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Framing Social Comparison Feedback With Financial Incentives for Physical Activity Promotion: A Randomized Trial. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:641-649. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Social comparison feedback is often used in physical activity interventions but the optimal design of feedback is unknown. Methods: This 4-arm, randomized trial consisted of a 13-week intervention period and 13-week follow-up period. During the intervention, 4-person teams were entered into a weekly lottery valued at about $1.40/day and contingent on the team averaging ≥7000 steps per day. Social comparison feedback on performance was delivered weekly for 26 weeks, and varied by reference point (50th vs 75th percentile) and forgiveness in use of activity data (all 7 d or best 5 of 7 d). The primary outcome was the mean proportion of participant-days achieving the 7000-step goal. Results: During the intervention period, the unadjusted mean proportion of participant-days that the goal was achieved was 0.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38 to 0.56) in the 50th percentile arm, 0.38 (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.37) in the 75th percentile arm, 0.40 (95% CI: 0.31 to 0.49) in the 50th percentile with forgiveness arm, and 0.47 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.55) in the 75th percentile with forgiveness arm. In adjusted models during the intervention and follow-up periods, there were no significant differences between arms. Conclusions: Changing social comparison feedback did not impact physical activity.
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Patel MS, Volpp KG, Rosin R, Bellamy SL, Small DS, Heuer J, Sproat S, Hyson C, Haff N, Lee SM, Wesby L, Hoffer K, Shuttleworth D, Taylor DH, Hilbert V, Zhu J, Yang L, Wang X, Asch DA. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Lottery-Based Financial Incentives to Increase Physical Activity Among Overweight and Obese Adults. Am J Health Promot 2018. [PMID: 29534597 DOI: 10.1177/0890117118758932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of lottery-based financial incentives in increasing physical activity. DESIGN Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING University of Pennsylvania Employees. PARTICIPANTS A total of 209 adults with body mass index ≥27. INTERVENTIONS All participants used smartphones to track activity, were given a goal of 7000 steps per day, and received daily feedback on performance for 26 weeks. Participants randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 intervention arms received a financial incentive for 13 weeks and then were followed for 13 weeks without incentives. Daily lottery incentives were designed as a "higher frequency, smaller reward" (1 in 4 chance of winning $5), "jackpot" (1 in 400 chance of winning $500), or "combined lottery" (18% chance of $5 and 1% chance of $50). MEASURES Mean proportion of participant days step goals were achieved. ANALYSIS Multivariate regression. RESULTS During the intervention, the unadjusted mean proportion of participant days that goal was achieved was 0.26 in the control arm, 0.32 in the higher frequency, smaller reward lottery arm, 0.29 in the jackpot arm, and 0.38 in the combined lottery arm. In adjusted models, only the combined lottery arm was significantly greater than control ( P = .01). The jackpot arm had a significant decline of 0.13 ( P < .001) compared to control. There were no significant differences during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Combined lottery incentives were most effective in increasing physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh S Patel
- 1 Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,3 LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,4 The Penn Medicine Center for Health Care Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,5 Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin G Volpp
- 1 Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,3 LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,4 The Penn Medicine Center for Health Care Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,5 Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roy Rosin
- 4 The Penn Medicine Center for Health Care Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scarlett L Bellamy
- 6 The Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dylan S Small
- 2 Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jack Heuer
- 7 Division of Human Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan Sproat
- 7 Division of Human Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chris Hyson
- 7 Division of Human Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Haff
- 8 Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha M Lee
- 9 Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Wesby
- 3 LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen Hoffer
- 3 LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Shuttleworth
- 3 LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Devon H Taylor
- 3 LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria Hilbert
- 3 LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jingsan Zhu
- 3 LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- 1 Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xingmei Wang
- 1 Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Asch
