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Varsou DD, Kolokathis PD, Antoniou M, Sidiropoulos NK, Tsoumanis A, Papadiamantis AG, Melagraki G, Lynch I, Afantitis A. In silico assessment of nanoparticle toxicity powered by the Enalos Cloud Platform: Integrating automated machine learning and synthetic data for enhanced nanosafety evaluation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 25:47-60. [PMID: 38646468 PMCID: PMC11026727 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid advance of nanotechnology has led to the development and widespread application of nanomaterials, raising concerns regarding their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. Traditional (experimental) methods for assessing the nanoparticles (NPs) safety are time-consuming, expensive, and resource-intensive, and raise ethical concerns due to their reliance on animals. To address these challenges, we propose an in silico workflow that serves as an alternative or complementary approach to conventional hazard and risk assessment strategies, which incorporates state-of-the-art computational methodologies. In this study we present an automated machine learning (autoML) scheme that employs dose-response toxicity data for silver (Ag), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and copper oxide (CuO) NPs. This model is further enriched with atomistic descriptors to capture the NPs' underlying structural properties. To overcome the issue of limited data availability, synthetic data generation techniques are used. These techniques help in broadening the dataset, thus improving the representation of different NP classes. A key aspect of this approach is a novel three-step applicability domain method (which includes the development of a local similarity approach) that enhances user confidence in the results by evaluating the prediction's reliability. We anticipate that this approach will significantly expedite the nanosafety assessment process enabling regulation to keep pace with innovation, and will provide valuable insights for the design and development of safe and sustainable NPs. The ML model developed in this study is made available to the scientific community as an easy-to-use web-service through the Enalos Cloud Platform (www.enaloscloud.novamechanics.com/sabydoma/safenanoscope/), facilitating broader access and collaborative advancements in nanosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra-Danai Varsou
- NovaMechanics MIKE, Piraeus 18545, Greece
- Entelos Institute, Larnaca 6059, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Tsoumanis
- Entelos Institute, Larnaca 6059, Cyprus
- NovaMechanics Ltd, Nicosia 1070, Cyprus
| | - Anastasios G. Papadiamantis
- Entelos Institute, Larnaca 6059, Cyprus
- NovaMechanics Ltd, Nicosia 1070, Cyprus
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgia Melagraki
- Division of Physical Sciences and Applications, Hellenic Military Academy, Vari 16672, Greece
| | - Iseult Lynch
- Entelos Institute, Larnaca 6059, Cyprus
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- NovaMechanics MIKE, Piraeus 18545, Greece
- Entelos Institute, Larnaca 6059, Cyprus
- NovaMechanics Ltd, Nicosia 1070, Cyprus
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2
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Sose AT, Gustke T, Wang F, Anand G, Pasupuleti S, Savara A, Deshmukh SA. Evaluation of Sampling Algorithms Used for Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification of Molecular Dynamics Force Fields. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:5732-5742. [PMID: 38924093 PMCID: PMC11238537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
New Bayesian parameter estimation methods have the capability to enable more physically realistic and reliable molecular dynamics (MD) simulations by providing accurate estimates of uncertainties of force-field (FF) parameters and associated properties. However, the choice of which Bayesian parameter estimation algorithm to use has not been widely investigated, despite its impact on the effective exploration of parameter space. Here, using a case example of the Embedded Atom Method (EAM) FF parameters, we investigated the ramifications of several of the algorithm choices. We found that Ensemble Slice Sampling (ESS) and Affine-Invariant Ensemble Sampling (AIES) demonstrate a new level of superior performance, culminating in more accurate parameter and property estimations with tighter uncertainty bounds, compared to traditional methods such as Metropolis-Hastings (MH), Gradient Search (GS), and Uniform Random Sampler (URS). We demonstrate that Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification with ESS and AIES leads to significantly more accurate and reliable predictions of the FF parameters and properties. The results suggest that ESS and AIES should be used to obtain more accurate parameter and uncertainty estimations while providing deeper physical insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek T Sose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Troy Gustke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Fangxi Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Gaurav Anand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Sanjana Pasupuleti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Aditya Savara
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Sanket A Deshmukh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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3
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Qin X, Yan W, Liang Y, Li F. Effects of the temperature, strain rate, and loading conditions on the deformation behaviors and mechanical properties of the Ni/Ni 3Al superalloy. RSC Adv 2024; 14:21821-21831. [PMID: 38984256 PMCID: PMC11231828 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Using the molecular dynamics method, we comprehensively studied the effects of temperature, strain rate, and loading conditions on the deformation behaviors and the mechanical properties of the Ni/Ni3Al superalloy. Our investigation revealed that, an increase of the deformation temperature led to a significant improvement of plastic deformation capacity of the system, but the tensile strength and elastic modulus decreased. And the tensile strength and plastic deformation capacity of the system drastically increased with the strain rate. At high deformation temperature and strain rate, the loading conditions had a large effect on the deformation behaviors and the mechanical properties of the system. The difference of the mechanical properties of the system was mainly due to the different deformation mechanism of the system under different deformation temperature, strain rate and loading conditions. Our study offered a theoretical framework for explaining the difference of the mechanical properties for the Ni/Ni3Al superalloy at different service conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmao Qin
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Anshun University Anshun 561000 China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure of Materials Guiyang 550025 China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-performance Metal Structure Material and Advanced Manufacturing Technology Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Wanjun Yan
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Anshun University Anshun 561000 China
| | - Yilong Liang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure of Materials Guiyang 550025 China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-performance Metal Structure Material and Advanced Manufacturing Technology Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure of Materials Guiyang 550025 China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-performance Metal Structure Material and Advanced Manufacturing Technology Guiyang 550025 China
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4
