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Zhou K, Li H, Wei X, Yin J, Liang P, Zhang H, Kou L, Hao M, You L, Li X, Zhuang G. Relationships between received and perceived social support and health-related quality of life among patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Mainland China. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2017; 12:33. [PMID: 28651618 PMCID: PMC5485611 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-017-0116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social support has been considered one of the most important factors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) evaluations among different populations; however, few studies have explored the relationships of both received and perceived social support to HRQoL among patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Thus, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to clarify these relationships. METHODS Participants were patients admitted at the two largest privately and publicly funded MMT clinics in Xi'an. The main explanatory variable was social support, both received (i.e., social network support and professional support services) and perceived (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support). The outcome was HRQoL, which was evaluated using the Short-Form 36 Health Survey version 2 (SF-36v2) and the Quality of Life Scale for Drug Addicts (QOL-DAv2.0). We carried out independent samples t-tests and multiple linear regression analysis to examine the relationships between received and perceived social support and HRQoL. RESULTS The study findings revealed that patients with good social support had significantly higher scores on the SF-36v2 and QOL-DAv2.0 (p < 0.05). After controlling for individual characteristics, the significant factors predicting HRQoL were good family relationships, usually communicating with others, a convenient service time, appropriate treatment charges, and good perceived social support (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that received and perceived social support influences HRQoL among individuals receiving MMT. Thus, these variables should be considered during health management efforts and interventions directed at this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaina Zhou
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Hengxin Li
- Xi’an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599 Xiying Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054 China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Xi’an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599 Xiying Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054 China
| | - Juan Yin
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Peifeng Liang
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Lingling Kou
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Lijuan You
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Guihua Zhuang
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
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Reliability and validity of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in Chinese mainland patients with methadone maintenance treatment. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 60:182-8. [PMID: 25882596 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) is a valid tool for assessing perceived support from family, friends and significant others. However, evidence about reliability and validity of the MSPSS in Chinese mainland patients with methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is lacking. METHODS The patients (n=1212) being admitted to the first two largest MMT clinics in Xi'an were recruited in the study. Reliability was estimated with Cronbach's α and intra-class correlation (ICC). Convergent and discriminant validity was assessed using item-subscale correlation. Factorial validity was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The patients answered the questions of MSPSS at baseline and re-test after 6months, respectively. RESULTS Cronbach's α of the overall MSPSS was 0.92 (subscales range: 0.84-0.89). ICC of the overall MSPSS was 0.65 (subscales range: 0.57-0.64). Better convergent validity (r≥0.40) was demonstrated by the satisfactory hypothesized item-subscale correlation. All of the hypothesized item-subscale correlations were higher than the correlations between the hypothesized items and other subscales, indicating better discriminant validity. Two factors were extracted from the 12 items, with factor 1 mainly covering friends and significant others subscales (explained 55.56% variance) and factor 2 mainly covering family subscale (explained 11.77% variance). In comparison with the proposed three-subscale model, the two-factor observed model did not fit well in this sample according to model fit indices. CONCLUSIONS The MSPSS has acceptable reliability and convergent/discriminant validity in Chinese mainland MMT patients. The proposed three-factor model of MSPSS is much better fit than the two-factor observed model in this study. Findings of the study will provide evidence of psychometric properties of the MSPSS in MMT patient population and expand the use of the MSPSS in clinical MMT context.
