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Shi X, Wong LWW, Huang S, Wong LJ, Kaminer I. Transverse recoil imprinted on free-electron radiation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7803. [PMID: 39242627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52050-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenomena of free-electron X-ray radiation are treated almost exclusively with classical electrodynamics, despite the intrinsic interaction being that of quantum electrodynamics. The lack of quantumness arises from the vast disparity between the electron energy and the much smaller photon energy, resulting in a small cross-section that makes quantum effects negligible. Here we identify a fundamentally distinct phenomenon of electron radiation that bypasses this energy disparity, and thus displays extremely strong quantum features. This phenomenon arises when free-electron transverse scattering occurs during the radiation process, creating entanglement between each transversely recoiled electron and the photons it emitted. This phenomenon profoundly modifies the characteristics of free-electron radiation mediated by crystals, compared to conventional classical analysis and even previous quantum analysis. We also analyze conditions to detect this phenomenon using low-emittance electron beams and high-resolution X-ray spectrometers. These quantum radiation features could guide the development of compact coherent X-ray sources facilitated by nanophotonics and quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihang Shi
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Lee Wei Wesley Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sunchao Huang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Liang Jie Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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Teurtrie A, Perraudin N, Holvoet T, Chen H, Alexander DTL, Obozinski G, Hébert C. espm: A Python library for the simulation of STEM-EDXS datasets. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 249:113719. [PMID: 37003127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
We present two open-source Python packages: "electron spectro-microscopy" (espm) and "electron microscopy tables" (emtables). The espm software enables the simulation of scanning transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy datacubes, based on user-defined chemical compositions and spatial abundance maps of constituent phases. The simulation process uses X-ray emission cross-sections generated via state-of-the-art calculations made with emtables. These tables are designed to be easily modifiable, either manually or using espm. The simulation framework is designed to test the application of decomposition algorithms for the analysis of STEM-EDX spectrum images with access to a known ground truth. We validate our approach using the case of a complex geology-related sample, comparing raw simulated and experimental datasets and the outputs of their non-negative matrix factorization. In addition to testing machine learning algorithms, our packages will also help experimental design, for instance, predicting dataset characteristics or establishing minimum counts needed to measure nanoscale features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Teurtrie
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Unité Matériaux et Transformations, UMR-CNRS 8207, Université de Lille, Cité scientifique, Bâtiment C6, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Nathanaël Perraudin
- Swiss Data Science Center, EPFL & ETH Zürich, Turnerstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Holvoet
- Swiss Data Science Center, EPFL & ETH Zürich, Turnerstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hui Chen
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Duncan T L Alexander
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Obozinski
- Swiss Data Science Center, EPFL & ETH Zürich, Turnerstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Hébert
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Materials (IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Howie A. A brief peek at the cyclotron in our microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 248:113717. [PMID: 36940585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The influence of low energy bremsstrahlung emission on the performance of electron spectrometers and monochromators is investigated. Despite the occurrence of multi-photon events, the effect of the main azimuthal (organ pipe) mode is likely to be negligible. Potentially more serious is a new radial mode not considered in the classical theory but revealed in the quantum mechanics picture. The progress of the finely focused wave at the spectrometer entrance slit is described by a coherent wave packet of many oscillator states. It is shielded from disruption by a relatively much longer half-life. Cavity effects causing additional suppression of bremsstrahlung emission are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Howie
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
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Pantel R. Coherent Bremsstrahlung effect observed during STEM analysis of dopant distribution in silicon devices using large area silicon drift EDX detectors and high brightness electron source. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:1607-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vecchio KS, Williams DB. Experimental conditions affecting coherent bremsstrahlung in X-ray microanalysis. J Microsc 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1987.tb02815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Spence JCH, Koch C. On the measurement of dislocation core periods by nanodiffraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13642810108223113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. H. Spence
- a Arizona State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy , Tempe , Arizona , USA 85287-1504 , USA
| | - C. Koch
- a Arizona State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy , Tempe , Arizona , USA 85287-1504 , USA
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Feranchuk ID, Ulyanenkov A, Harada J, Spence JC. Parametric x-ray radiation and coherent bremsstrahlung from nonrelativistic electrons in crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 62:4225-4234. [PMID: 11088951 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.4225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/1999] [Revised: 04/24/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical analysis of radiation spectra produced during the coherent interaction of nonrelativistic electrons with crystals has been carried out. The output intensity has been found to be the result of interference between two distinguishable phenomena, coherent Bremsstrahlung and parametric x-ray radiation. The latter is determined by a coherent summation of transition radiation from electrons interacting with successive crystallographic planes. The interference is shown to be considerable for the case of nonrelativistic electrons, and so allows us to describe quantitatively the experiments of Korobochko et al. (Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 48, 1248 (1965) [Sov. Phys. JETP 21, 834 (1965)]) and Reese et al. [Philos. Mag. A 49, 697 (1984)]. The conditions for possible application of coherent x-ray radiation, a comparison with synchrotron radiation, and the requirements for experimental setup are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- ID Feranchuk
- Byelorussian State University, F. Skariny Avenue, 4, 220050 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
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Spence JC, Lund M. Fine structure in coherent bremsstrahlung spectra. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 44:7054-7057. [PMID: 9998593 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.7054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Kenik EA. Loss of grain boundary segregant during ion milling. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1991; 18:167-71. [PMID: 1885999 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060180211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is shown that material segregated to grain boundaries can be lost during ion milling. This specimen preparation artifact has been studied in the case of bismuth in copper and has also been observed for phosphorus in stainless steel. The loss is associated with specimen heating during ion milling and can be alleviated by good clamping and cooling of the specimen during milling. Specimen heating permits grain boundary diffusion of the segregating element to the specimen surfaces with subsequent loss of segregant from the specimen by evaporation or sputtering during ion milling. Loss of bismuth during in situ heating to 200-300 degrees C is demonstrated. Therefore, care must be taken in specimen preparation for analytical electron microscopy measurement of such segregation. Similar effects may occur during ion milling of other materials, especially those where low thermal conductivity will result in high beam heating. In these cases, care must be taken to avoid loss of segregant during specimen preparation. Additional tests showed that no significant loss of segregant was observed during X-ray microanalysis, even at nominal room temperature and probe currents five-fold higher than that normally used for microanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kenik
- Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831-6376
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Sandström SE, berall H. Channeling radiation and coherent bremsstrahlung for simple lattices: A three-dimensional approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 43:12701-12706. [PMID: 9997082 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kurizki G. Bloch waves and band structure for diffracted and channeled particles in crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1986; 33:49-63. [PMID: 9937881 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.33.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Kurizki G, McIver JK. Radiation from fast charged particles in crystals: Unified quantal treatment. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1985; 32:4358-4374. [PMID: 9937615 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.32.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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