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Kumar A, Jasrotia S, Dutta J, Kyzas GZ. Pyrethroids toxicity in vertebrates and invertebrates and amelioration by bioactive compounds: A review. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105615. [PMID: 37945252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Generations of different synthetic pesticides have been launched over time to maintain balance between production and consumption of the agricultural yield, control various disease programmes, store grains, etc. Pyrethroids, which are supposed to be non-toxic, have been excessively implemented and have contaminated soil and water bodies. Thus, pyrethroids cause severe and dreadful pernicious effects on various life forms residing in soil, air, and water. Various obnoxious effects of pyrethroids have been analyzed in the vertebrate and invertebrate systems of the animal kingdom. Pyrethroids, namely, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Beta-cyfluthrin, Esfenvalerate, Fenvalerate, and Bifenthrin, have set out various types of degenerative and toxic impacts that include oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity involving thymic and splenic toxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, foetal toxicity, alterations in serum calcium and phosphate levels, cerebral and bone marrow degeneration, degeneration of the reproductive system, histological alteration, and DNA damage. Bioactive compounds like Diosmin, Curcumin, Rutin, Spirulina platensis, sesame oil, Naringin, Allicin, Piperine, alpha-lipoic acid, alpha-tocopherol, Cyperus rotundus L. tuber extract, herbal syrup from chicory and artichoke leaves, green tea extract, Quercetin, Trans-ferulic acid, Ascorbic acid, Propolis, ethanolic extract of grape pomace, and Melatonin have been reported to sublime the toxic effects of these pesticides. The expanding harmfulness of pesticides is a real and demanding issue that needs to be overcome, and bioactive compounds have been shown to reduce the toxicity in vivo as well as in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India.
| | - Shailja Jasrotia
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Joydeep Dutta
- Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - George Z Kyzas
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala GR-654 04, Greece
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In Vitro Susceptibility of Cryptosporidium parvum to Plant Antiparasitic Compounds. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010061. [PMID: 36678409 PMCID: PMC9863366 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a significant cause of watery diarrhoea in humans and other animals worldwide. Although hundreds of novel drugs have been evaluated, no effective specific chemotherapeutic intervention for C. parvum has been reported. There has been much recent interest in evaluating plant-derived products in the fight against gastrointestinal parasites, including C. parvum. This study aimed to identify extracts from 13 different plant species that provide evidence for inhibiting the growth of C. parvum in vitro. Efficacy against C. parvum was detected and quantified using quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence assays. All plant extracts tested against C. parvum showed varying inhibition activities in vitro, and none of them produced a cytotoxic effect on HCT-8 cells at concentrations up to 500 µg/mL. Four plant species with the strongest evidence of activity against C. parvum were Curcuma longa, Piper nigrum, Embelia ribes, and Nigella sativa, all with dose-dependent efficacy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that these plant extracts have proven to be experimentally efficacious against C. parvum. These results support further exploration of these plants and their compounds as possible treatments for Cryptosporidium infections.
