1
|
Jin C, Zhang H, Ren F, Wang J, Yin S. Preparation and Characterization of Ferulic Acid Wheat Gluten Nanofiber Films with Excellent Antimicrobial Properties. Foods 2023; 12:2778. [PMID: 37509870 PMCID: PMC10379314 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, composite nanofiber films comprising polyvinyl alcohol, wheat gluten, and glucose (PWG) were fabricated using electrospinning, followed by crosslinking via Maillard crosslinking. Various mass concentrations of ferulic acid (FA) were incorporated into PWG films. The results indicated that the average diameter of the FA-PWG films decreased from 449 nm to 331 nm as the concentration of FA increased, until reaching a concentration of 12%; after which, a significant increase in diameter was observed. The subsequent Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results suggested that FA was distributed in the sample films in an amorphous form through hydrogen and ester bonds. Additionally, release experiments and antimicrobial tests on the FA-PWG sample films showed the good controlled release of FA and excellent anti-Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus activity of this film. These findings all indicate that the FA-PWG nanofiber film is a potential candidate for active food packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Jin
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Feiyue Ren
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Sheng Yin
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang H, Jin C, Lv S, Ren F, Wang J. Study on electrospinning of wheat gluten: A review. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112851. [PMID: 37254424 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning has attracted extensive attention among various nanofabrication technologies owing to its ability to produce nanofiber structures with unique properties, such as high specific surface area and porosity, as well as tunable fiber morphology and mechanical properties. The most representative spinning raw materials include natural polymers and synthetic polymers. Owing to the sustainable development strategies, more and more researchers focus on natural polymers. Among natural polymers, wheat gluten (WG) nanofibers have recently attracted much attention owing to its high specific surface area, superior biocompatibility, and unique viscoelasticity. This review summarizes the composition and characteristics of WG, the physical and chemical indicators of a WG electrospinning solution, the main influencing factors in the WG electrospinning process and a characterizations of WG nanofibers. Finally, the review also outlines the applications of WG nanofibers in drug release, biological scaffold, and active food packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food SupervisionTechnology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chengming Jin
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food SupervisionTechnology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shihao Lv
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food SupervisionTechnology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Feiyue Ren
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food SupervisionTechnology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food SupervisionTechnology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zdraveva E, Gaurina Srček V, Kraljić K, Škevin D, Slivac I, Obranović M. Agro-Industrial Plant Proteins in Electrospun Materials for Biomedical Application. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2684. [PMID: 37376328 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant proteins are receiving a lot of attention due to their abundance in nature, customizable properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and bioactivity. As a result of global sustainability concerns, the availability of novel plant protein sources is rapidly growing, while the extensively studied ones are derived from byproducts of major agro-industrial crops. Owing to their beneficial properties, a significant effort is being made to investigate plant proteins' application in biomedicine, such as making fibrous materials for wound healing, controlled drug release, and tissue regeneration. Electrospinning technology is a versatile platform for creating nanofibrous materials fabricated from biopolymers that can be modified and functionalized for various purposes. This review focuses on recent advancements and promising directions for further research of an electrospun plant protein-based system. The article highlights examples of zein, soy, and wheat proteins to illustrate their electrospinning feasibility and biomedical potential. Similar assessments with proteins from less-represented plant sources, such as canola, pea, taro, and amaranth, are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilija Zdraveva
- Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Višnja Gaurina Srček
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klara Kraljić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Škevin
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Slivac
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Obranović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peydayesh M, Bagnani M, Soon WL, Mezzenga R. Turning Food Protein Waste into Sustainable Technologies. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2112-2154. [PMID: 35772093 PMCID: PMC9999431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For each kilogram of food protein wasted, between 15 and 750 kg of CO2 end up in the atmosphere. With this alarming carbon footprint, food protein waste not only contributes to climate change but also significantly impacts other environmental boundaries, such as nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, global freshwater use, change in land composition, chemical pollution, and biodiversity loss. This contrasts sharply with both the high nutritional value of proteins, as well as their unique chemical and physical versatility, which enable their use in new materials and innovative technologies. In this review, we discuss how food protein waste can be efficiently valorized not only by reintroduction into the food chain supply but also as a template for the development of sustainable technologies by allowing it to exit the food-value chain, thus alleviating some of the most urgent global challenges. We showcase three technologies of immediate significance and environmental impact: biodegradable plastics, water purification, and renewable energy. We discuss, by carefully reviewing the current state of the art, how proteins extracted from food waste can be valorized into key players to facilitate these technologies. We furthermore support analysis of the extant literature by original life cycle assessment (LCA) examples run ad hoc on both plant and animal waste proteins in the context of the technologies considered, and against realistic benchmarks, to quantitatively demonstrate their efficacy and potential. We finally conclude the review with an outlook on how such a comprehensive management of food protein waste is anticipated to transform its carbon footprint from positive to negative and, more generally, have a favorable impact on several other important planetary boundaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Peydayesh
