A Case of Comorbid Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder and Premature Ejaculation: Killing Two Birds With One Stone

Clinical characterisation of women with persistent genital arousal disorder: the iPGAD-study

Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PGAD) is a rare condition-mostly in women-where patients perceive prolonged genital arousal without any sexual desire or stimulation. Etiopathological considerations reach from peripheral to central issues over local disturbance of the pudendal nerve to neuropathy, psychosocial, and pharmacological theories. Since well controlled clinical studies about PGAD in conjunction with a mental and somatic health status are missing, this study is a detailed clinical investigation of PGAD patients compared to healthy controls. 26 women who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for PGAD were compared to 26 age matched healthy controls. Investigations included comparison of vegetative, gynaecological and sexual history, psychiatric features as well as a (neuro-)radiological, neurophysiological and gynaecological examination. Moreover, a detailed clinical characterisation of PGAD symptoms was performed. PGAD symptoms were mostly characterised as tingling or prickling and were permanently present. In over 80%, PGAD symptoms were located in the clitoris. Almost 70% reported radiations to other regions of the body. Most frequent trigger factors were tight clothes, mental stress, driving a car/bus/bicycle and sexual intercourse. Relieving factors were mainly distraction, relaxation, physical exercise, masturbation and swimming. In group comparisons, PGAD presented with significant higher rates of sexual dysfunctions, spontaneous orgasms, swelling of the genitals, extraordinary lubrication as well as higher rates in depression, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder and lifetime panic disorder. Significantly more PGAD patients were diagnosed with restless legs symptoms. In contrast childhood traumatization, somatization disorder, suicidality, gynaecological as well as neurophysiological examination of the pudendal nerve were not different between the groups. MRI of the brain, pelvis and spinal cord was unsuspicious and incidental findings - including Tarlov cysts or pelvic venous congestion - were equally distributed among the groups. In summary, our study provides a careful characterization of women with PGAD highlighting a serious mental burden, most probably as a consequence of PGAD. With the current set of clinical investigations there was no evidence of a clear causal relationship to a specific clinical finding as it has been previously discussed. Future studies and additional techniques will have to further explore where and how in the peripheral or central nervous systems PGAD develops.

Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PGAD): A Clinical Review and Case Series in Support of Multidisciplinary Management

INTRODUCTION

Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is an uncommon condition resulting in intrusive, unwanted and distressing symptoms of genital arousal. Presentation can vary and most cases do not have an immediately identifiable etiology.

OBJECTIVES

To present evaluation and treatment recommendations for PGAD from a multidisciplinary perspective and provide case examples.

METHODS

A focused review of the literature on diagnosis, workup, and treatment of PGAD was completed. A case series of 3 varying presentations of PGAD is offered.

RESULTS

PGAD results in high levels of patient distress and is best managed with a multidisciplinary treatment approach. Identification and management of co-occurring symptoms or disease states is imperative, particularly psychologic and psychiatric comorbidities. With appropriate intervention, patients may achieve improvement of their physical symptoms and a decrease in associated psychological distress.

CONCLUSION

PGAD is an uncommon and highly distressing condition that requires thoughtful evaluation for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Multidisciplinary treatment approaches provide the best opportunity to address the needs of patients and optimizing treatment response. Pease ER, Ziegelmann M, Vencill JA, et al. Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PGAD): A Clinical Review and Case Series in Support of Multidisciplinary Management. Sex Med Rev 2021;XX:XXX-XXX.

Sexual dysfunction due to pudendal neuralgia: a systematic review

Background

The pudendal nerve is considered as the main nerve of sexuality. Pudendal neuralgia is an underdiagnosed disease in clinical practice. The aim of this systematic review is to highlight the role of pudendal neuralgia on sexual dysfunction in both sexes.

Methods

A PubMed search was performed using the following keywords: “Pudendal” AND “Sexual dysfunction” or “Erectile dysfunction” or “Ejaculation” or “Persistent sexual arousal” or “Dyspareunia” or “Vulvodynia”. The search involved patients having sexual dysfunction due to pudendal neuralgia. Treatment received was also reported.