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Vineetha VP, Tejaswi HN, Suresh K, Lekshmi H, Sneha KG, Rakesh CG, Devika P. Asparagus racemosus improves immune-related parameters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and mitigates deltamethrin-induced toxicity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:283-293. [PMID: 36122635 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DM) is one of the most toxic but widely used pyrethroid insecticides. Even though a non-target animal, fish are at high risk as they are deficient in the enzyme system that hydrolyses pyrethroids. Enhancing the immune system is a potential method in preventing fish diseases. The present investigation aims to study the modulations in the immune response-related parameters in Oreochromis niloticus that were exposed to DM, by dietary supplementation of aqueous root extract of Asparagus racemosus (ARE). The experiment compared fish in control, DM (1 μg/L) exposed (added to water), ARE (10 g, 20 g, and 30 g ARE/kg of feed) supplemented, and DM-ARE cotreated groups. After 21 days of experimental period, serological, histopathological, and immune response related-gene and protein analysis were carried out. The DM-ARE cotreated group showed significant increase in weight gain, specific growth rate, and decreased feed conversion ratio compared to the DM exposed group. The ARE cotreatment could significantly revert the alteration induced by DM in lysozyme, respiratory burst, myeloperoxidase, C-reactive protein, glucose, cortisol, total protein, albumin, and triglyceride levels. The liver histopathology showed membrane breakage, severe necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, melano-macrophages, and nuclear atrophy, and the kidney showed tubular necrosis, hematopoietic necrosis, Bowman's capsule edema, and glomerulus degeneration in DM exposed group. In ARE cotreated group, the liver showed regenerative cellular changes and only mild to moderate cellular damages, and the kidney tubules and glomerulus had intact structure. ARE discernibly regulated the expression of immune-related genes and proteins (IgM, TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-8) in fish. The DM-ARE cotreated groups showed reduced cumulative mortality and higher relative percent survival on experimental challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila compared to the DM group. Thus, ARE possess protective potential against DM-induced toxicity, and can be used as a cost-effective technique in aquafarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadavanath Prabhakaran Vineetha
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, 682506, Kerala, India
| | - Hemla Naik Tejaswi
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, 682506, Kerala, India
| | - Kummari Suresh
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, 682506, Kerala, India
| | - Haridas Lekshmi
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, 682506, Kerala, India
| | - Kalasseril Girijan Sneha
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, 682506, Kerala, India
| | - Chakkalaparambil Gokulan Rakesh
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, 682506, Kerala, India
| | - Pillai Devika
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, 682506, Kerala, India.
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Nguyen HD, Oh H, Jo WH, Hoang NHM, Kim MS. Mixtures modeling identifies heavy metals and pyrethroid insecticide metabolites associated with obesity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:20379-20397. [PMID: 34738213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We aim to examine the association between chemical mixtures and obesity. Blood and urinary levels of tween-six chemicals were measured in adults who participated in the KoNEHS. We identified the associations of chemicals with obesity using linear regression models. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile g-computation (qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were conducted as secondary analyses. Of the 3,692 participants included in the analysis, 18.0% had obesity. In the logistic regression model, mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and 3PBA levels were associated with obesity, and significant trends were observed for these chemical tertiles (p < 0.001). Hg, Pb, and 3PBA levels were also associated with BMI. The WQS index was significantly associated with both obesity (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 2.11-2.20) and BMI (β = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.37-0.51). The qgcomp index also found a significant association between chemicals and both obesity (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.56-1.85) and BMI (β = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.39-0.41). Hg, Pb, and 3PBA were the most heavily weighed chemicals in these models. In BKMR analysis, the overall effect of the mixture was significantly associated with obesity. Hg, Pb, and 3PBA showed positive trends and were observed as the most important factors associated with obesity. Given increasing exposure to chemicals, there is a need to investigate the associations between chemical exposures, either separately or together, and incident obesity risk factors in well-characterized cohorts of different populations, and to identify potential approaches to chemical exposure prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Hong Minh Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea.
