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Khan J, E N, Mariatti M, Vilay V, Todo M. A comprehensive review on facemask manufacturing, testing, and its environmental impacts. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL TEXTILES 2022; 52:15280837221111175. [PMID: 36249720 PMCID: PMC9548449 DOI: 10.1177/15280837221111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) is currently the biggest threat to human lives due to its rapid transmission rate causing severe damage to human health and economy. The transmission of viral diseases can be minimized at its early stages with proper planning and preventive practices. The use of facemask has proved to be most effective measure to curb the spread of virus along with social distancing and good hygiene practices. This necessitates more research on facemask technology to increase its filtration efficiencies and proper disposal, which can be accelerated with knowledge of the current manufacturing process and recent research in this field. This review article provides an overview of the importance of facemask, fundamentals of nonwoven fabrics, and its manufacturing process. It also covers topics related to recent research reported for improved facemask efficiencies and testing methods to evaluate the performance of facemask. The plastic waste associated with the facemask and measures to minimize its effect are also briefly described. A systematic understanding is given in order to trigger future research in this field to ensure that we are well equipped for any future pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Khan
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal Penang, Malaysia
| | - Netnapa E
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal Penang, Malaysia
| | - M Mariatti
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal Penang, Malaysia
| | - V Vilay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sokpaluang Campus, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Laos
| | - M Todo
- Renewable Energy Center, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kang HK, Oh HJ, Kim JY, Kim HY, Choi YO. Effect of Process Control Parameters on the Filtration Performance of PAN-CTAB Nanofiber/Nanonet Web Combined with Meltblown Nonwoven. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3591. [PMID: 34685350 PMCID: PMC8537697 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanofibers have potential applications as filters for particles with diameters <10 μm owing to their large specific surface area, macropores, and controllable geometry or diameter. The filtration efficiency can be increased by creating nanonets (<50 nm) whose diameter is smaller than that of nanofibers. This study investigates the effect of process conditions on the generation of nanonet structures from a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution containing cation surfactants; in addition, the filtration performance is analyzed. The applied electrospinning voltage and the electrostatic treatment of meltblown polypropylene (used as a substrate) are the most influential process parameters of nanonet formation. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile-cetylmethylammonium bromide (PAN-CTAB) showed a nanofiber/nanonet structure and improved thermal and mechanical properties compared with those of the electrospun PAN. The pore size distribution and filter efficiency of the PAN nanofiber web and PAN-CTAB nanofiber/nanonet web with meltblown were measured. The resulting PAN-CTAB nanofiber/nanonet air filter showed a high filtration efficiency of 99% and a low pressure drop of 7.7 mmH2O at an air flow rate of 80 L/min. The process control methods for the nanonet structures studied herein provide a new approach for developing functional materials for air-filtration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Kyoung Kang
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea; (H.K.K.); (H.J.O.); (J.Y.K.)
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Oh
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea; (H.K.K.); (H.J.O.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Jung Yeon Kim
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea; (H.K.K.); (H.J.O.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Hak Yong Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Yeong Og Choi
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea; (H.K.K.); (H.J.O.); (J.Y.K.)
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Pullangott G, Kannan U, S G, Kiran DV, Maliyekkal SM. A comprehensive review on antimicrobial face masks: an emerging weapon in fighting pandemics. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6544-6576. [PMID: 35423213 PMCID: PMC8694960 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The world has witnessed several incidents of epidemics and pandemics since the beginning of human existence. The gruesome effects of microbial threats create considerable repercussions on the healthcare systems. The continually evolving nature of causative viruses due to mutation or re-assortment sometimes makes existing medicines and vaccines inactive. As a rapid response to such outbreaks, much emphasis has been placed on personal protective equipment (PPE), especially face mask, to prevent infectious diseases from airborne pathogens. Wearing face masks in public reduce disease transmission and creates a sense of community solidarity in collectively fighting the pandemic. However, excessive use of single-use polymer-based face masks can pose a significant challenge to the environment and is increasingly evident in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. On the contrary, face masks with inherent antimicrobial properties can help in real-time deactivation of microorganisms enabling multiple-use and reduces secondary infections. Given the advantages, several efforts are made incorporating natural and synthetic antimicrobial agents (AMA) to produce face mask with enhanced safety, and the literature about such efforts are summarised. The review also discusses the literature concerning the current and future market potential and environmental impacts of face masks. Among the AMA tested, metal and metal-oxide based materials are more popular and relatively matured technology. However, the repeated use of such a face mask may pose a danger to the user and environment due to leaching/detachment of nanoparticles. So careful consideration is required to select AMA and their incorporation methods to reduce their leaching and environmental impacts. Also, systematic studies are required to establish short-term and long-term benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Pullangott
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 517619 India +91 877 2503004 +91 877 2503164
| | - Uthradevi Kannan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 517619 India +91 877 2503004 +91 877 2503164
| | - Gayathri S
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 517619 India +91 877 2503004 +91 877 2503164
| | - Degala Venkata Kiran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 517619 India
| | - Shihabudheen M Maliyekkal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 517619 India +91 877 2503004 +91 877 2503164
