Antigenotoxic and antioxidant activities of isorhamnetin 3-O neohesperidoside from Acacia salicina

Chemical markers of a rare honey from the traditional spice plant Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemarié, via integrated GC-MS and LC-MS approaches

The precious medicinal plant, Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemarié, is the nectariferous plant from which the rare Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemarié honey (ATH) is produced. Presently, chemical markers for authentication of this honey are not available due to the lack of data on its chemical composition. Here, we analyzed the volatile components and their odor activity values (OAVs), which revealed that the unique aroma was mildly flowery and fruity, accompanied by subtle sweet and fresh undertones. Since non-volatile chemicals are more reliable markers for routine authentication, we used a metabolomic approach combined with NMR-based identification to find and confirm a suitable compound to unambiguously distinguish ATH from other honeys. Isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside ranged from 3.62 to 9.38 mg/kg in ATH and was absent in the other tested honeys. In sum, the study uncovered unique chemical characteristics of ATH that will be helpful to control its quality.

Structures, Sources, Identification/Quantification Methods, Health Benefits, Bioaccessibility, and Products of Isorhamnetin Glycosides as Phytonutrients

In recent years, people have tended to consume phytonutrients and nutrients in their daily diets. Isorhamnetin glycosides (IGs) are an essential class of flavonoids derived from dietary and medicinal plants such as Opuntia ficus-indica, Hippophae rhamnoides, and Ginkgo biloba. This review summarizes the structures, sources, quantitative and qualitative analysis technologies, health benefits, bioaccessibility, and marketed products of IGs. Routine and innovative assay methods, such as IR, TLC, NMR, UV, MS, HPLC, UPLC, and HSCCC, have been widely used for the characterization and quantification of IGs. All of the therapeutic effects of IGs discovered to date are collected and discussed in this study, with an emphasis on the relevant mechanisms of their health-promoting effects. IGs exhibit diverse biological activities against cancer, diabetes, hepatic diseases, obesity, and thrombosis. They exert therapeutic effects through multiple networks of underlying molecular signaling pathways. Owing to these benefits, IGs could be utilized to make foods and functional foods. IGs exhibit higher bioaccessibility and plasma concentrations and longer average residence time in blood than aglycones. Overall, IGs as phytonutrients are very promising and have excellent application potential.

Effects of carbonized process on quality control, chemical composition and pharmacology of Typhae Pollen: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Carbonized Typhae Pollen (CTP), a processed product of Typhae Pollen after stir-fried, is a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with functions of removing blood stasis and hemostasis.

AIM OF REVIEW

The aim of this study is to summarize and discuss up-to-date information on quality control of CTP, and effects of carbonized process on phytochemistry and biological activities. We hope this review could provide feasible insights for further studies of CTP on its material basis and pharmacological effect mechanism.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The information of TP before and after carbonized process was collected from online databases (PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Xueshu, Web of Science, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, SciFinder and Chemical book). Meanwhile local books, published and unpublished Ph.D., MSc. dissertations were also taken into consideration.

RESULTS

A total of 27 Ph.D., MSc. dissertations and 208 articles were collected from online database, from which 122 compounds of TP were collected, but only two researches focused on the chemical compositions of CTP. Introductions of new technologies and intelligent processing equipment developments are considered as two main solutions to the quality control of CTP. CTP is a well-known ethnic medicine in China with a fantastic efficacy in curing bleeding caused by blood stasis. Flavonoids were reported as the main active compounds for removing blood stasis while the enhanced hemostatic activity were consistent with flavonoid aglycones. Modern pharmacological researches showed that CTP has wound healing activity, effects on blood vessels, antithrombotic activity, hemostatic activity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Although CTP has been widely used in clinic, there are some problems blocking its further development. Unknown mechanism and uncertain active compounds might be the main reasons for few rules on controlling the quality of CTP. It is necessary to investigate the mechanisms and the relationship between carbonized process and the changes in constituents as well as pharmacological effects. This is essential to promote the safe clinical use of CTP.

Isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside promotes the resorption of crown-covered bone during tooth eruption by osteoclastogenesis

Delayed resorption of crown-covered bone is a critical cause of delayed tooth eruption. Traditional herbal medicines may be good auxiliary treatments to promote the resorption of crown-covered bone. This study was carried out to analyse the effect of isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside on receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and resorption of the crown-covered bone of the lower first molars in mice in vivo. Isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside promoted osteoclastogenesis and the bone resorption of mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) and upregulated mRNA expression of the osteoclast-specific genes cathepsin K (CTSK), vacuolar-type H + -ATPase d2(V-ATPase d2), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). NFATc1, p38 and AKT signalling was obviously activated by isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside in osteoclastogenesis. Isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside aggravated resorption of crown-covered bone in vivo. In brief, isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside might be a candidate adjuvant therapy for delayed intraosseous eruption.