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Attenuative Role of Idebenone on Deltamethrin Mediated Peroxidative Toxicity of Ram Semen Stored at 4°C. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The current study was conducted to evaluate the different concentrations of deltamethrin (DEL; Exp. 1) and the protective role of idebenone (IDB) supplemented with toxic dose of deltamethrin (Exp. 2) during chilled storage of ram semen. Collected samples were pooled and diluted at 500×106 spermatozoa per mL. In Exp. 1, effect of DEL at 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 μM levels was evaluated on different variables of spermatozoa motion characteristics. In Exp. 2, different amounts of IDB (2, 4, and 8 μM) concurrent with constant doses of DEL (10 μM) were examined on semen quality upon chilled preservation up to 72 h. Indices of spermatozoa kinematics, functionality of plasma membrane and viability were recorded. Biochemical metabolites were measured in spermatozoa and its medium (extender) at different time points. In Exp. 1, different parameters of spermatozoa kinematics were affected by exposure to DEL in a dose dependent manner. In Exp. 2, combination of IDB with DEL resulted in a significant (P<0.05) increase in total motility, forward progressive motility and curvilinear path velocity compared to DEL group at 24, 48 and 72 h. Simultaneous administration of IDB with DEL increased the percentage of spermatozoa with functional membrane and viability compared to DEL group at 72 h (P<0.05). The amounts of lipid peroxidation index were lower in medium of combination groups compared to DEL group at 48 h and 72 h (P<0.05). Antioxidant capacity was higher in spermatozoa and medium of IDB treated groups compared to DEL group at 72 h (P<0.05). Amounts of total nitrate-nitrite and superoxide dismutase activity of spermatozoa and medium were not affected by treatment (P>0.05). In conclusion, IDB could ameliorate oxidative and peroxidative damages induced by DEL mild toxicity upon cold preservation of ram semen.
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Kumbar SS, Shettar A, Joshi SD, Patil SA. Design, synthesis, molecular docking and biological activity studies of novel coumarino-azetidinones. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Zhang W, Luo M, Zhou Y, Hu J, Li C, Liu K, Liu M, Zhu Y, Chen H, Zhang H. Liver X receptor agonist GW3965 protects against sepsis by promoting myeloid derived suppressor cells apoptosis in mice. Life Sci 2021; 276:119434. [PMID: 33785343 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) continuously expand and lead to poor outcome during sepsis. The activation of liver X receptor (LXR) can mitigate sepsis-induced liver and myocardial damage. This study aims to determine whether LXR plays a protective role in sepsis by regulating MDSCs. MAIN METHODS Cecal ligation and puncture(CLP)was used to induce sepsis in mice. The mice were then treated with LXR agonist GW3965 (3 mg/kg) or vehicle 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h postoperatively. The effect of LXR on the survival rate and multi-organ injury induced by sepsis was evaluated by survival analysis, histological staining, biochemical analysis and ELISAs. The percentages of MDSCs and T cells were detected using flow cytometry. The mRNA expressions of LXR and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) were measured using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). ABCA1 protein level was determined using immunofluorescence staining. KEY FINDINGS LXR agonist GW3965 treatment improved the survival of septic mice, accompanied by reduced multi-organ injury and a decreased level of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, GW3965 treatment decreased MDSCs abundance in spleen by boosting the apoptosis of spleen MDSCs, therefore ameliorating their immunosuppressive activity. Meanwhile, bacteria clearance in tissues was enhanced after the GW3965 administration in septic mice. Mechanistically, GW3965 activated LXRβ and its downstream target ABCA1 to initiate the apoptosis of spleen MDSCs. SIGNIFICANCE These findings provide new insights into the relationship between LXR and MDSCs in sepsis, thus revealing a potentially effective approach to target the immunosuppression of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Zhang
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Minjie Luo
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Yuexue Zhou
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Caiyan Li
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Meidong Liu
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Yaxi Zhu
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Clinical Medicine and Department of Hematology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Huali Zhang
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.