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Varughese B, Manna S, Loeffler TD, Batra R, Cherukara MJ, Sankaranarayanan SKRS. Active and Transfer Learning of High-Dimensional Neural Network Potentials for Transition Metals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38593033 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations represent a very popular and powerful tool for materials modeling and design. The predictive power of MD hinges on the ability of the interatomic potential to capture the underlying physics and chemistry. There have been decades of seminal work on developing interatomic potentials, albeit with a focus predominantly on capturing the properties of bulk materials. Such physics-based models, while extensively deployed for predicting the dynamics and properties of nanoscale systems over the past two decades, tend to perform poorly in predicting nanoscale potential energy surfaces (PESs) when compared to high-fidelity first-principles calculations. These limitations stem from the lack of flexibility in such models, which rely on a predefined functional form. Machine learning (ML) models and approaches have emerged as a viable alternative to capture the diverse size-dependent cluster geometries, nanoscale dynamics, and the complex nanoscale PESs, without sacrificing the bulk properties. Here, we introduce an ML workflow that combines transfer and active learning strategies to develop high-dimensional neural networks (NNs) for capturing the cluster and bulk properties for several different transition metals with applications in catalysis, microelectronics, and energy storage, to name a few. Our NN first learns the bulk PES from the high-quality physics-based models in literature and subsequently augments this learning via retraining with a higher-fidelity first-principles training data set to concurrently capture both the nanoscale and bulk PES. Our workflow departs from status-quo in its ability to learn from a sparsely sampled data set that nonetheless covers a diverse range of cluster configurations from near-equilibrium to highly nonequilibrium as well as learning strategies that iteratively improve the fingerprinting depending on model fidelity. All the developed models are rigorously tested against an extensive first-principles data set of energies and forces of cluster configurations as well as several properties of bulk configurations for 10 different transition metals. Our approach is material agnostic and provides a methodology to transfer and build upon the learnings from decades of seminal work in molecular simulations on to a new generation of ML-trained potentials to accelerate materials discovery and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilvin Varughese
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sukriti Manna
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Troy D Loeffler
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Rohit Batra
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Mathew J Cherukara
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Subramanian K R S Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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5
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Bernstein V, Bekkerman A, Kolodney E. Gradual weakening down to complete disappearance of the velocity correlated cluster emission effect in keV collisions of C60 with light metallic targets: Microscopic insights via molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054705. [PMID: 38341692 DOI: 10.1063/5.0180649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The so-called velocity correlated cluster emission (VCCE) effect is the recently reported emission of large clusters with nearly the same velocity from an atomically heavy target (such as coinage metals) following a single C60- impact at the keV kinetic energy range. The effect was observed to get weaker for a meaningfully lighter target (Al) down to its complete disappearance for C60-Be impact. Microscopic insight into the subpicosecond evolution and thermalization of the impact induced energy spike (driving the effect) is achieved using molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that the weakening of the VCCE effect for aluminum (toward its complete disappearance for Be) is due to ultrafast decay of the atomic number density within the spike nanovolume, thus not enabling the buildup of sufficient subsurface pressure as required for driving the correlated emission. For the Be target, an extremely rapid decay of nearly 90% of the initial density within 200 fs from impact is observed. This finding provides further support for the conclusion that the emission of the velocity correlated clusters as observed for the heavier targets takes place within an ultra-short time window of only a few hundreds of femtoseconds, roughly extending from 200 to 500 fs from impact. The lower bound is dictated by the requirement for a relatively slow rate of decay of number density, enabling the buildup of a sufficiently intense pressure spike. The upper bound is dictated by the cooling rate of the spike (still maintaining an extremely high temperature of kT ≥ 1 eV, as experimentally observed) and the onset of the evolution of the impact crater.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bernstein
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - A Bekkerman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - E Kolodney
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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6
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Yim W, Retout M, Chen AA, Ling C, Amer L, Jin Z, Chang YC, Chavez S, Barrios K, Lam B, Li Z, Zhou J, Shi L, Pascal TA, Jokerst JV. Goldilocks Energy Minimum: Peptide-Based Reversible Aggregation and Biosensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:42293-42303. [PMID: 37651748 PMCID: PMC10619458 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Colorimetric biosensors based on gold nanoparticle (AuNP) aggregation are often challenged by matrix interference in biofluids, poor specificity, and limited utility with clinical samples. Here, we propose a peptide-driven nanoscale disassembly approach, where AuNP aggregates induced by electrostatic attractions are dissociated in response to proteolytic cleavage. Initially, citrate-coated AuNPs were assembled via a short cationic peptide (RRK) and characterized by experiments and simulations. The dissociation peptides were then used to reversibly dissociate the AuNP aggregates as a function of target protease detection, i.e., main protease (Mpro), a biomarker for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The dissociation propensity depends on peptide length, hydrophilicity, charge, and ligand architecture. Finally, our dissociation strategy provides a rapid and distinct optical signal through Mpro cleavage with a detection limit of 12.3 nM in saliva. Our dissociation peptide effectively dissociates plasmonic assemblies in diverse matrices including 100% human saliva, urine, plasma, and seawater, as well as other types of plasmonic nanoparticles such as silver. Our peptide-enabled dissociation platform provides a simple, matrix-insensitive, and versatile method for protease sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Maurice Retout
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amanda A Chen
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chuxuan Ling
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lubna Amer
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yu-Ci Chang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Saul Chavez
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Karen Barrios
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Benjamin Lam
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhi Li
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tod A Pascal
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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7