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Koo FK, Chen X, Chow EPF, Jing J, Zheng J, Zhao J, Zhang L. Barriers and Potential Improvements for Needle and Syringe Exchange Programs (NSPs) in China: A Qualitative Study from Perspectives of Both Health and Public Security Sectors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130654. [PMID: 26114556 PMCID: PMC4482722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the acceptability, the barriers to the implementation of needle and syringe exchange programs (NSPs) and the potential improvement strategies in China from the perspectives of governmental health and public security officials. Purposive sampling was used for recruitment of participants who had been involved in NSPs implementation. Semi-Structured individual interviews were conducted in Mandarin to address three aspects of NSPs: (1) participants’ attitudes towards NSPs, (2) participants’ opinions on the effectiveness and barriers of NSPs, and (3) suggestions for improving the program. Content analysis was used to analyse the translated interview data. A total of 68 participants from 12 Hunan counties were interviewed (34 from each of the Bureau of Health and the Narcotic Division). Both groups recognised the importance and effectiveness of NSPs in HIV prevention, but public security officials regarded NSPs as a temporary intervention in place of punitive measures. Most health officials (32/34) regarded the main barriers to its implementation as administrative and structural, whereas participants from Narcotics Division (n=24) questioned the legitimacy of NSPs and concerned about the poor management of drug users’ risk behaviours. Close cooperation between the health and public security sectors, engagement of the drug user community and an enabling policy environment were reportedly to be critical for potential improvements of NSPs in China. Misconceptions about NSPs encourage drug users’ addictive behaviour, and an unclear leadership and insufficient support de-motivate the participants from the Bureau of Health and the Narcotics Division to actively support the program implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fung Kuen Koo
- Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hunan, China
| | - Eric P. F. Chow
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jun Jing
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (JJ)
| | - Jun Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hunan, China
| | - Junshi Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (JJ)
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Drug Use and HIV Infection Status of Detainees in Re-Education through Labour Camps in Guangxi Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4502-19. [PMID: 25915836 PMCID: PMC4454922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120504502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study describes HIV disease burden and patterns of drug use before and during incarceration among detainees in Re-education-Through-Labour-Camps (RTLCs) in China. A cross-sectional survey of 576 men and 179 women from three RTLCs was conducted in Guangxi Province, China. Over three-quarters of study participants were detained due to drug-related offences. Over half of the women (n = 313, 54.3%) and two-thirds of men (n = 119, 66.5%) had been previously been incarcerated in a compulsory detoxification treatment centre (CDTC), and around one-third (men n = 159, 27.6%; women n = 50, 27.9%) in a RTLC. Of those surveyed, 49 men (8.5%) and one (0.6%) woman reported ever using drugs while in a CDTC and/or RTLC. Previous incarceration in CDTCs and RTLCs were associated with HIV infection among both male (OR = 2.15 [1.11–4.15]) and female (OR = 3.87 [1.86–9.04]) detainees. Being married/cohabiting with a partner (OR = 0.53, [0.30–0.93]) and being employed (OR = 0.46, [0.22–0.95]) were associated with a reduced odds of HIV infection among male detainees. A significant proportion of RTLC detainees had a history of drug use and a limited number of inmates had used illegal substances whilst in custody. Repeat incarcerations in CDTCs/RTLCs were associated with higher risks of HIV infection.
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Philbin MM, FuJie Z. Exploring stakeholder perceptions of facilitators and barriers to using needle exchange programs in Yunnan Province, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86873. [PMID: 24498286 PMCID: PMC3911934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Injection drug use is an ongoing urban health crisis in China and one of the largest drivers of the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Sentinel surveillance sites in Yunnan province show upwards of 20% of injection drug users (IDUs) are HIV positive. Though the Ministry of Health has scaled-up needle exchange programs (NEPs), they have not received official government recognition nor have they been extensively evaluated to explore factors influencing their acceptability and feasibility. Using in-depth qualitative interviews conducted from February to July 2008 with 35 participants consisting of IDUs and other key stakeholders, we explored facilitators and barriers to accessing needle exchange programs in Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province. Content analysis was conducted to identify themes including attitudes toward NEPs and harm reduction, barriers to access, and suggestions for improvement. Themes that emerged included fears of breached confidentiality and police interference at the exchange sites and tensions between the public health and law enforcement perspective. Low levels of NEP-related knowledge and awareness were uniformly reported among interviewees. Suggestions to facilitate an increase in NEP acceptance included raising awareness of harm reduction and HIV more generally, offering services such as psychological counseling, job training and behavioral therapy at NEPs, and increasing communication between police, government, and public health officials. High rates of HIV infection among injection drug users in China have prompted rapid scale up of NEPs. Additional adaptations are necessary, however, to increase needle exchange use among injection drug users. This study finds that an urgent need to raise awareness of NEPs among policy makers and IDUs and act upon identified steps for developing social-structural interventions to create enabling environments that facilitate increased access to NEPs among injection drug users in Kunming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M. Philbin