Typhaneoside prevents acute myeloid leukemia (AML) through suppressing proliferation and inducing ferroptosis associated with autophagy

Leukemia remains a fatal disease for most patients and effective therapeutic strategies are urgently required. Typhaneoside (TYP) is a major flavonoid in the extract of Pollen Typhae, showing significant biological and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we explored the effects of TYP on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression. The results indicated that TYP markedly reduced the cell viability of AML cells and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase by regulating the expression of associated proteins. In addition, TYP significantly induced apoptosis in AML cells by promoting the activation of Caspase-3. Intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation were highly detected in AML cells after treatment with TYP. Moreover, TYP clearly induced ferroptosis in AML cells, and this process was iron-dependent and attendant with mitochondrial dysfunction. We also found that TYP significantly triggered autophagy in AML cells by promoting the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, contributing to ferritin degradation, ROS accumulation and ferroptotic cell death ultimately. In conclusion, the findings above provided solid evidences that TYP could be a promising therapeutic agent to prevent AML progression by inducing apoptosis, ROS production, autophagy and ferroptosis.

Flavonoids and Their Biological Secrets

Flavonoids are tricyclic polyphenolic compounds naturally occurring in plants. Being nature’s antioxidants flavonoids have been shown to reduce the damages induced by oxidative stress in cells. Besides being an antioxidant, flavonols are demonstrated to have anti-infective properties, i.e., antiviral, antifungal, anti-angiogenic, anti-tumorigenic, and immunomodulatory bioproperties. Plants use them as one of their defense mechanisms against radiation-induced DNA damage and also for fungal infections. The use of flavonols for fabrication of new drugs has been underway with objectives to develop safer and effective therapeutic agents. This review covers 15 flavonols for their structure, biological properties, role in plant metabolisms, and current research focused on computational drug design using flavonols for searching drug leads.

Antioxidant capacity of Typha angustifolia extracts and two active flavonoids

CONTEXT

The pollen of Typha angustifolia L. (Typhaceae) has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for improving the microcirculation and promoting wound healing. Flavonoids are the main constituent in the plant, but little is known about the antioxidant activity of the principal constituent of the pollen in detail.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the antioxidant activities of ethanol and water extracts and two constituents of the pollen.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant material (1 g) was extracted by 95% ethanol and water (10 mL × 2, 1 h each), respectively. The extracted activities (0.8-2.6 mg/mL) were measured by DPPH and the reducing activity of ferric chloride (1.7-2.6 mg/mL). Typhaneoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside (I3ON) (2.8-70 μmol/L) were investigated on the relationship between NO, MDA and SOD in HUVECs treated with 100 μg/mL of LPS for 24 h.

RESULTS

Nine compounds were identified by UPLC-MS. Ethanol extract showed IC₅₀ values in DPPH (39.51 ± 0.72) and Fe³⁺ reducing activity (82.76 ± 13.38), higher than the water extract (50.85 ± 0.74) and (106.33 ± 6.35), respectively. Typhaneoside and I3ON promoted cell proliferation at the respective concentration range of 2.8 to 70 μmol/L (p < 0.01). This two compounds decreased MDA (1.91 ± 0.10, 1.80 ± 0.34, p < 0.05) and NO levels (14.64 ± 0.08, 13.10 ± 0.88, p < 0.01), respectively, and increased SOD level (22.94 ± 2.48, 23.57 ± 2.38, p < 0.01) at the concentration of 70 μmol/L compared with LPS group.

CONCLUSIONS

The constituents from Typha angustifolia could be a novel therapeutic strategy for LPS-induced inflammation.

Isorhamnetin prevents H2O2‑induced oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells

Isorhamnetin, a 3‑O‑methylated metabolite of quercetin, exhibits antioxidant effects. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study to date has focused on the effects of isorhamnetin on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the potential protective effect of isorhamnetin against oxidative stress in human RPE cells. The results demonstrated that pretreatment of RPE cells with isorhamnetin significantly protected cell viability against oxidative stress. In addition, isorhamnetin pretreatment inhibited hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‑induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and caspase‑3 activation in RPE cells. Furthermore, isorhamnetin pretreatment significantly increased the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K) and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (Akt) in RPE cells exposed to H2O2, compared with cells treated with H2O2 alone. Taken together, the present results demonstrated that isorhamnetin protected human RPE cells from oxidative stress‑induced cell death, and this effect was associated with activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Thus, isorhamnetin may be considered as a potential antioxidant useful for the prevention of age‑related macular degeneration.