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Grigoriev FV, Sulimov VB. Atomistic Simulation of Physical Vapor Deposition of Optical Thin Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1717. [PMID: 37299620 PMCID: PMC10254358 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A review of the methods and results of atomistic modeling of the deposition of thin optical films and a calculation of their characteristics is presented. The simulation of various processes in a vacuum chamber, including target sputtering and the formation of film layers, is considered. Methods for calculating the structural, mechanical, optical, and electronic properties of thin optical films and film-forming materials are discussed. The application of these methods to studying the dependences of the characteristics of thin optical films on the main deposition parameters is considered. The simulation results are compared with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Vasilievich Grigoriev
- Research Computing Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Moscow Center for Fundamental and Applied Mathematics, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Borisovich Sulimov
- Research Computing Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Moscow Center for Fundamental and Applied Mathematics, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Wang Y, Chen AA, Balto KP, Xie Y, Figueroa JS, Pascal TA, Tao AR. Curvature-Selective Nanocrystal Surface Ligation Using Sterically-Encumbered Metal-Coordinating Ligands. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12747-12754. [PMID: 35943141 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic ligands are critical in determining the physiochemical properties of inorganic nanocrystals. However, precise nanocrystal surface modification is extremely difficult to achieve. Most research focuses on finding ligands that fully passivate the nanocrystal surface, with an emphasis on the supramolecular structure generated by the ligand shell. Inspired by molecular metal-coordination complexes, we devised an approach based on ligand anchoring groups that are flanked by encumbering organic substituents and are chemoselective for binding to nanocrystal corner, edge, and facet sites. Through experiment and theory, we affirmed that the surface-ligand steric pressures generated by these organic substituents are significant enough to impede binding to regions of low nanocurvature, such as nanocrystal facets, and to promote binding to regions of high curvature such as nanocrystal edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023-0448, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Amanda A Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023-0448, United States
| | - Krista P Balto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023-0448, United States
| | - Joshua S Figueroa
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Tod A Pascal
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023-0448, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Andrea R Tao
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023-0448, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
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9
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In situ atomic-scale observation of dislocation climb and grain boundary evolution in nanostructured metal. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4151. [PMID: 35851274 PMCID: PMC9293973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-conservative dislocation climb plays a unique role in the plastic deformation and creep of crystalline materials. Nevertheless, the underlying atomic-scale mechanisms of dislocation climb have not been explored by direct experimental observations. Here, we report atomic-scale observations of grain boundary (GB) dislocation climb in nanostructured Au during in situ straining at room temperature. The climb of a edge dislocation is found to occur by stress-induced reconstruction of two neighboring atomic columns at the edge of an extra half atomic plane in the dislocation core. This is different from the conventional belief of dislocation climb by destruction or construction of a single atomic column at the dislocation core. The atomic route of the dislocation climb we proposed is demonstrated to be energetically favorable by Monte Carlo simulations. Our in situ observations also reveal GB evolution through dislocation climb at room temperature, which suggests a means of controlling microstructures and properties of nanostructured metals. Dislocation climb is crucial to plasticity and creep of materials. Here, the authors report real-time atomic-scale observations of grain boundary dislocation climb in nanostructured Au at room temperature. The dislocation climb occurs by reconstruction of two atomic columns in the dislocation core.
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10
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Deformation Mechanisms of FCC-Structured Metallic Nanocrystal with Incoherent Twin Boundary. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Incoherent twin boundaries (ITBs) can significantly affect the mechanical properties of twin-structured metals. However, most previous studies have focused on the deformation mechanism of the coherent twin boundary (CTB), and metals with ITB-accommodated plasticity still require further investigation. In this study, deformation mechanisms of FCC-structured nanocrystal metals with ITBs were investigated using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. We revealed that three deformation mechanisms occur in metals with ITBs. The first type of deformation was observed in Au, where the plasticity is governed by partial dislocation intersections with CTBs or reactions with each other to form Lomer–Cottrell (L–C) locks. In the second type, found in Al, the deformation is governed by reversible ITB migration. The third type of deformation, in Ni and Cu, is governed by partial dislocations emitted from the ITB or the tips of the stacking faults (SFs). The observed L–C lock formation, as well as the reversible ITB migration and partial dislocation emission from the tips of SFs, have rarely been reported before.
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11
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Construction of an n-Body Potential for Revealing the Atomic Mechanism for Direct Alloying of Immiscible Tungsten and Copper. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14205988. [PMID: 34683580 PMCID: PMC8537307 DOI: 10.3390/ma14205988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
W-Cu laminated composites are critical materials used to construct nuclear fusion reactors, and it is very important to obtain direct alloying between W and Cu at the W/Cu interfaces of the composites. Our previous experimental studies showed that it is possible to overcome the immiscibility between W and Cu and obtain direct alloying when the alloying temperature is close to the melting point of Cu. Because the W-Cu interatomic potentials published thus far cannot accurately reproduce the alloying behaviors of immiscible W and Cu, an interatomic potential suitable for the W-Cu system has been constructed in the present study. Based on this potential, direct alloying between W and Cu at high temperature has been verified, and the corresponding diffusion mechanism has been studied, through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results indicate that the formation of an amorphous Cu layer at the W/Cu interface plays a critical role in alloying because it allows Cu atoms to diffuse into W. The simulation results for direct alloying between W and Cu can be verified by experimental results and transmission electron microscopy observations. This indicates that the constructed W-Cu potential can correctly model the high-temperature performance of the W-Cu system and the diffusion mechanism of direct alloying between W and Cu.