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Bagnani
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wei Long Soon
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Recent advances in electrospun protein fibers/nanofibers for the food and biomedical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 311:102827. [PMID: 36584601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning (ES) is one of the most investigated processes for the convenient, adaptive, and scalable manufacturing of nano/micro/macro-fibers. With this technique, virgin and composite fibers may be made in different designs using a wide range of polymers (both natural and synthetic). Electrospun protein fibers (EPF) shave desirable capabilities such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, degradability, and solvolysis. However, issues with the proteins' processibility have limited their widespread utilization. This paper gives an overview of the features of protein-based biomaterials, which are already being employed and has the potential to be exploited for ES. State-of-the-art examples showcasing the usefulness of EPFs in the food and biomedical industries, including tissue engineering, wound dressings, and drug delivery, provided in the applications. The EPFs' future perspective and the challenge they pose are presented at the end. It is believed that protein and biopolymeric nanofibers will soon be manufactured on an industrial scale owing to the limitations of employing synthetic materials, as well as enormous potential of nanofibers in other fields, such as active food packaging, regenerative medicine, drug delivery, cosmetic, and filtration.
Collapse
|
6
|
Advances in Electrospun Hybrid Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111829. [PMID: 35683685 PMCID: PMC9181850 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun hybrid nanofibers, based on functional agents immobilized in polymeric matrix, possess a unique combination of collective properties. These are beneficial for a wide range of applications, which include theranostics, filtration, catalysis, and tissue engineering, among others. The combination of functional agents in a nanofiber matrix offer accessibility to multifunctional nanocompartments with significantly improved mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties, along with better biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review summarizes recent work performed for the fabrication, characterization, and optimization of different hybrid nanofibers containing varieties of functional agents, such as laser ablated inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), which include, for instance, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and titanium nitride nanoparticles (TiNPs), perovskites, drugs, growth factors, and smart, inorganic polymers. Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers such as chitosan, cellulose, and polycaprolactone are very promising macromolecules as a nanofiber matrix for immobilizing such functional agents. The assimilation of such polymeric matrices with functional agents that possess wide varieties of characteristics require a modified approach towards electrospinning techniques such as coelectrospinning and template spinning. Additional focus within this review is devoted to the state of the art for the implementations of these approaches as viable options for the achievement of multifunctional hybrid nanofibers. Finally, recent advances and challenges, in particular, mass fabrication and prospects of hybrid nanofibers for tissue engineering and biomedical applications have been summarized.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pandit P, Maity S, Singha K, Annu, Uzun M, Shekh M, Ahmed S. Potential biodegradable face mask to counter environmental impact of Covid-19. CLEANER ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 4:100218. [PMID: 34322678 PMCID: PMC8297964 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2021.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
On the eve of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a tremendous increase in the production of facemasks across the world. The primary raw materials for the manufacturing of the facemasks are non-biodegradable synthetic polymers derived from petrochemicals. Disposal of these synthetic facemasks increases waste-load in the environment causing severe ecological issues for flora and fauna. The synthesis processes of the polymers from the petrochemical by-products were also not eco-friendly, which releases huge greenhouse and harmful gases. Therefore, many research organizations and entrepreneurs realize the need for biodegradable facemasks to render similar performance as the existing non-biodegradable masks. The conventional textile fabrics made of natural fibers like cotton, flax, hemp, etc., can also be used to prepare facemasks with multiple layers in use for general protection. Such natural textile masks can be made anti-microbial by applying various herbal anti-microbial extracts like turmeric, neem, basil, aloe vera, etc. As porosity is the exclusive feature of the masks for arresting tiny viruses, the filter of the masks should have a pore size in the nanometre scale, and that can be achieved in nanomembrane manufactured by electrospinning technology. This article reviews the various scopes of electrospinning technology for the preparation of nanomembrane biomasks. Besides protecting us from the virus, the biomasks can be useful for skin healing, skincare, auto-fragrance, and organized cooling which are also discussed in this review article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pintu Pandit
- National Institute of Fashion Technology, Department of Textile Design, Mithapur Farms, Patna, 800001, India
| | - Subhankar Maity
- Department of Textile Technology, Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute, Kanpur, 208001, India
| | - Kunal Singha