Results

Five case series, seven cohort studies, two pilot studies, and three randomized clinical trials were included in this systematic review. Pudendal nerve and/or artery entrapment, or pudendal neuralgia, is a reversible cause of multiple sexual dysfunctions. Interventions such as anesthetic injections, neurolysis, and decompression are reported as potential treatment modalities. There are no studies describing the role of pudendal canal syndrome in the pathophysiology or treatment of delayed ejaculation or penile shortening.

Discussion

Pudendal neuralgia is an underestimated yet important cause of persistent genital arousal, erectile dysfunction (ED), premature ejaculation (PE), ejaculation pain, and vulvodynia. Physicians should be aware of this entity and examine the pudendal canal in such patients before concluding an idiopathic cause of sexual dysfunction.

International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (ISSWSH) Review of Epidemiology and Pathophysiology, and a Consensus Nomenclature and Process of Care for the Management of Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder/Genito-Pelvic Dysesthesia (PGAD/GPD)

BACKGROUND

Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD), a condition of unwanted, unremitting sensations of genital arousal, is associated with a significant, negative psychosocial impact that may include emotional lability, catastrophization, and suicidal ideation. Despite being first reported in 2001, PGAD remains poorly understood.

AIM

To characterize this complex condition more accurately, review the epidemiology and pathophysiology, and provide new nomenclature and guidance for evidence-based management.

METHODS

A panel of experts reviewed pertinent literature, discussed research and clinical experience, and used a modified Delphi method to reach consensus concerning nomenclature, etiology, and associated factors. Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation were assigned for diagnosis and treatment.

OUTCOMES

The nomenclature of PGAD was broadened to include genito-pelvic dysesthesia (GPD), and a new biopsychosocial diagnostic and treatment algorithm for PGAD/GPD was developed.

RESULTS

The panel recognized that the term PGAD does not fully characterize the constellation of GPD symptoms experienced by patients. Therefore, the more inclusive term PGAD/GPD was adopted, which maintains the primacy of the distressing arousal symptoms and acknowledges associated bothersome GPD. While there are diverse biopsychosocial contributors, there is a common underlying neurologic basis attributable to spontaneous intense activity of the genito-pelvic region represented in the somatosensory cortex and its projections. A process of care diagnostic and treatment strategy was developed to guide the clinician, whenever possible, by localizing the symptoms as originating in any of five regions: (i) end organ, (ii) pelvis/perineum, (iii) cauda equina, (iv) spinal cord, and (v) brain. Psychological treatment strategies were considered critical and should be performed in conjunction with medical strategies. Pharmaceutical interventions may be used based on their site and mechanism of action to reduce patients' symptoms and the associated bother and distress.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

The process of care for PGAD/GPD uses a personalized, biopsychosocial approach for diagnosis and treatment.

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS

Strengths and Limitations: Strengths include characterization of the condition by consensus, analysis, and recommendation of a new nomenclature and a rational basis for diagnosis and treatment. Future investigations into etiology and treatment outcomes are recommended. The main limitations are the dearth of knowledge concerning this condition and that the current literature consists primarily of case reports and expert opinion.

CONCLUSION

We provide, for the first time, an expert consensus review of the epidemiology and pathophysiology and the development of a new nomenclature and rational algorithm for management of this extremely distressing sexual health condition that may be more prevalent than previously recognized. Goldstein I, Komisaruk BR, Pukall CF, et al. International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (ISSWSH) Review of Epidemiology and Pathophysiology, and a Consensus Nomenclature and Process of Care for the Management of Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder/Genito-Pelvic Dysesthesia (PGAD/GPD). J Sex Med 2021;18:665-697.

The Pharmacotherapy of Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder

Purpose of Review

Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is a rare, yet debilitating, disease, which was first described at the beginning of this century and has not yet been considered by the ICD-10 or DSM-5. Since affected subjects usually suffer tremendously, this review aims at offering an overview of pharmacological approaches to treat this disorder.