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12
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Jiang X, Li Y, Wei L, Xu M, Zhang L, Chen J, Sun X. First-principles studies on optical absorption of [010] screw dislocation in KDP crystals. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00987g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stress caused by the [010] dislocation in KDP deforms the crystal structure, introduces extra optical absorption and narrows the band gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Liening Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Mingxia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lisong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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13
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Lange AP, Samanta A, Olson TY, Elhadj S. Quantized Grain Boundary States Promote Nanoparticle Alignment During Imperfect Oriented Attachment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001423. [PMID: 32519454 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oriented attachment (OA) has become a well-recognized mechanism for the growth of metal, ceramic, and biomineral crystals. While many computational and experimental studies of OA have shown that particles can attach with some misorientation then rotate to remove adjoining grain boundaries, the underlying atomistic pathways for this "imperfect OA" process remain the subject of debate. In this study, molecular dynamics and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to probe the crystallographic evolution of up to 30 gold nanoparticles during aggregation. It is found that Imperfect OA occurs because 1) grain boundaries become quantized when their size is comparable to the separation between constituent dislocations and 2) kinetic barriers associated with the glide of grain boundary dislocations are small. In support of these findings, TEM experiments show the formation of a single crystal aggregate after annealing nine initially misoriented, agglomerated particles with evidence of dislocation activity and twin formation during particle/grain alignment. These observations motivate future work on assembled nanocrystals with tailored defects and call for a revision of Read-Shockley models for grain boundary energies in nanocrystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Lange
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail-stop 470, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Amit Samanta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail-stop 470, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Tammy Y Olson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail-stop 470, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Selim Elhadj
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail-stop 470, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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14
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Mazalová M, Všianská M, Pavlů J, Šob M. The Effect of Vacancies on Grain Boundary Segregation in Ferromagnetic fcc Ni. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040691. [PMID: 32268587 PMCID: PMC7221896 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a comprehensive and detailed ab initio study of interactions between the tilt Σ5(210) grain boundary (GB), impurities X (X = Al, Si) and vacancies (Va) in ferromagnetic fcc nickel. To obtain reliable results, two methods of structure relaxation were employed: the automatic full relaxation and the finding of the minimum energy with respect to the lattice dimensions perpendicular to the GB plane and positions of atoms. Both methods provide comparable results. The analyses of the following phenomena are provided: the influence of the lattice defects on structural properties of material such as lattice parameters, the volume per atom, interlayer distances and atomic positions; the energies of formation of particular structures with respect to the standard element reference states; the stabilization/destabilization effects of impurities (in substitutional (s) as well as in tetragonal (iT) and octahedral (iO) interstitial positions) and of vacancies in both the bulk material and material with GBs; a possibility of recombination of Si(i)+Va defect to Si(s) one with respect to the Va position; the total energy of formation of GB and Va; the binding energies between the lattice defects and their combinations; impurity segregation energies and the effect of Va on them; magnetic characteristics in the presence of impurities, vacancies and GBs. As there is very little experimental information on the interaction between impurities, vacancies and GBs in fcc nickel, most of the present results are theoretical predictions, which may motivate future experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mazalová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (M.V.); (J.P.)
| | - Monika Všianská
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (M.V.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Žižkova 22, CZ-616 62 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pavlů
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (M.V.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Žižkova 22, CZ-616 62 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mojmír Šob
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (M.V.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Žižkova 22, CZ-616 62 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +420-549-497-450
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15
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Chen N, Peng Q, Jiao Z, van Rooyen I, Skerjanc WF, Gao F. Analytical bond-order potential for silver, palladium, ruthenium and iodine bulk diffusion in silicon carbide. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:085702. [PMID: 31689691 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The analytical bond-order potential has been developed for simulating fission product (Ag, Pd, Ru, and I) behavior in SiC, especially for their diffusion. We have proposed adding experimentally available elastic constants and physical properties of the elements as well as important defect formation energies calculated from density functional theory simulation to the list of typical properties as the extensive fitting database. The results from molecular dynamics simulations are in a reasonable agreement with defect properties and energy barriers of their experimental/computational counterparts. The successful validation of the new potential has established a good reliability and transferability of the potentials, which enables the ability of simulation in extended scale. The kinetic behavior such as diffusion of different interstitials is then realized by applying the new interatomic potentials. The bulk diffusion is less likely to dominate the transport of the four fission products under pure thermal condition, when we refer to their extremely small values of the effective diffusion coefficients. The interstitial mechanism is hard for Pd, Ru, and I to access due to the high formation energy and high migration energy. However, it is found that the migration energy of silver is relatively low, which indicates Ag diffusion via an interstitial mechanism being feasible, especially under irradiation condition, where massive interstitials can be formed in high-temperature nuclear reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Chen
- Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
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16
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Ghaderzadeh S, Ghorbani-Asl M, Kretschmer S, Hlawacek G, Krasheninnikov AV. Channeling effects in gold nanoclusters under He ion irradiation: insights from molecular dynamics simulations. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:035302. [PMID: 31557746 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of helium ion microscopy (HIM) images of crystalline metal clusters requires microscopic understanding of the effects of He ion irradiation on the system, including energy deposition and associated heating, as well as channeling patterns. While channeling in bulk metals has been studied at length, there is no quantitative data for small clusters. We carry out molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the behavior of gold nanoparticles with diameters of 5-15 nm under 30 keV He ion irradiation. We show that impacts of the ions can give rise to substantial heating of the clusters through deposition of energy into electronic degrees of freedom, but it does not affect channeling, as clusters cool down between consecutive impact of the ions under typical imaging conditions. At the same time, high temperatures and small cluster sizes should give rise to fast annealing of defects so that the system remains crystalline. Our results show that ion-channeling occurs not only in the principal low-index, but also in the intermediate directions. The strengths of different channels are specified, and their correlations with sputtering-yield and damage production is discussed, along with size-dependence of these properties. The effects of planar defects, such as stacking faults on channeling were also investigated. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for the analysis of HIM images of metal clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Ghaderzadeh
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-01314 Dresden, Germany
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17
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Song M, Zhou G, Lu N, Lee J, Nakouzi E, Wang H, Li D. Oriented attachment induces fivefold twins by forming and decomposing high-energy grain boundaries. Science 2019; 367:40-45. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aax6511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic nanoparticles composed of fivefold twinned crystal domains have distinct properties. The formation mechanism of these fivefold twinned nanoparticles is poorly understood. We used in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy combined with molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that fivefold twinning occurs through repeated oriented attachment of ~3-nanometer gold, platinum, and palladium nanoparticles. We discovered two different mechanisms for forming fivefold twinned nanoparticles that are driven by the accumulation and elimination of strain. This was accompanied by decomposition of grain boundaries and the formation of a special class of twins with a net strain of zero. These observations allowed us to develop a quantitative picture of the twinning process. The mechanisms provide guidance for controlling twin structures and morphologies across a wide range of materials.
