSE

To quantify the complication rate associated with all types of surgery for anterior glenohumeral joint dislocation.

STUDY DESIGN

Systematic review.

METHODS

A systematic search was undertaken of studies reporting complications from anterior shoulder stabilization surgery. Inclusion criteria were studies published in English between 2000 and 2017 with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria. Complication rates for all undesirable events contributing to the patient outcome were extracted and cumulative rates calculated.

RESULTS

Out of 1942 references, 56 studies were included, totaling 4362 procedures among 4336 patients. Arthroscopic soft tissue repair had a complication rate of 1.6% (n = 2805). When repair was combined with arthroscopic remplissage, the rate was 0.5% (n = 219). Open soft tissue repair had a complication rate of 6.2% (n = 219) and open labral repair with remplissage, a rate of 2.3% (n = 79). An open bone block procedure had a complication rate of 7.2% (n = 573) and an arthroscopic bone block procedure, a rate of 13.6% (n = 163).

CONCLUSION

This large systematic review demonstrates the overall complication rates (not purely recurrence rates) in modern shoulder stabilization surgery. With the growing interest in bone block stabilization procedures, including those performed arthroscopically, surgeons should be aware of the 10-fold increase in complications for these procedures over soft tissue arthroscopic surgery and counsel their patients accordingly.

Upsloping lateral sourcil: a radiographic finding of hip instability

While radiographic findings of frank hip dysplasia are well defined, there is a lack of diagnostic criteria for patients with radiographically ‘normal’ hips who have borderline morphologic deficits and clinical instability. In this study, we aim to define and validate a new radiographic finding associated with hip instability known as the upsloping lateral sourcil (ULS). Patients (316) were reviewed for lateral center edge angles, generalized joint laxity assessed with the Beighton Hypermobility Score and the presence of the ULS. The ULS was defined as a caudal-to-cranial inclination of the middle-to-far lateral aspect of the acetabular sourcil with loss of the normal lateral acetabular concavity. The prevalence of the ULS correspondingly increased with the degree of under-coverage as defined by LCEA. Within the normal coverage group, hips with a ULS had smaller LCEAs than those without ULS (29° versus 32°, P < 0.001). Among hips with a ULS, 59.00% had generalized joint laxity. The association between the ULS finding and generalized joint laxity was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The ULS is seen with higher prevalence in patients with clinical hip laxity and radiographically decreasing LCEA and may serve as an adjunctive finding in patients presenting with hip pain and instability. The ULS may help to characterize patients with borderline hip dysplasia and laxity that fall outside conventional imaging criteria for dysplasia.

Does the Beighton Score Correlate With Specific Measures of Shoulder Joint Laxity?

Background

Evaluation of shoulder joint laxity is an important component of the shoulder examination, especially in the setting of shoulder instability. Measures of generalized joint laxity, particularly the Beighton score, are often recorded and used to help make management decisions in these cases. However, no evidence is available to show that the Beighton score corresponds to specific measures of shoulder joint laxity.

Purpose

To assess the correlation between the Beighton score and validated measures of shoulder joint laxity.

Study Design

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

A total of 160 participants (age range, 16-35 years) with no history of shoulder joint abnormality were examined. The Beighton score, glenohumeral external rotation (standing and lying), glenohumeral abduction, and the sulcus sign were recorded. The relationship between the Beighton score and each measure of shoulder joint laxity was assessed.

Results

A high proportion of participants (34%) had a Beighton score of 4 or higher. Rates of positive shoulder laxity tests were lower (11%-19%). A positive Beighton score was a poor predictor of abnormal shoulder laxity, with low sensitivity (range, 0.40-0.48) and low positive predictive values (range, 0.13-0.31). Spearman correlation coefficients demonstrated poor correlation between the Beighton score and all measures of shoulder joint laxity when assessed as continuous variables (range, 0.29-0.45).

Conclusion

The Beighton score has poor correlation with specific measures of shoulder joint laxity and should not be considered equivalent to these tests as a method of clinical assessment.

Descriptive Epidemiology of the MOON Shoulder Instability Cohort

BACKGROUND

Shoulder instability is a common diagnosis among patients undergoing shoulder surgery.

PURPOSE

To perform a descriptive analysis of patients undergoing surgery for shoulder instability through a large multicenter consortium.

STUDY DESIGN

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

METHODS

All patients undergoing surgery for shoulder instability who were enrolled in the MOON Shoulder Instability Study were included. Baseline demographics included age, sex, body mass index, and race. Baseline patient-reported outcomes (PROs) included the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Shoulder Activity Score, Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), 36-Item Health Survey (RAND-36), and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). The preoperative physician examination included active range of motion (ROM) and strength testing. Preoperative imaging assessments with plain radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography were also included and analyzed.

RESULTS

Twenty-six surgeons had enrolled 863 patients (709 male, 154 female) across 10 clinical sites. The mean age for the cohort was 24 years (range, 12-63 years). Male patients represented 82% of the cohort. The primary direction of instability was anterior for both male (74%) and female (73%) patients. Football (24%) and basketball (13%) were the most common sports in which the primary shoulder injury occurred. No clinically significant differences were found in preoperative ROM between the affected and unaffected sides for any measurement taken. Preoperative MRI scans were obtained in 798 patients (92%). An anterior labral tear was the most common injury found on preoperative MRI, seen in 66% of patients, followed by a Hill-Sachs lesion in 41%. Poor PRO scores were recorded preoperatively (mean: ASES, 72.4; WOSI, 43.3; SANE, 46.6).

CONCLUSION

The MOON Shoulder Instability Study has enrolled the largest cohort of patients undergoing shoulder stabilization to date. Anterior instability is most common among shoulder instability patients, and most patients undergoing shoulder stabilization are in their early 20s or younger. The results of this study provide important epidemiological information for patients undergoing shoulder stabilization surgery.