- HIV Center for Clinical & Behavioral Studies Columbia University and the NY State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhang FuJie
- Treatment and Care Division, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Zhou K, Zhuang G. Retention in methadone maintenance treatment in mainland China, 2004-2012: a literature review. Addict Behav 2014; 39:22-9. [PMID: 24090627 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was implemented in mainland China since 2004. Numerous individual studies have investigated MMT retention but the overview still remains unclear. The aim of the study was to review MMT retention rates and predicting factors in mainland China during 2004-2012. METHODS Chinese and English databases of literature were searched for studies reporting on retention rates and predicting factors in non-transfer MMT patients of fixed-site clinics in mainland China (2004-2012). Qualitative methods were used to synthesize the results. RESULTS Nineteen studies were eligible for review, with sample size ranging from 29 to 3758. Retention rates varied between 30.0% at 6 months in Shanghai and 70.3% at 12 months in Xi'an. Predicting factors were non-treatment including sociodemographics (n=14), support system and social function (n=9), economic status (n=2) and psychological status (n=1), and treatment-related including drug use (n=15), methadone use (n=12), MMT clinics (n=9), MMT participation (n=7), awareness on MMT (n=5) and HIV serostatus (n=3). Methadone dose (n=12) and age (n=7) were the first two important specific factors. CONCLUSIONS In mainland China, MMT retention rates are heterogeneous and relatively lower, and predicting factors mainly focus on objective aspects. Future work should further explore subjective predicting factors regarding MMT retention.
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Meng J, Burris S. The role of the Chinese police in methadone maintenance therapy: A literature review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2013; 24:e25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Adelson M, Wilson HW, Celeste VYM, Linzy S, Kreek MJ, Peles E. Methadone Maintenance Treatment Experience in Macao – Prospective Follow-up for Initial 4.5 Years. J Psychoactive Drugs 2013; 45:313-21. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2013.825032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhang L, Chow EPF, Zhuang X, Liang Y, Wang Y, Tang C, Ling L, Tucker JD, Wilson DP. Methadone maintenance treatment participant retention and behavioural effectiveness in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68906. [PMID: 23922668 PMCID: PMC3724877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been scaled up by the Chinese government alongside persistent compulsory drug user detention, but the extent to which detention interferes with MMT is unknown. The study systematically reviews Chinese MMT retention rates, reasons for drop out, and behavioural changes. METHOD Chinese and English databases of literature are searched for studies reporting retention rates, drug use and sexual behaviours among MMT participants in China between 2004 and 2013. The estimates are summarized through a systematic review and meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 74 studies representing 43,263 individuals are included in this analysis. About a third of MMT participants drop out during the first three months of treatment (retention rate 69.0% (95% CI 57.7-78.4%)). Police arrest and detention in compulsory rehabilitation was the most common cause of drop out, accounting for 22.2% of all those not retained. Among retained participants, changing unsafe drug use behaviours was more effective than changing unsafe sexual behaviours. At 12 months following MMT initiation, 24.6% (15.7-33.5%) of MMT participants had a positive urine test, 9.3% (4.7-17.8%) injected drugs and only 1.1% (0.4-3.0%) sold sex for drugs. These correspond to 0.002 (<0.001-0.011), 0.045 (0.004-0.114) and 0.209 (0.076-0.580) times lower odds than baseline. However, MMT participants did not have substantial changes in condom use rates. CONCLUSION MMT is effective in drug users in China but participant retention is poor, substantially related to compulsory detention. Reforming the compulsory drug user detention system may improve MMT retention and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric P. F. Chow
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xun Zhuang
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanxian Liang
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caiyun Tang
- Faculty of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Sun Yat-sen Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Ling
- Faculty of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Sun Yat-sen Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Joseph D. Tucker
- UNC Project-China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Wilson