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18
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Cuny J, Tarrat N, Spiegelman F, Huguenot A, Rapacioli M. Density-functional tight-binding approach for metal clusters, nanoparticles, surfaces and bulk: application to silver and gold. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:303001. [PMID: 29916820 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aacd6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Density-functional based tight-binding (DFTB) is an efficient quantum mechanical method that can describe a variety of systems, going from organic and inorganic compounds to metallic and hybrid materials. The present topical review addresses the ability and performance of DFTB to investigate energetic, structural, spectroscopic and dynamical properties of gold and silver materials. After a brief overview of the theoretical basis of DFTB, its parametrization and its transferability, we report its past and recent applications to gold and silver systems, including small clusters, nanoparticles, bulk and surfaces, bare and interacting with various organic and inorganic compounds. The range of applications covered by those studies goes from plasmonics and molecular electronics, to energy conversion and surface chemistry. Finally, perspectives of DFTB in the field of gold and silver surfaces and NPs are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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19
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Rassoulinejad-Mousavi SM, Zhang Y. Interatomic Potentials Transferability for Molecular Simulations: A Comparative Study for Platinum, Gold and Silver. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2424. [PMID: 29402962 PMCID: PMC5799210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A perfectly transferable interatomic potential that works for different materials and systems of interest is lacking. This work considers the transferability of several existing interatomic potentials by evaluating their capability at various temperatures, to determine the range of accuracy of these potentials in atomistic simulations. A series of embedded-atom-method (EAM) based interatomic potentials has been examined for three precious and popular transition metals in nanoscale studies: platinum, gold and silver. The potentials have been obtained from various credible and trusted repositories and were evaluated in a wide temperature range to tackle the lack of a transferability comparison between multiple available force fields. The interatomic potentials designed for the single elements, binary, trinary and higher order compounds were tested for each species using molecular dynamics simulation. Validity of results arising from each potential was investigated against experimental values at different temperatures from 100 to 1000 K. The data covers accuracy of all studied potentials for prediction of the single crystals’ elastic stiffness constants as well as the bulk, shear and Young’s modulus of the polycrystalline specimens. Results of this paper increase users’ assurance and lead them to the right model by a way to easily look up data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.
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Cui L, Jeong W, Hur S, Matt M, Klöckner JC, Pauly F, Nielaba P, Cuevas JC, Meyhofer E, Reddy P. Quantized thermal transport in single-atom junctions. Science 2017; 355:1192-1195. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam6622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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21
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Yang Y, Yan N. Understanding the cooperative atomic motion and shape change of ultrasmall Au nanoparticles below the premelting temperature. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11604g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface melting is widely observed in crystalline materials, which has a significant influence on their interfacial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure
- Wuhan University of Technology
- 430070 Wuhan
- China
| | - Ning Yan
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1098 XH Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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22
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Shear-coupled grain boundary migration assisted by unusual atomic shuffling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23602. [PMID: 27009442 PMCID: PMC4806407 DOI: 10.1038/srep23602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear-coupled grain boundary (GB) migration can be an efficacious mechanism to accommodate plastic deformation when the grain size of polycrystalline materials goes small. Nevertheless, how this kind of GB motion comes into play at the atomic level has not been fully revealed. Here, we have investigated the shear-coupled migration (SCM) of typical [100] group symmetrical tilt GBs in bcc W using atomistic simulations. Depending on GB character, the SCM is found to proceed via dislocation slipping in the 〈100〉 or 〈110〉 mode with striking shear strength difference between them. We demonstrate that there exists an unusual atomic shuffling along the tilt axis, which greatly assists SCM to operate in the easier 〈110〉 mode instead of the 〈100〉 one. The present results highlight the significant role of GB character in the atomistic SCM process and contribute to the future design and fabrication of high-performance materials in GB engineering.