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Hassan ME, El-Sayed AEKB, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Screening of the bioactive compounds in Amphora coffeaeformis extract and evaluating its protective effects against deltamethrin toxicity in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:15185-15195. [PMID: 33226557 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are synthetic chemicals similar to the pyrethrins, but more toxic to insects and mammals and persistent in the environment than pyrethrins. This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds of Amphora coffeaeformis extract (ACE) and to determine their potential protective activity against deltamtherin (DEL) insecticide in rats. Six groups of male albino rats were treated for 4 weeks included the control group, ACE-treated group (772 mg/kg b.w.), DEL-exposed group (13.5 mg/kg b.w.), DEL plus ACE-treated group, and the groups treated with ACE for 14 days before or after DEL. At the end of treatment, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical assays. The GC-MS identified 18 compounds; most of them are fatty acid methyl ester, and the HPLC identified 8 polyphenols and significant amounts of vitamins A, C, B1, B2, B9, and E. The in vivo results revealed that DEL induced significant alterations in hematological and serum biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory cytokines, and NF-κB. ACE protects against DEL toxicity, and the protection was more pronounced in the groups treated with ACE plus DEL or ACE after DEL suggesting that ACE could be used for the prevention or the treatment of DEL toxicity. It could be concluded that ACE is a promising candidate for the production of bioactive compounds and should be considered in the pharmaceutical and food application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa E Hassan
- Toxicology Department, Research Institute of Medical Entomology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abo El-Khair B El-Sayed
- Fertilization Technology Department, Biological and Agricultural Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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Tanhaian A, Mohammadi E, Vakili-Ghartavol R, Saberi MR, Mirzayi M, Jaafari MR. In silico and In vitro Investigation of a Likely Pathway for Anti-Cancerous Effect of Thrombocidin-1 as a Novel Anticancer Peptide. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 27:751-762. [PMID: 32072885 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200219115129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of Thrombocidin-1 (TC-1) is shown previously, however,.the anti-cancerous feature of this peptide is still uncovered. OBJECTIVE The objective is to evaluate anti-cancerous feature of recombinant TC-1. METHODS In this study, based on the significant similarity of rTC-1 and IL-8 in case of coding sequence, tertiary structure, and also docking and molecular dynamic simulation (MD) results with CXCR1, a receptor which has positive correlation with different cancers, a likely pathway for anticancerous effect of rTC-1 was proposed. In addition, the coding sequence of TC-1+6xhistidine (rTC-1) was inserted into the pET22b(+) vector and cloned and expressed by E. coli BL21 and finally purified through nickel affinity column. Afterward, the retrieved rTC-1 was used in MTT assay against mouse colon adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, mouse melanoma, and breast adenocarcinoma cell lines to investigate its probable anticancer application. RESULTS Docking and MD simulation results showed that rTC-1 and IL-8 share almost the same residues in the interaction with CXCR1 receptor. Besides, the stability of the rTC-1_CXCR11-38 complex was shown during 100ns MD simulation. In addition, the successful expression and purification of rTC-1 depict an 8kD peptide. The IC50 results of MTT assay revealed that rTC-1 has cytotoxic effect on C26-A and SW1353 cancerous cell lines. CONCLUSION Therefore, apart from probable anti-cancerous effect of rTC-1 on C26-A and SW1353 cell lines, this peptide may be able to mimic the anti-cancerous pathway of IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Tanhaian
- School of Medicine, Shahrood University of Medical Science, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Elyas Mohammadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roghayyeh Vakili-Ghartavol
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saberi
- Medical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzayi
- School of Medicine, Shahrood University of Medical Science, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Şekeroğlu V, Karabıyık A, Şekeroğlu ZA. Co-exposure to deltamethrin and thiacloprid induces cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human lung cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:916-924. [PMID: 33025845 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720964367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DEL) and thiacloprid (THIA) are commonly used synthetic insecticides in agriculture either separately or in combination. There is limited information in human cells for the effects of the mixture of DEL + THIA on oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the effects of the mixture on cell proliferation and oxidative stress in human lung fibroblast cells. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-expressing human lung fibroblasts, WTHBF-6 cells, were treated with 2.5 + 37.5, 5 + 75, 12.5 + 187.5, and 25 +375 µM concentrations of DEL + THIA for the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and 5 + 75, 12.5 + 187.5, and 25 + 375 µM for lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione (GSH) assays for 24, 48, and 72 h in the absence and presence of metabolizing fractions of the mammalian liver (S9 mixture). Both the mixture of DEL + THIA and their metabolites significantly reduced cell viability and induced cytotoxicity in WTHBF-6 cells, especially at higher concentrations. The mixture of DEL + THIA significantly decreased GSH levels at the highest concentration for all treatment times and at the highest two concentrations (12.5 + 187.5 and 25 + 375 µM) for 72 h in the presence of S9 mixture. The highest concentration of DEL + THIA mixture caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level at 72 h in the absence of S9 mixture. There were also significant increases in MDA levels at the highest concentration for 48-h and all concentrations of DEL + THIA for 72-h treatment in WTHBF-6 cell cultures with S9. These data showed that the mixture of DEL + THIA and their metabolites can induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedat Şekeroğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Alperen Karabıyık
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
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Işıldar GY, Günal AÇ, Şahin D, Memmi BK, Dinçel AS. How potential endocrine disruptor deltamethrin effects antioxidant enzyme levels and total antioxidant status on model organisms. TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2019-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Deltamethrin, synthetic pyrethroid, is a suspected endocrine disruptor contaminating ecosystems as toxic pollutant via agricultural activities and vector controls. The objective of the study is to determine the possible effects on human by evaluating antioxidant enzyme levels and total antioxidant status (TAS) of invertebrate model organism crayfish exposure to sublethal deltamethrin.