- 1 Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,3 LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,5 Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Patel MS, Volpp KG, Rosin R, Bellamy SL, Small DS, Fletcher MA, Osman-Koss R, Brady JL, Haff N, Lee SM, Wesby L, Hoffer K, Shuttleworth D, Taylor DH, Hilbert V, Zhu J, Yang L, Wang X, Asch DA. A Randomized Trial of Social Comparison Feedback and Financial Incentives to Increase Physical Activity. Am J Health Promot 2016; 30:416-24. [PMID: 27422252 PMCID: PMC6029434 DOI: 10.1177/0890117116658195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of different combinations of social comparison feedback and financial incentives to increase physical activity. DESIGN Randomized trial (Clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT02030080). SETTING Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred eighty-six adults. INTERVENTIONS Twenty-six weeks of weekly feedback on team performance compared to the 50th percentile (n = 100) or the 75th percentile (n = 64) and 13 weeks of weekly lottery-based financial incentive plus feedback on team performance compared to the 50th percentile (n = 80) or the 75th percentile (n = 44) followed by 13 weeks of only performance feedback. MEASURES Mean proportion of participant-days achieving the 7000-step goal during the 13-week intervention. ANALYSIS Generalized linear mixed models adjusting for repeated measures and clustering by team. RESULTS Compared to the 75th percentile without incentives during the intervention period, the mean proportion achieving the 7000-step goal was significantly greater for the 50th percentile with incentives group (0.45 vs 0.27, difference: 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04 to 0.32; P = .012) but not for the 75th percentile with incentives group (0.38 vs 0.27, difference: 0.11, 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.27; P = .19) or the 50th percentile without incentives group (0.30 vs 0.27, difference: 0.03, 95% CI: -0.10 to 0.16; P = .67). CONCLUSION Social comparison to the 50th percentile with financial incentives was most effective for increasing physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh S Patel
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Health Care Innovation, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin G Volpp
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Health Care Innovation, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roy Rosin
- Center for Health Care Innovation, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scarlett L Bellamy
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dylan S Small
- Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michele A Fletcher
- University of Pennsylvania Health System, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rosemary Osman-Koss
- University of Pennsylvania Health System, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Brady
- University of Pennsylvania Health System, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Haff
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha M Lee
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Wesby
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen Hoffer
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Shuttleworth
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Devon H Taylor
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria Hilbert
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jingsan Zhu
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xingmei Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Asch
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Health Care Innovation, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Patel MS, Asch DA, Rosin R, Small DS, Bellamy SL, Eberbach K, Walters KJ, Haff N, Lee SM, Wesby L, Hoffer K, Shuttleworth D, Taylor DH, Hilbert V, Zhu J, Yang L, Wang X, Volpp KG. Individual Versus Team-Based Financial Incentives to Increase Physical Activity: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Gen Intern Med 2016; 31:746-54. [PMID: 26976287 PMCID: PMC4907949 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-016-3627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than half of adults in the United States do not attain the minimum recommended level of physical activity to achieve health benefits. The optimal design of financial incentives to promote physical activity is unknown. OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of individual versus team-based financial incentives to increase physical activity. DESIGN Randomized, controlled trial comparing three interventions to control. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred and four adult employees from an organization in Philadelphia formed 76 four-member teams. INTERVENTIONS All participants received daily feedback on performance towards achieving a daily 7000 step goal during the intervention (weeks 1- 13) and follow-up (weeks 14- 26) periods. The control arm received no other intervention. In the three financial incentive arms, drawings were held in which one team was selected as the winner every other day during the 13-week intervention. A participant on a winning team was eligible as follows: $50 if he or she met the goal (individual incentive), $50 only if all four team members met the goal (team incentive), or $20 if he or she met the goal individually and $10 more for each of three teammates that also met the goal (combined incentive). MAIN MEASURES Mean proportion of participant-days achieving the 7000 step goal during the intervention. KEY RESULTS Compared to the control group during the intervention period, the mean proportion achieving the 7000 step goal was significantly greater for the combined incentive (0.35 vs. 0.18, difference: 0.17, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.07-0.28, p <0.001) but not for the individual incentive (0.25 vs 0.18, difference: 0.08, 95 % CI: -0.02-0.18, p = 0.13) or the team incentive (0.17 vs 0.18, difference: -0.003, 95 % CI: -0.11-0.10, p = 0.96). The combined incentive arm participants also achieved the goal at significantly greater rates than the team incentive (0.35 vs. 0.17, difference: 0.18, 95 % CI: 0.08-0.28, p < 0.001), but not the individual incentive (0.35 vs. 0.25, difference: 0.10, 95 % CI: -0.001-0.19, p = 0.05). Only the combined incentive had greater mean daily steps than control (difference: 1446, 95 % CI: 448-2444, p ≤ 0.005). There were no significant differences between arms during the follow-up period (weeks 14- 26). CONCLUSIONS Financial incentives rewarded for a combination of individual and team performance were most effective for increasing physical activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02001194.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh S Patel