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23
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Wang J, Chen S, Cui K, Li D, Chen D. Approach and Coalescence of Gold Nanoparticles Driven by Surface Thermodynamic Fluctuations and Atomic Interaction Forces. ACS NANO 2016; 10:2893-2902. [PMID: 26756675 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The approach and coalescence behavior of gold nanoparticles on a silicon surface were investigated by experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. By analyzing the behavior of the atoms in the nanoparticles in the simulations, it was found that the atoms in a single isolated nanoparticle randomly fluctuated and that the surface atoms showed greater fluctuation. The fluctuation increased as the temperature increased. When there were two or more neighboring nanoparticles, the fluctuating surface atoms of the nanoparticles "flowed" toward the neighboring nanoparticle because of atomic interaction forces between the nanoparticles. With the surface atoms "flowing", the gold nanoparticles approached and finally coalesced. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. It can be concluded that surface thermodynamic fluctuations and atomic interaction forces are the causes of the approach and coalescence behavior of the gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dangguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Darong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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24
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Awad I, Ladani L. Mechanical integrity of a carbon nanotube/copper-based through-silicon via for 3D integrated circuits: a multi-scale modeling approach. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:485705. [PMID: 26559788 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/48/485705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT)/copper (Cu) composite material is proposed to replace Cu-based through-silicon vias (TSVs) in micro-electronic packages. The proposed material is believed to offer extraordinary mechanical and electrical properties and the presence of CNTs in Cu is believed to overcome issues associated with miniaturization of Cu interconnects, such as electromigration. This study introduces a multi-scale modeling of the proposed TSV in order to evaluate its mechanical integrity under mechanical and thermo-mechanical loading conditions. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to determine CNT/Cu interface adhesion properties. A cohesive zone model (CZM) was found to be most appropriate to model the interface adhesion, and CZM parameters at the nanoscale were determined using MD simulation. CZM parameters were then used in the finite element analysis in order to understand the mechanical and thermo-mechanical behavior of composite TSV at micro-scale. From the results, CNT/Cu separation does not take place prior to plastic deformation of Cu in bending, and separation does not take place when standard thermal cycling is applied. Further investigation is recommended in order to alleviate the increased plastic deformation in Cu at the CNT/Cu interface in both loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Awad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Rd. Unit 3139, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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25
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Niu LL, Zhang Y, Shu X, Jin S, Zhou HB, Gao F, Lu GH. Interplay between intrinsic point defects and low-angle grain boundary in bcc tungsten: effects of local stress field. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:255007. [PMID: 26045469 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/25/255007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have used molecular statics in conjunction with an embedded atom method to explore the interplay between native point defects (vacancies and self-interstitials (SIAs)) and a low-angle grain boundary (GB) in bcc tungsten. The low-angle GB has biased absorption of SIAs over vacancies. We emphasize the significance of phenomena such as vacancy delocalization and SIA instant absorption around the GB dislocation cores in stabilizing the defect structures. Interstitial loading into the GB can dramatically enhance the interaction strength between the point defects and the GB due to SIA clustering (SIA cloud formation) or SIA vacancy recombination. We propose that the 'maximum atom displacement' can complement the 'vacancy formation energy' in evaluating unstable vacancy sites. Calculations of point defect migration barriers in the vicinity of GB dislocation cores show that vacancies and SIAs preferentially migrate along the pathways in the planes immediately above and below the core, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Niu
- Department of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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26
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Awad I, Ladani L. Cohesive Zone Model for the Interface of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Copper: Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4029462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Due to their superior mechanical and electrical properties, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have the potential to be used in many nano-/micro-electronic applications, e.g., through silicon vias (TSVs), interconnects, transistors, etc. In particular, use of MWCNT bundles inside annular cylinders of copper (Cu) as TSV is proposed in this study. However, the significant difference in scale makes it difficult to evaluate the interfacial mechanical integrity. Cohesive zone models (CZM) are typically used at large scale to determine the mechanical adherence at the interface. However, at molecular level, no routine technique is available. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations is used to determine the stresses that are required to separate MWCNTs from a copper slab and generate normal stress–displacement curves for CZM. Only van der Waals (vdW) interaction is considered for MWCNT/Cu interface. A displacement controlled loading was applied in a direction perpendicular to MWCNT's axis in different cases with different number of walls and at different temperatures and CZM is obtained for each case. Furthermore, their effect on the CZM key parameters (normal cohesive strength (σmax) and the corresponding displacement (δn) has been studied. By increasing the number of the walls of the MWCNT, σmax was found to nonlinearly decrease. Displacement at maximum stress, δn, showed a nonlinear decrease as well with increasing the number of walls. Temperature effect on the stress–displacement curves was studied. When temperature was increased beyond 1 K, no relationship was found between the maximum normal stress and temperature. Likewise, the displacement at maximum load did not show any dependency to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Awad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT 06269 e-mail:
| | - Leila Ladani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT 06269 e-mail:
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27
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Awad I, Ladani L. Interfacial Strength Between Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Copper Material: Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4026939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Due to their promising mechanical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have the potential to be employed in many nano/microelectronic applications e.g., through silicon vias (TSVs), interconnects, transistors, etc. In particular, use of CNT bundles inside annular cylinders of copper (Cu) as TSV is proposed in this study. To evaluate mechanical integrity of CNT-Cu composite material, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the interface between CNT and Cu is conducted. Different arrangements of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been studied at interface of a Cu slab. Pullout forces have been applied to a SWCNT while Cu is spatially fixed. This study is repeated for several different cases where multiple CNT strands are interfaced with Cu slab. The results show similar behavior of the pull-out-displacement curves. After pull-out force reaches a maximum value, it oscillates around an average force with descending amplitude until the strand/s is/are completely pulled-out. A linear relationship between pull-out forces and the number of CNT strands was observed. Second order interaction effect was found to be negligible when multiple layers of CNTs were studied at the interface of Cu. C–Cu van der Waals (vdW) interaction was found to be much stronger than C–C vdW's interactions. Embedded length has no significance on the average pull-out force. However, the amplitude of oscillations increases as the length of CNTs increases. As expected when one end of CNT strand was fixed, owing to its extraordinary strength, large amount of force was required to pull it out. Finally, an analytical relationship is proposed to determine the interfacial shear strength between Cu and CNT bundle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Awad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT 06269 e-mail:
| | - Leila Ladani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT 06269 e-mail:
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28
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Scott C, Smith R. Modelling the sputtering of Au surfaces using a multi time-scale technique. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2012.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present results from an atomistic computer simulation model of the sputtering of gold crystal surfaces under 500 eV ion bombardment by Au and Ar ions for doses up to 10
14
ions cm
−2
. The multi time-scale technique uses molecular dynamics to calculate the fast ballistic collision processes in the early stages of the cascade, whereas an on-the fly kinetic Monte Carlo technique is used to model the relaxation and diffusion processes between successive ion impacts when the defect motion has begun to be dominated by rare events. The results indicate a large amount of crystalline recovery between impacts, some facetting of the crystal surfaces but no large sub-surface defect accumulation. Because of this recovery process, sputtering yields and energy distributions are in good agreement with those obtained assuming a perfect crystal surface and also with those experimentally measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Scott
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Roger Smith
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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29
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MD simulations to evaluate effects of applied tensile strain on irradiation-induced defect production at various PKA energies. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Belashchenko DK. Computer simulation of the properties of liquid metals: Gallium, lead, and bismuth. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024412050056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Scott C, Blackwell S, Vernon L, Kenny S, Walls M, Smith R. Atomistic surface erosion and thin film growth modelled over realistic time scales. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:174706. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3657436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Vitek V, Ackland GJ, Cserti J. Atomistic Modeling of Extended Defects in Metalic Alloys: Dislocations and Grain Boundaries in Ll2 Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-186-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExtended defects, such as dislocations and grain boundaries, control a wide variety of material properties and their atomic structure is often a governing factor. A necessary precursor for modeling of these structures is a suitable description of atomic interactions. We present here empirical many-body potentials for alloys which represent a very simple scheme for the evaluation of total energies and yet reflect correctly the basic physical features of the alloy systems modeled. As examples of atomistic studies we show results of calculations of the core structures of screw dislocations in Ll2 compounds. The same potentials have also been used to calculate structures of grain boundaries in these compounds. The deformation and fracture behavior of Ll2 alloys is then discussed in the light of grain boundary and dislocation core studies.
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Bacon DJ, Serra A. The Properties of Twinning Dislocations in Alpha-Titanium Simulated With A Many-Body Interatomic Potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-238-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTComputer simulation of the atomic structure and movement of twinning dislocations in four twin boundaries in the h.c.p. metal α-Ti is described. These dislocations have the form of steps on the twin boundary, and whereas some have cores which are very widely spread over the interface, others are only an interatomic spacing or so across. These configurations are determined mainly by whether or not atomic shuffles are required to restore the h.c.p. crystal structure when the dislocation is introduced. The mobility of the dislocations is also controlled by the same effect, and is found to correlate well with experiment.
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35
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Osetsky Y, Bacon D, Serra A. Atomistic Simulation of Mobile Defect Clusters in Metals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-540-649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe structure, stability and thermally-activated motion of interstitial and vacancy clusters in Fe and Cu have been studied using atomic scale computer simulation. All studied interstitial clusters and perfect interstitial loops (PILs) in Fe are mobile whereas their mobility in Cu can be suppressed at large sizes (bigger than 49–61 self-interstitials depending on the temperature) due to dissociation. A comparative study of relaxed configurations has shown that the structure of small perfect dislocation loops of vacancy and self-interstitial nature is very similar. Molecular dynamics simulation has demonstrated that small perfect vacancy loops (PVLs) in Fe consisting of more than 37 vacancies are stable over a wide temperature range and produce atomic displacements by a thermally-activated movement in the direction of the Burgers vector. The mechanism is qualitatively similar to that of SIA clusters studied earlier. Motion of vacancy loops in Cu does not occur because they transform into sessile configurations similar to stacking fault tetrahedra. These results point to the possibly important contribution of vacancy loop mobility to the difference in radiation damage between bcc and fcc metals, and between fcc metals with different stacking fault energy.
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Wirth BD, Odette GR. Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo Simulations of Cascade Aging in Iron and Dilute Iron-Copper Alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-540-637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeutron hardening and embrittlement of pressure vessel steels is due to a high density of nm scale features, including copper-manganese-nickel rich precipitates and what are generally believed to be defect cluster-solute complexes. It has been postulated that the sub nanometer defect cluster-solute complexes form directly in displacement cascades. Cluster-complexes that are thermally unstable mediate the effect of flux on embrittlement kinetics. Larger cluster-complexes, that are relatively thermally stable for irradiation times up to 1 Gs, cause embrittlement in low copper steels. Robust characterization of these two types of so-called matrix defects has been an elusive goal. In this work, Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) simulations of the long term evolution of the vacancy-rich cascade core regions were carried out for both pure iron and dilute iron-copper alloys at the nominal irradiation temperature of 563°K up to times when the vacancy clusters completely dissolve. Energetics were based on lattice embedded atom method potentials. Special time scaling and pulse annealing techniques were used to deal with the enormous range of inherent time scales involved, viz., rapid free vacancy jumps to slow emission from large complexes. Three-dimensional clusters rapidly form, containing a wide range of vacancies, as well as copper atoms in alloys. Small complexes are very mobile and growth takes place primarily by coalescence. The vacancy clusters ultimately dissolve at times from less than 0.1 to more than 100 MS. These simulations support the hypotheses that cascade cluster- complexes constitute both thermally stable and unstable matrix defect features.
