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Machado A, Sousa C, Cunha O. Bidirectional Violence in Intimate Relationships: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1680-1694. [PMID: 37594220 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231193440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence is a public health problem with significant consequences at different levels. Over the years, the literature has shown that most violence is not unidirectional and perpetrated by men against women but rather bidirectional, in which both couple elements may be victims, perpetrators, or both. In this systematic literature review, we aimed to systematize the empirical knowledge to assess the prevalence of bidirectional violence, the most reported types of violence, and the influence of sex and sexual orientation on this phenomenon. The search for this systematic review was conducted in four databases, and we included studies that showed the prevalence of bidirectional violence in samples aged over 18 years, in articles written in English or Portuguese, and published between 2012 and 2022. In the qualitative synthesis, 42 empirical studies were included. The results showed that bidirectional violence is the most common pattern of violence, with psychological violence being the most reported type of bidirectional violence; men and women reported bidirectional violence at similar rates, and homosexual couples reported higher percentages of bidirectional violence than heterosexual couples. These results contradict the patriarchalist view of violence that assigns the exclusivity role of the victim to women and of the perpetrator to men, demonstrating that violence occurs regardless of sex or sexual orientation. The practical implications and future directions at the level of public policies to give visibility to the phenomenon will be duly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Machado
- Lusófona University, HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Portugal
| | | | - Olga Cunha
- Lusófona University, HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Portugal
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Nelson AK, Denavit C, Muñoz M, Wong M, Saldaña O, Santa Cruz J, Rodriguez CA, Caldas A, Castro A, Shin S. The Dynamics of Intimate Partner Violence and Its Impact on HIV Care: A Cross-Sectional Study of People of Mixed Gender and Sexual Preference in Lima, Peru. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP443-NP465. [PMID: 35343294 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221081933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with a higher risk of contracting HIV and developing worse HIV outcomes. This cross-sectional, mixed methods study presents data on IPV using the Conflicts Tactics Scale (CTS2-S) among 180 persons with HIV in Lima, Peru, as well as qualitative interviews with 7 of them and 18 of their community caregivers. This study used data collected for a randomized controlled trial (RCT), CASAommunity Based Accompaniment with Supervised Antiretrovirals (CASA) Community-based Accompaniment with Supervised Antiretrovirals (CASA). Physical or sexual IPV was self-reported in 82 (45.6%) of participants reporting having been in a relationship in the last year and 59,8% of those were involved in bidirectional violence. Coping subscales, social support, and stigma were associated with IPV. Intimate partner violence negatively impacted patient adherence to medication and care, particularly during times of severe conflict. In conclusion, profound psychosocial vulnerability-including low social support, substance use as coping, and HIV stigma-contextualize IPV among people with HIV. Bidirectional violence often evolved over time as victims negotiated inter-personal strategies for survival, including retaliation. Interventions should focus on a deeper understanding IPV and facilitating of coping mechanisms to help people with HIV stay in care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne K Nelson
- Division of Global Health Equity, 1861Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social, Behavioral, 5783and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chloe Denavit
- Division of Global Health Equity, 1861Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- 558883Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Olga Saldaña
- 558883Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru
- Ministry of Health, Lima, Prevention and Control of HIV, Department of Diseases of Sexual Transmission and Hepatitis Lima, 162592Peru Peruvian State Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Carly A Rodriguez
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, 1812Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adolfo Caldas
- Division of Global Health Equity, 1861Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- 1862Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arachu Castro
- Department of Social, Behavioral, 5783and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sonya Shin
- Division of Global Health Equity, 1861Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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