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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HIV and HCV prevalence among entrants to methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:130. [PMID: 22682091 PMCID: PMC3434111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was implemented in China since 2004. It was initiated in 8 pilot clinics and subsequently expanded to 738 clinics by the end of 2011. Numerous individual research studies have been conducted to estimate HIV and HCV prevalence among MMT clients but an overview of the epidemics in relations to MMT remains unclear. The aim of this study is to estimate the magnitude and changing trends of HIV, HCV and HIV-HCV co-infections among entry clients to MMT clinics in China during 2004-2010. METHODS Chinese and English databases of literature were searched for studies reporting HIV, HCV and co-infection prevalence among MMT clients in China from 2004 to 2010. The prevalence estimates were summarized through a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literatures. RESULTS Ninety eligible articles were selected in this review (2 in English and 88 in Chinese). Nationally, pooled prevalence of HIV-HCV and HIV-HCV co-infection among MMT clients was 6.0% (95%CI: 4.7%-7.7%), 60.1% (95%CI: 52.8%-67.0%) and 4.6% (95%CI: 2.9%-7.2%), respectively. No significant temporal trend was found in pooled prevalence estimates. Study location is the major contributor of heterogeneities of both HIV and HCV prevalence among drug users in MMT. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant temporal trend in HIV and HCV prevalence among clients in MMT during 2004-2010. Prevalence of HCV is markedly higher than prevalence of HIV among MMT clients. It is recommended that health educational programs in China promote the earlier initiation and wider coverage of MMT among injecting drug users (IDUs), especially HIV-infected IDUs.
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Philbin MM, Zhang F. Exploring stakeholder perceptions of facilitators and barriers to accessing methadone maintenance clinics in Yunnan Province, China. AIDS Care 2011; 22:623-9. [PMID: 20229375 DOI: 10.1080/09540120903311490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Injection drug use is an ongoing public health crisis in China and one of the largest contributors to the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Though the government has rapidly scaled up methadone maintenance treatment clinics, they have not been extensively evaluated to analyze factors influencing rates of attendance. We explored the facilitators and barriers to accessing methadone maintenance clinics in Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China. Using in-depth qualitative interviews conducted from February 2008 to June 2008 with 35 informants - injection drug users (IDUs) and key stakeholders - we explored factors that determine whether drug users decide to present at methadone clinics. Interviews were digitally recorded with consent, transcribed verbatim, and translated. Content analysis was conducted to identify themes which included general attitudes toward methadone treatment, barriers and challenges to access, and suggestions for improvement. Within these, topics included responses to methadone, its side effects, and fear of discrimination, loss of privacy, and police interference. Respondents also listed numerous suggestions for improvement including raising awareness of harm reduction both among drug users and the community, providing additional support in the form of psychological counseling, job training and behavioral therapy, and increasing communication between police, government, and public health officials. High rates of HIV infection among IDUs in China have prompted public health responses including the scale up of methadone maintenance clinics. Our results may inform policy strategists in implementing social-structural changes to create enabling environments that facilitate an increase in access to methadone clinics among IDUs in Kunming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Philbin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Lin C, Wu Z, Detels R. Opiate users' perceived barriers against attending methadone maintenance therapy: a qualitative study in China. Subst Use Misuse 2011; 46:1190-8. [PMID: 21417558 PMCID: PMC3392119 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2011.561905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in China is facing challenges such as high relapse rates and low coverage. The study assessed factors influencing MMT utilization among opiate users. In-depth interviews were conducted among 30 opiate users in 2008 to ascertain the barriers against seeking MMT. Data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti. Barriers to the treatment included requirement of registration with police, perceived discrimination, logistic difficulties, side effects, fear of being addicted to another drug, lack of additional services, and economic burden. The result suggests the need for structural changes such as improving comprehensive services, simplifying application procedure, and enhancing referral system. The study's limitations are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Lin
- Semel Institute Center for Community Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Kosten TR, Gardner TJ. New hot topics sections: 1. China's new march forward in addiction treatment: methadone for the masses. 2. Issues in formulating DSM V. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2008; 34:123-6. [PMID: 18293228 DOI: 10.1080/00952990701876948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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