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn Medicine Center for Health Care Innovation, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - David A Asch
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Medicine Center for Health Care Innovation, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roy Rosin
- Penn Medicine Center for Health Care Innovation, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dylan S Small
- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scarlett L Bellamy
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy Haff
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Wesby
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen Hoffer
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Shuttleworth
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Devon H Taylor
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria Hilbert
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jingsan Zhu
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xingmei Wang
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin G Volpp
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- LDI Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Medicine Center for Health Care Innovation, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zhang H, Xia Y, Chen R, Gunzler D, Tang W, Tu X. Modeling longitudinal binomial responses: implications from two dueling paradigms. J Appl Stat 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2010.550038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang H, Lu N, Feng C, Thurston SW, Xia Y, Zhu L, Tu XM. On fitting generalized linear mixed-effects models for binary responses using different statistical packages. Stat Med 2011; 30:2562-72. [PMID: 21671252 PMCID: PMC3175267 DOI: 10.1002/sim.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) is a popular paradigm to extend models for cross-sectional data to a longitudinal setting. When applied to modeling binary responses, different software packages and even different procedures within a package may give quite different results. In this report, we describe the statistical approaches that underlie these different procedures and discuss their strengths and weaknesses when applied to fit correlated binary responses. We then illustrate these considerations by applying these procedures implemented in some popular software packages to simulated and real study data. Our simulation results indicate a lack of reliability for most of the procedures considered, which carries significant implications for applying such popular software packages in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, U.S.A..
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Elias SP, Lubelczyk CB, Rand PW, Lacombe EH, Holman MS, Smith RP. Deer browse resistant exotic-invasive understory: an indicator of elevated human risk of exposure to Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southern coastal Maine woodlands. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 43:1142-52. [PMID: 17162946 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[1142:dbreua]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the relationships between forest understory structure and the abundance of questing adult and nymphal blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), in three Maine towns endemic for Lyme disease, 2001-2003. In fragmented New England woodlands, over-abundant white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman, overbrowse palatable species, allowing browse-resistant exotic-invasive species to replace native forest understory structures. We predicted there would be more ticks in plots dominated by exotic-invasive shrubs (such as Japanese barberry, Berberis thunbergii DC) than in plots dominated by native shrubs, ferns, or open understory. We assessed canopy composition and closure, tree basal area, litter composition, percentage of coverage and stem density of understory species, litter depth, soil moisture, and abundance of small mammals and white-tailed deer pellet groups. We used generalized linear mixed model analysis of covariance to determine the effect of understory structure on tick counts, controlling for continuous habitat and host covariates and adjusting for random spatial effects. There were twice as many adults and nearly twice as many nymphs in plots dominated by exotic-invasives than in plots dominated by native shrubs. Both adult and nymphal counts were lowest in open understory with coniferous litter. Adults were positively associated with increasing litter depth, medium soil moisture, and increasing abundance of white-footed deer mice, Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque, and deer pellet group counts. Nymphs were positively associated with increasing litter depth, moderately wet soil, and mice. We concluded that deer browse-resistant exotic-invasive understory vegetation presented an elevated risk of human exposure to the vector tick of Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Elias
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Vector-Borne Disease Research Laboratory, 75 John Roberts Road, Suite 9B, South Portland, ME 04106, USA.
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