- National Institute of Fashion Technology, Department of Textile Design, Mithapur Farms, Patna, 800001, India
| | - Annu
- Lecturer in Chemistry, Higher Education Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 184121, India
| | - Muhammet Uzun
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Applied and Research, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehdihasan Shekh
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shakeel Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Mendhar, Jammu and Kashmir, 185211, India
- Higher Education Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Faizan Muneer, Nadeem H, Arif A, Zaheer W. Bioplastics from Biopolymers: An Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Solution of Plastic Pollution. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238221010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Rowan NJ, Moral RA. Disposable face masks and reusable face coverings as non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants that cause coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Role of new sustainable NPI design innovations and predictive mathematical modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145530. [PMID: 33581526 PMCID: PMC7848491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Best-published evidence supports the combined use of vaccines with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), to reduce the relative risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19; this will enable a safe transition to achieving herd immunity. Albeit complex, the strategic public health goal is to bundle NPIs to keep the basic reproduction number R0 below one. However, validation of these NPIs is conducted using random clinical trials, which is challenging in a swiftly moving pandemic given the need for recruiting large participant cohort over a longitudinal analysis period. This review highlights emerging innovations for potentially improving the design, functionality and improved waste management of disposable face masks such as filtering facepiece (FFPs) respirators, medical masks, and reusable face coverings to help prevent COVID-19. It describes use of different mathematical models under varying scenarios to inform efficacy of single and combined use of NPIs as important counter-measures to break the cycle of COVID-19 infection including new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Demand for face masks during COVID-19 pandemic keeps increasing, especially for FFPs worn by medical workers. Collaborative and well-conducted randomised controlled trials across borders are required to generate robust data to inform common and consistent policies for COVID-19 and future pandemic planning and management; however, current use of systematic reviews of best available evidence can be considered to guide interim policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Rowan
- Department of Nursing and Healthcare, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland; Centre for Disinfection, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland; Empower Eco Sustainability Hub, Lough Boora, Co. Offaly, Ireland; School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Rafael A Moral
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Maynooth University, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Superior water stability and antimicrobial activity of electrospun gluten nanofibrous films incorporated with glycerol monolaurate. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
11
|
Das O, Neisiany RE, Capezza AJ, Hedenqvist MS, Försth M, Xu Q, Jiang L, Ji D, Ramakrishna S. The need for fully bio-based facemasks to counter coronavirus outbreaks: A perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139611. [PMID: 32473458 PMCID: PMC7243761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The onset of coronavirus pandemic has sparked a shortage of facemasks in almost all nations. Without this personal protective equipment, healthcare providers, essential workers, and the general public are exposed to the risk of infection. In light of the aforementioned, it is critical to balance the supply and demand for masks. COVID-19 will also ensure that masks are always considered as an essential commodity in future pandemic preparedness. Moreover, billions of facemasks are produced from petrochemicals derived raw materials, which are non-degradable upon disposal after their single use, thus causing environmental pollution and damage. The sustainable way forward is to utilise raw materials that are side-stream products of local industries to develop facemasks having equal or better efficiency than the conventional ones. In this regard, wheat gluten biopolymer, which is a by-product or co-product of cereal industries, can be electrospun into nanofibre membranes and subsequently carbonised at over 700 °C to form a network structure, which can simultaneously act as the filter media and reinforcement for gluten-based masks. In parallel, the same gluten material can be processed into cohesive thin films using plasticiser and hot press. Additionally, lanosol, a naturally-occurring substance, imparts fire (V-0 rating in vertical burn test), and microbe resistance in gluten plastics. Thus, thin films of flexible gluten with very low amounts of lanosol (<10 wt%) can be bonded together with the carbonised mat and shaped by thermoforming to create the facemasks. The carbon mat acting as the filter can be attached to the masks through adapters that can also be made from injection moulded gluten. The creation of these masks could simultaneously be effective in reducing the transmittance of infectious diseases and pave the way for environmentally benign sustainable products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oisik Das
- Material Science Division, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden; School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China.
| | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran
| | - Antonio Jose Capezza
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden; Department of Plant Breeding, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BOX 101, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Mikael S Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden.
| | - Michael Försth
- Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden
| | - Qiang Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Dongxiao Ji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jain R, Shetty S, Yadav KS. Unfolding the electrospinning potential of biopolymers for preparation of nanofibers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|