Materials and methods
Crayfish were exposed to 0.05 μg/L deltamethrin for 48 h and 7 days. Hemolymph samples were taken for TAS and total haemocyte counts (THCs). Gill, hepatopancreas and muscle tissues were examined for superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities.
Results
THCs were decreased (p < 0.05) and hemolymph TAS levels were increased according to control groups. Gill SOD, CAT and GPx enzyme activities were significantly rised. Hepatopancreas SOD activities unchanged. Hepatopancreas CAT activities were increased significantly after 48 h (p < 0.05), but returned back to controls after 7 days. Hepatopancreas GPx and muscle SOD activities were rised (p < 0.05), while muscle CAT and GPx values did not affect from deltametrin.
Conclusion
Deterioration of ecosystems are directly affect the humans. The toxic effects of deltamethrin for different stages of organisms on the food web will provide basic data to understand and estimate the effects on the human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Yücel Işıldar
- Department of Environmental Sciences , Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - A. Çağlan Günal
- Department of Biology Education , Gazi Education Faculty , Gazi University , Teknikokullar , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Duygu Şahin
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine , İstanbul Aydin University , İstanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Aylin Sepici Dinçel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
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Zhu Q, Yang Y, Zhong Y, Lao Z, O'Neill P, Hong D, Zhang K, Zhao S. Synthesis, insecticidal activity, resistance, photodegradation and toxicity of pyrethroids (A review). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126779. [PMID: 32957265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of highly effective, broad-spectrum, less toxic, biodegradable synthetic pesticides. However, despite the extremely wide application of pyrethroids, there are many problems, such as insecticide resistance, lethal/sub-lethal toxicity to mammals, aquatic organisms or other beneficial organisms. The objectives of this review were to cover the main structures, synthesis, steroisomers, mechanisms of action, anti-mosquito activities, resistance, photodegradation and toxicities of pyrethroids. That was to provide a reference for synthesizing or screening novel pyrethroids with low insecticide resistance and low toxicity to beneficial organisms, evaluating the environmental pollution of pyrethroids and its metabolites. Besides, pyrethroids are mainly used for the control of vectors such as insects, and the non-target organisms are mammals, aquatic organisms etc. While maintaining the insecticidal activity is important, its toxic effects on non-target organisms should be also considered. Pyrethroid resistance is present not only in insect mosquitoes but also in environmental microorganisms, which results in anti-pyrethroids resistance (APR) strains. Besides, photodegradation product dibenzofurans is harmful to mammals and environment. Additionally, pyrethroid metabolites may have higher hormonal interference than the parents. Particularly, delivery of pyrethroids in nanoform can reduce the discharge of more toxic substances (such as organic solvents, etc.) to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Zhu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingying Zhong
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiting Lao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Paul O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Biotechnology and Health, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suqing Zhao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Zhang L, Hong X, Zhao X, Yan S, Ma X, Zha J. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of deltamethrin renders the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) vulnerable to Pseudomonas fluorescens infection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136943. [PMID: 32007896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to assess the immunotoxicity of deltamethrin on fish, adult Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to 0.1, 0.3, and 1 μg/L deltamethrin for 28 d. Many immunological parameters and histopathological alterations were determined. The results showed that lymphocyte number was markedly decreased at 0.3 and 1 μg/L treatments, whereas the neutrophil number was strongly increased at 1 μg/L treatments (p < 0.05). Furthermore, lysozyme (LYS), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and complement component 3 (C3) levels at 0.3 and 1 μg/L treatments were markedly reduced, whereas alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were marked increased at 1 μg/L treatments (p < 0.05). The transcripts of almost all TLR (Toll-like receptor) signaling pathway-related genes were up-regulated. Histological lesions in the livers, intestines, and gills were observed at all treatments. Then, all remaining fish from controls and deltamethrin-exposed groups were injected with Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) for 48 h. At 24 and 48 h post-injection with P. fluorescens (hpi), the lymphocyte numbers were strongly reduced at 0.3 and 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups, whereas