Recent Findings

Until now, no randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials have been conducted on PGAD, and the international registries have not recorded any ongoing trials. Current knowledge on pharmacological options for the treatment of PGAD relies mainly on case reports/case series. Most importantly, there is evidence that some drugs such as SSRIs and SNRIs might induce or worsen PGAD.

Summary

Knowledge on pharmacological treatment options for PGAD is not yet evidence-based, while some reports even assume an induction of PGAD by serotonergic antidepressants. Nevertheless, practitioners should be aware of PGAD and carefully discuss with the patient an individual treatment trial by considering the experience up to now.

Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder: Review of Pertinent Peripheral Nerves

INTRODUCTION

Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is a condition that is still poorly understood. Etiologies reported for PGAD are vascular, neurological, pharmacological, and psychological. Determining the neurophysiological etiology of PGAD began with developing an understanding of the underlying biomechanics of the pudendal nerve and the female sexual response.

AIM

To summarize the anatomy, physiology, etiologies, diagnostics, and treatments of the pertinent peripheral nerves involved in the pathology of PGAD.

METHODS

We performed a PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar search for English-language articles in peer-reviewed journals with no predefined time period for inclusion. Terms included "humans"[All Fields] AND "persistent"[All Fields] AND/OR ("genitalia"[All Fields] OR "genital"[All Fields]) AND/OR "arousal"[All Fields] AND/OR ("disease"[All Fields] OR "disorder"[All Fields]) AND/OR "nerve"[All Fields]. The main outcomes of the papers were reviewed.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

The main outcome measures were the anatomy and physiology, etiologies, history and physical examination, diagnostic imaging, and current evidence for the treatment of PGAD related to the peripheral nervous system.

RESULTS

Most of the literature for PGAD originates from case studies. The diagnosis of PGAD itself is still a debated topic of discussion. More recent data published indicate that this disease affects males, as well.

CONCLUSION

Nerve entrapment may be a source of continuous arousal. Associated PGAD symptoms would depend on the segment of the nerve involved. Unwelcomed or unwanted arousal has been observed as the most common detrimental symptom. Pelvic 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging is recommended in all patients with suspected nerve entrapment. Lumbosacral 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging is recommended if a Tarlov cyst or a herniated intervertebral disc is suspected. If the peripheral nerve is the source of the pathology, surgical intervention may be curative. A multidisciplinary team approach consisting of a medical provider, pelvic floor physical therapist, and sex therapist has demonstrated benefits. There are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved evidenced-based treatments for PGAD. Klifto KM, Dellon AL. Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder: Review of Pertinent Peripheral Nerves. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:265-273.

Pudendal Neuromodulation as a Treatment for Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder-A Case Series

BACKGROUND

Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is a rare life-altering condition characterized by unwanted, uncomfortable genital sensations or spontaneous orgasms without physical or emotional stimulation. Its etiology remains unclear, and a variety of treatments have been attempted with incomplete resolution. We propose that chronic pudendal neuromodulation (CPN) may be a useful treatment for PGAD symptoms.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was performed for women older than 18 years with a diagnosis of PGAD that had staged neuromodulation with placement of a tined lead at the pudendal nerve. Demographic, operative, and postoperative data were collected. A survey was then sent to these women to assess additional demographic data, preoperative and postoperative symptoms, and patient satisfaction. Descriptive statistics were performed.

RESULTS

Six women underwent CPN for PGAD. Mean age was 52 (SD, 9) years. Five (83%) of 6 were still implanted at time of survey, at a mean of 38 months after implantation; 1 device was removed for nonuse. Four of 6 completed surveys and were still using their device. Three of 4 had met their treatment goals and were satisfied with CPN; 3 of 4 felt CPN was the most useful treatment modality they had used overall. Chronic pudendal neuromodulation also improved chronic pelvic pain (4/4), bowel function (3/4), and bladder function (3/4).

CONCLUSIONS

Chronic pudendal neuromodulation can be an effective treatment for decreasing frequency of PGAD symptoms and providing symptom relief.