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Abstract
ABSTRACTMolecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been used to study the thermally activated mobility of clusters of self-interstitial atoms (SIAs) in Fe and Cu. Such clusters are formed in metals during irradiation with energetical particles and, according to the cascade production bias model, they play an important role in the microstructure evolution of metals under irradiation. An extensive simulation of clusters from 2 to 30 interstitials has been carried out for the temperature range ≍360-1200K using long-range interatomic pair potentials. The results show that clusters bigger than two SIAs are one-dimensionally mobile. Di-interstitials have two migration mechanisms depending on the temperature. At low temperature the mechanism is one-dimensional whereas at high temperature the probability of rotation and three-dimensional migration increases. It was found that in both metals the effective migration energy of clusters estimated via their jump frequency does not depend on the cluster size, although the cluster jump frequency decreases as the cluster size increases. The mechanism of cluster migration and problems of the treatment of one-dimensional mobility are discussed.
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Deng C, Schuh CA. Atomistic simulation of slow grain boundary motion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:045503. [PMID: 21405332 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.045503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Existing atomistic simulation techniques to study grain boundary motion are usually limited to either high velocities or temperatures and are difficult to compare to realistic experimental conditions. Here we introduce an adapted simulation method that can access boundary velocities in the experimental range and extract mobilities in the zero driving force limit at temperatures as low as ∼0.2T(m) (T(m) is the melting point). The method reveals three mechanistic regimes of boundary mobility at zero net velocity depending on the system temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Megchiche EH, Mijoule C, Amarouche M. First principles calculations of vacancy-vacancy interactions in nickel: thermal expansion effects. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:485502. [PMID: 21406748 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/48/485502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The energetic properties of the divacancy defect in fcc nickel are studied by ab initio calculations based on density functional theory. The formation and binding enthalpies of the divacancy in the first (1nn), second (2nn) and third (3nn) nearest-neighbor configurations are presented. Results show that the 1nn divacancy configuration is the most stable with a formation enthalpy H(2v)(f) of 2.71 eV and a small binding energy H(2v)(b) of 0.03 eV. In the 2nn configuration, the monovacancy-monovacancy interaction is repulsive, and it vanishes in the 3nn configuration. The migration process of the divacancy in its stable configuration is studied. We find that the divacancy migrates in the (111) plane by successive rotational steps of 60°. The corresponding migration enthalpy H(2v)(m) is predicted to be 0.59 eV, about half of that found for the monovacancy. For a better comparison of our results with high temperature experimental data, we have analyzed the effects of thermal expansion. Our results show that the inclusion of thermal expansion allows us to reproduce satisfactorily the experimental predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Megchiche
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Quantique (LPCQ), Université Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi-ouzou, Algeria
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Schmidt C, Finnis MW, Ernst F, Vitek V. Theoretical and experimental investigations of structures and energies of Σ = 3, [112] tilt grain boundaries in copper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01418619808214246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ochs T, Elsässer C, Mrovec M, Vitek V, Belak J, Moriarty JA. Symmetrical tilt grain boundaries in bcc transition metals: Comparison of semiempirical with ab-initio total-energy calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01418610008216481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Ochs
- a Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung , Seestraße 92, D-70174 , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - C. Elsässer
- a Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung , Seestraße 92, D-70174 , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - M. Mrovec
- b Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 19104-6272 , USA
| | - V. Vitek
- b Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 19104-6272 , USA
| | - J. Belak
- c Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physics Directorate , POB 808, Livermore , California , 94550 , USA
| | - J. A. Moriarty
- c Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physics Directorate , POB 808, Livermore , California , 94550 , USA
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Duparc OH, Poulat S, Larere A, Thibault J, Priester L. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations and atomic simulations of the structures of exact and near Σ = 11, {332} tilt grain boundaries in nickel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01418610008212086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bacon D, Osetsky Y, Rodney D. Chapter 88 Dislocation–Obstacle Interactions at the Atomic Level. DISLOCATIONS IN SOLIDS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-4859(09)01501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Chapter 15 Modelling the structure and dynamics of metal nanoclusters deposited on graphite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1571-0785(07)12015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S. Goldstein
- a Department of Chemistry , BG-10, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , 98195 , USA
| | - Hannes Jónsson
- a Department of Chemistry , BG-10, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , 98195 , USA
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Tichy G, Essmann U. Modelling of edge dislocation dipoles in face-centred-cubic lattices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642818908205923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Tichy
- a Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Institut für Physik , 7000 Stuttgart 80, F. R. Germany
- b Institute for Solid State Physics, Eötvös University , 1088 Budapest, Muzeum krt. 6-8, Hungary
| | - U. Essmann
- a Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Institut für Physik , 7000 Stuttgart 80, F. R. Germany
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Igarashi M, Khantha M, Vitek V. N-body interatomic potentials for hexagonal close-packed metals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642819108225975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Igarashi
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 19104-6272 , U.S.A
- b Research and Development Division, Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. , 1–3 Nashinagasu-hondori, Amagasaki, Hyogo , 660 , Japan
| | - M. Khantha
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 19104-6272 , U.S.A
| | - V. Vitek
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 19104-6272 , U.S.A
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Belashchenko DK. Embedded atom model for liquid metals: Liquid iron. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024406050165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Belashchenko DK, Ostrovskii OI. The embedded atom model for liquid metals: Liquid gallium and bismuth. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024406040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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