LYS and C3 levels were strongly reduced at 0.3 and 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups (p < 0.05). Obvious reduces in IgM levels were also detected at 0.3 and 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups at 48 hpi (p < 0.05). The transcripts of almost all TLR signaling pathway-related genes were significantly down-regulated, whereas the levels of related microRNAs (miRNAs) were markedly increased at all deltamethrin-exposed groups at 24 and 48 hpi. Moreover, the bacterial load in the liver and the mortality of fish were significantly increased at 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups at 24 and 48 hpi (p < 0.05). Furthermore, obvious histological damage in the livers, intestines, and gills were observed at all deltamethrin-exposed fish at 48 hpi. Overall, our results demonstrated that environmentally relevant concentration deltamethrin suppressed immunity and rendered the fish vulnerable to P. fluorescens infection, subsequently inducing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xufa Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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14
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Shaikh SKJ, Kamble RR, Bayannavar PK, Somagond SM, Joshi SD. Triazolothiadizepinylquinolines as potential MetAP-2 and NMT inhibitors: Microwave-assisted synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Bano F, Mohanty B. Thyroxine modulation of immune toxicity induced by mixture pesticides mancozeb and fipronil in mice. Life Sci 2020; 240:117078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Kar F, Hacioglu C, Uslu S, Kanbak G. Curcumin Acts as Post-protective Effects on Rat Hippocampal Synaptosomes in a Neuronal Model of Aluminum-Induced Toxicity. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2020-2029. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Comparative potential of Simvastatin, Rosuvastatin and Fluvastatin against bacterial infection: an in silico and in vitro study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-019-00359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Lu Q, Sun Y, Ares I, Anadón A, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Yuan Z, Wang X, Martínez MA. Deltamethrin toxicity: A review of oxidative stress and metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:260-281. [PMID: 30599291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin is widely used worldwide due to its valuable insecticidal activity against pests and parasites. Increasing evidence has shown that deltamethrin causes varying degrees of toxicity. Moreover, oxidative stress and metabolism are highly correlated with toxicity. For the first time, this review systematically summarizes the deltamethrin toxicity mechanism from the perspective of oxidative stress, including deltamethrin-mediated oxidative damage, antioxidant status, oxidative signaling pathways and modulatory effects of antagonists, synergists and placebos on oxidative stress. Further, deltamethrin metabolism, including metabolites, metabolic enzymes and pathways and deltamethrin metabolite toxicity are discussed. This review will shed new light on deltamethrin toxicity mechanisms and provide effective strategies to ensure pest control and prevention of human and animal poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Lu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yaqi Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Chrustek A, Hołyńska-Iwan I, Dziembowska I, Bogusiewicz J, Wróblewski M, Cwynar A, Olszewska-Słonina D. Current Research on the Safety of Pyrethroids Used as Insecticides. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2018; 54:E61. [PMID: 30344292 PMCID: PMC6174339 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are synthetic derivatives of natural pyrethrins extracted from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. They are 2250 times more toxic to insects than to vertebrates due to insects' smaller size, lower body temperature and more sensitive sodium channels. In particular, three pyrethroid compounds, namely deltamethrin, permethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin, are commonly used as insecticides and are recommended for in-home insect control because they are considered to be relatively non-toxic to humans in all stages of life. However, recent data show that they are not completely harmless to human health as they may enter the body through skin contact, by inhalation and food or water, and absorption level depending on the type of food. Permethrin seems to have an adverse effect on fertility, the immune system, cardiovascular and hepatic metabolism as well as enzymatic activity. Deltamethrin induces inflammation, nephro- and hepatotoxicity and influences the activity of antioxidant enzymes in tissues. Alpha-cypermethrin may impair immunity and act to increase glucose and lipid levels in blood. The aim of the review is to provide comprehensive information on potential hazards associated to human exposure to deltamethrin, permethrin and alpha-cypermethrin. The results of presented studies prove that the insecticides must be used with great caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chrustek
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Torun, Poland.