New Alcamide and Anti-oxidant Activity of Pilosocereus gounellei A. Weber ex K. Schum. Bly. ex Rowl. (Cactaceae)

The Cactaceae family is composed by 124 genera and about 1438 species. Pilosocereus gounellei, popularly known in Brazil as xique-xique, is used in folk medicine to treat prostate inflammation, gastrointestinal and urinary diseases. The pioneering phytochemical study of P. gounellei was performed using column chromatography and HPLC, resulting in the isolation of 10 substances: pinostrobin (1), β-sitosterol (2), a mixture of sitosterol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside/stigmasterol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3a/3b), 13²-hydroxyphaeophytin a (4), phaeophytin a (5), a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol (6a/6b), kaempferol (7), quercetin (8), 7'-ethoxy-trans-feruloyltyramine (mariannein, 9) and trans-feruloyl tyramine (10). Compound 9 is reported for the first time in the literature. The structural characterization of the compounds was performed by analyses of 1-D and 2-D NMR data. In addition, a phenolic and flavonol total content assay was carried out, and the anti-oxidant potential of P. gounellei was demonstrated.

Cell-based screening identifies the active ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicine formula Shixiao San as the inhibitors of atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction

In this study, we performed a phenotypic screening in human endothelial cells exposed to oxidized low density lipoprotein (an in vitro model of atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction) to identify the effective compounds in Shixiao San. After investigating the suitability and reliability of the cell-based screening method using atorvastatin as the positive control drug, this method was applied in screening Shixiao San and its extracts. The treatment of n-butanol fraction on endothelial cells exhibited stronger healing effects against oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced insult when compared with other fractions. Cell viability, the level of nitric oxide, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 were measured, respectively. The assays revealed n-butanol fraction significantly elevated the survival ratio of impaired cells in culture. In parallel, n-butanol fraction exhibited the highest inhibition of inflammation. The generation of prostaglandin-2 and adhesion molecule (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1) was obviously declined. Furthermore, n-butanol fraction suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and restored the activity of superoxide dismutase. Compounds identification of the n-butanol fraction was carried out by ultra high liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The active ingredients including quercetin-3-O-(2G-α-l-rhamnosyl)-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside revealed the ability of anti-atherosclerosis after exposing on endothelial cells. The current work illustrated the pharmacology effect of Shixiao San and clearly indicated the major active components in Shixiao San. More importantly, the proposed cell-based screening method might be particularly suitable for fast evaluating the anti-atherosclerosis efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicines and screening out the interesting ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicines.

Analysis of isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside in rat plasma by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic studies

AIM

To establish an LC-MS/MS method for determination of isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside and investigate its application on pharmacokinetic study in rats.

METHODS

Eight rats were given 5 mg·kg(-1) isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside after intravenous administration. A highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidosidein rat plasma using rutin as internal standard. The analytes and rutin (internal standard) were extracted with methanol followed by a rapid isocratic elution with 10 mmol·L(-1) ammonium acetate buffer/methanol (20 : 80, V/V) on a C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, I.D., 5 μm) and subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry in the multi-eaction-monitoring mode.

RESULTS

The assays were linear over the concentration range of 0.01-10 μg·mL(-1) for isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidosidein rat plasma. The lower limit of quantifications for isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside was 0.01 μg·mL(-1).

CONCLUSION

The validated method is successfully applied to determine the plasma concentrations of isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidosidein in rats.

Simultaneous determination of eleven major flavonoids in the pollen of Typha angustifolia by HPLC-PDA-MS

INTRODUCTION

The pollen of Typha angustifolia L. has been used for the treatment of dysmenorrhea, stranguria and metrorrhagia. Flavonoids are major active compounds in this pollen and their quantification is important for its quality control.

OBJECTIVE

To establish an HPLC-PDA-MS method for simultaneous determination of the 11 majority flavonoids in the pollen of T. angustifolia.

METHODOLOGY

The optimal condition of separation was achieved on a reversed-phase C₁₈ column with gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.05% formic acid (v/v) at a flow-rate of 0.8 mL/min; the column temperature was set at 35 °C.

RESULTS

All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r²  > 0.9992). The method provided good accuracy, precision, recovery and sensitivity for the quantification of the 11 compounds analysed.

CONCLUSION

The HPLC method established is appropriate for the quality assurance of the pollen of T. angustifolia.