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Li TT, Fan Y, Cen X, Wang Y, Shiu BC, Ren HT, Peng HK, Jiang Q, Lou CW, Lin JH. Polypropylene/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Metal-Organic Framework-Based Melt-Blown Electrospun Composite Membranes for Highly Efficient Filtration of PM 2.5. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2025. [PMID: 33066527 PMCID: PMC7602219 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) has become a public hazard to people's lives and health. Traditional melt-blown membranes cannot filter dangerous particles due to their limited diameter, and ultra-fine electrospinning fibers are vulnerable to external forces. Therefore, creating highly efficient air filters by using an innovative technique and structure has become necessary. In this study, a combination of polypropylene (PP) melt-blown and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/zeolite imidazole frameworks-8 (ZIF-8) electrospinning technique is employed to construct a PP/PVA/ZIF-8 membrane with a hierarchical fibrous structure. The synergistic effect of hierarchical fibrous structure and ZIF-8 effectively captures PM2.5. The PP/PVA composite membrane loaded with 2.5% loading ZIF-8 has an average filtration efficacy reaching as high as 96.5% for PM2.5 and quality factor (Qf) of 0.099 Pa-1. The resultant membrane resists 33.34 N tensile strength and has a low pressure drop, excellent filtration efficiency, and mechanical strength. This work presents a facile preparation method that is suitable for mass production and the application of membranes to be used as air filters for highly efficient filtration of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.L.); (Y.F.); (X.C.); (Y.W.); (H.-T.R.); (H.-K.P.); (Q.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yujia Fan
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.L.); (Y.F.); (X.C.); (Y.W.); (H.-T.R.); (H.-K.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Xixi Cen
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.L.); (Y.F.); (X.C.); (Y.W.); (H.-T.R.); (H.-K.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Yi Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.L.); (Y.F.); (X.C.); (Y.W.); (H.-T.R.); (H.-K.P.); (Q.J.)
| | | | - Hai-Tao Ren
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.L.); (Y.F.); (X.C.); (Y.W.); (H.-T.R.); (H.-K.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Hao-Kai Peng
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.L.); (Y.F.); (X.C.); (Y.W.); (H.-T.R.); (H.-K.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Qian Jiang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.L.); (Y.F.); (X.C.); (Y.W.); (H.-T.R.); (H.-K.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Ching-Wen Lou
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.L.); (Y.F.); (X.C.); (Y.W.); (H.-T.R.); (H.-K.P.); (Q.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jia-Horng Lin
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (T.-T.L.); (Y.F.); (X.C.); (Y.W.); (H.-T.R.); (H.-K.P.); (Q.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Ocean College, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Joshi MK, Lee S, Tiwari AP, Maharjan B, Poudel SB, Park CH, Kim CS. Integrated design and fabrication strategies for biomechanically and biologically functional PLA/β-TCP nanofiber reinforced GelMA scaffold for tissue engineering applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:976-985. [PMID: 32710964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present an integrated design and fabrication strategy for the development of hierarchically structured biomechanically and biologically functional tissue scaffold. An integration of β-TCP incorporated fluffy type nanofibers and biodegradable interpenetrating gelatin-hydrogel networks (IGN) result in biomimetic tissue engineered constructs with fully tunable properties that can match specific tissue requirements. FESEM images showed that nanofibers were efficiently assembled into an orientation of IGN without disturbing its pore architecture. The pore architecture, compressive stiffness and modulus, swelling, and the biological properties of the composite constructs can be tailored by adjusting the composition of nanofiber content with respect to IGN. Experimental results of cell proliferation assay and confocal microscopy imaging showed that the as-fabricated composite constructs exhibit excellent ability for MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, infiltration and growth. Furthermore, β-TCP incorporated functionalized nanofiber enhanced the biomimetic mineralization, cell infiltration and cell proliferation. Within two weeks of cell-seeding, the composite construct exhibited enhanced osteogenic performance (Runx2, osterix and ALP gene expression) compared to pristine IGN hydrogel scaffold. Our integrated design and fabrication approach enables the assembly of nanofiber within IGN architecture, laying the foundation for biomimetic scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Joshi
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Sunny Lee
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Arjun Prasad Tiwari
- Carbon Nano Convergence Technology Center for Next Generation Engineers (CNN), Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bikendra Maharjan
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sher Bahadur Poudel
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Park
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol Sang Kim
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Pu Y, Zheng J, Chen F, Long Y, Wu H, Li Q, Yu S, Wang X, Ning X. Preparation of Polypropylene Micro and Nanofibers by Electrostatic-Assisted Melt Blown and Their Application. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E959. [PMID: 30960884 PMCID: PMC6403903 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a novel electrostatic-assisted melt blown process was reported to produce polypropylene (PP) microfibers with a diameter as fine as 600 nm. The morphology, web structure, pore size distribution, filtration efficiency, and the stress and strain behavior of the PP nonwoven fabric thus prepared were characterized. By introducing an electrostatic field into the conventional melt-blown apparatus, the average diameter of the melt-blown fibers was reduced from 1.69 to 0.96 μm with the experimental setup, and the distribution of fiber diameters was narrower, which resulted in a filter medium with smaller average pore size and improved filtration efficiency. The polymer microfibers prepared by this electrostatic-assisted melt blown method may be adapted in a continuous melt blown process for the production of filtration media used in air filters, dust masks, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pu
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, College of Textiles &Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jie Zheng
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, College of Textiles &Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Fuxing Chen
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, College of Textiles &Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yunze Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Han Wu
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, College of Textiles &Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Qiusheng Li
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, College of Textiles &Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Shuxin Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xin Ning
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, College of Textiles &Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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