| | - Iga Hołyńska-Iwan
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Torun, Poland.
| | - Inga Dziembowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Torun, Poland.
| | - Joanna Bogusiewicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-089 Torun, Poland.
| | - Marcin Wróblewski
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-092 Torun, Poland.
| | - Anna Cwynar
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Torun, Poland.
| | - Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Torun, Poland.
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20
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Pattanashetty SH, Hosamani KM, Shettar AK, Mohammed Shafeeulla R. Design, Synthesis and Computational Studies of Novel Carbazole N-phenylacetamide Hybrids as Potent Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory, and Antioxidant Agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - K. M. Hosamani
- Department of Studies in Chemistry; Karnatak University; Pavate Nagar Dharwad 580 003 Karnataka India
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21
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Kumbar SS, Hosamani KM. Efficient Synthesis of 2,4,5-Substituted Thiazoles via Intramolecular Knoevenagel Condensation-Cyclization Reaction Using TEA under Microwave Irradiation Conditions. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh S. Kumbar
- Department of Studies in Chemistry; Karnatak University; Dharwad-580003, Karnataka INDIA
| | - Kallappa M. Hosamani
- Department of Studies in Chemistry; Karnatak University; Dharwad-580003, Karnataka INDIA
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22
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Kumbar SS, Hosamani KM, Gouripur GC, Joshi SD. Functionalization of 3-chloroformylcoumarin to coumarin Schiff bases using reusable catalyst: an approach to molecular docking and biological studies. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172416. [PMID: 29892427 PMCID: PMC5990764 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, heterogeneous catalysts have been explored eximiously in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Therefore, here we used solid-supported heterogeneous silica sulfuric acid as a catalyst for the synthesis of Schiff's base of 3-chloroformylcoumarin in view of simplified procedure, reusability and acceptable efficiency, which are required in organic synthesis. An efficient and facile methodology is preferred for synthesis of a class of chromeno-3-substituted derivatives (1a-1l) with good yields. The molecular docking results showed excellent binding interactions with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA-D148G mutant (PDB: 4DQU). The same biomolecules were screened for their in vitro anti-tubercular activity against the M.tb H37Rv strain and antimicrobial studies. Physico-chemistry, toxicity prediction with IC50 value and bioactivity score were also calculated for title compounds. Most active compounds were further tested for cytotoxicity studies and exhibited low-level cytotoxicity against Vero cells. The suggested conjugates are promising lead compounds for the subsequent investigation in search of new anti-tubercular agents. All the conjugates were obtained within the range and followed the Lipinski rule of 5, indicating more 'drug-like' nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh S. Kumbar
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Kallappa M. Hosamani
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Gangadhar C. Gouripur
- P. G. Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Shrinivas D. Joshi
- Novel Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.E.T.'s College of Pharmacy, Sangolli Rayanna Nagar, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, India
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