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Computer software (SiD) assisted real-time single sperm selection correlates with fertilization and blastocyst formation. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 45:703-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test (HOST) for Feline Spermatozoa: The Simplified Procedure and the Aspect of Sperm Morphology. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070903. [PMID: 35405891 PMCID: PMC8997045 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) is used to assess the functional integrity of sperm plasma membranes in many species. The primary aim of this study was to test a simplified HOST procedure for the evaluation of feline semen. The second objective was to check if sperm abnormalities can influence the results of this test. Urethral semen was collected from 19 male, domestic cats. In Exp. 1, HOST was performed in different media (50 mOsm/kg fructose or distilled water), temperature (37 °C or room temperature) and time (5 and 30 min). In Exp. 2, the potential effect of sperm abnormalities on HOST results was assessed by observing individual normal and abnormal spermatozoa microinjected into droplets of distilled water. The results showed no differences between the HOST results performed in different media, temperature and time. Viable abnormal spermatozoa were able to swell under hypo-osmotic conditions in the same manner as normal ones, except spermatozoa with distal droplets, which showed a higher frequency of ‘despiralization’. In conclusion, HOST can be reliably performed at 0 mOsm/kg for 5 min at room temperature, which may contribute to a wider use of this test under clinical environments. Viable abnormal spermatozoa are able to swell under hypo-osmotic conditions; therefore, their presence in the ejaculate would not bias the results of HOST when total coiling is calculated.
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ÖZDEMİR Ü, ATAYURT Z, ŞIK BA, ÖZDAMAR Ö, ABA YA, OZOLCAY O. CAN HYPO-OSMOTIC SWELLING TEST (HOST) IMPROVE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN UNEXPLAINED INFERTILITY PATIENTS WITH NORMAL SEMEN PARAMETERS UNDERGOING ICSI –FROZEN EMBRYO TRANSFER CYCLES? CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.852252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Moubasher AEDAA, Taha EA, Elnashar EM, Abdel Maged AAA, Zahran AM, Sayed HH, Gaber HD. Semen parameters on the intracytoplasmic sperm injection day: Predictive values and cutoff thresholds of success. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2021; 48:61-68. [PMID: 33648046 PMCID: PMC7943354 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2020.03965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of semen parameters in samples used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with fertilization and pregnancy rates in infertile couples. METHODS In this prospective study of Infertile couples with male factor infertility that had undergone ICSI, fractions of the same semen samples obtained for microinjection (to ensure the best predictability) were evaluated to determine the semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) on the day of oocyte recovery. RESULTS In total, 120 couples completed the study and were subdivided into fertilized (n=87) and non-fertilized couples (n=33). The fertilized couples were further classified into pregnant (n=48) and non-pregnant (n=39) couples. Compared to non-fertilized and non-pregnant couples, fertilized and pregnant couples showed statistically significantly higher sperm viability and percentage of normal sperm morphology, as well as significantly lower sperm DFI values. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of data from the 120 ICSI cycles showed that sperm viability, normal sperm morphology percentages, and sperm DFI were significant prognostic indicators of fertilization at cutoff values of 40%, 7%, and 46%, respectively. A sperm DFI of 46% showed sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 90%, respectively, for predicting fertilization, and no clinical pregnancies occurred in couples with a sperm DFI above 46%. CONCLUSION Semen parameters from the ICSI day sample, especially sperm viability, normal morphology, and DFI, had an impact on fertilization and pregnancy outcomes in ICSI cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emad Abdelrehim Taha
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ehab Mohamed Elnashar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Asmaa Mohamed Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Heba Hassan Sayed
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hisham Diab Gaber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Baskaran S, Finelli R, Agarwal A, Henkel R. Diagnostic value of routine semen analysis in clinical andrology. Andrologia 2020; 53:e13614. [PMID: 32400107 DOI: 10.1111/and.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a major health issue affecting over 48.5 million couples around the world, with the male factor accounting for about 50% of the cases. The conventional semen analysis recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the cornerstone in the evaluation of male fertility status. It includes macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the ejaculate, which reflects the production of spermatozoa in the testes, the patency of the duct system and the glandular secretory activity. Evaluation of seminal fructose, sperm vitality and leucocytes (Endtz test) are useful adjuncts to semen analysis that provide information on specific clinical conditions. Though several computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) systems have been developed, conventional methods for semen analysis are still widely accepted in clinical practice. This review summarises the conventional techniques used in routine semen analysis and their diagnostic value in clinical andrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saradha Baskaran
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Renata Finelli
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ralf Henkel
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Jeyendran RS, Caroppo E, Rouen A, Anderson A, Puscheck E. Selecting the most competent sperm for assisted reproductive technologies. Fertil Steril 2019; 111:851-863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Hichri R, Amor H, Khammari M, Harzallah M, El Fekih S, Saad A, Ajina M, Ben Ali H. Apoptotic sperm biomarkers and the correlation between conventional sperm parameters and clinical characteristics. Andrologia 2017; 50. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Hichri
- Department of Cytogenetics; Genetics and Molecular Biology of Human Reproduction; CHU Farhat Hached; Sousse Tunisia
| | - H. Amor
- Department of Cytogenetics; Genetics and Molecular Biology of Human Reproduction; CHU Farhat Hached; Sousse Tunisia
| | - M. Khammari
- Department of Cytogenetics; Genetics and Molecular Biology of Human Reproduction; CHU Farhat Hached; Sousse Tunisia
| | - M. Harzallah
- Department of Cytogenetics; Genetics and Molecular Biology of Human Reproduction; CHU Farhat Hached; Sousse Tunisia
| | - S. El Fekih
- Department of Cytogenetics; Genetics and Molecular Biology of Human Reproduction; CHU Farhat Hached; Sousse Tunisia
| | - A. Saad
- Department of Cytogenetics; Genetics and Molecular Biology of Human Reproduction; CHU Farhat Hached; Sousse Tunisia
| | - M. Ajina
- Reproductive Medicine Unit; CHU Farhat Hached; Sousse Tunisia
| | - H. Ben Ali
- Department of Cytogenetics; Genetics and Molecular Biology of Human Reproduction; CHU Farhat Hached; Sousse Tunisia
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Rashedi M, Fazeli MH, Bahreini M. Polymyxin B changes the plasma membrane integrity of cryopreserved bull semen. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Zhou J, Chen L, Li J, Li H, Hong Z, Xie M, Chen S, Yao B. The Semen pH Affects Sperm Motility and Capacitation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132974. [PMID: 26173069 PMCID: PMC4501804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the chemical environment of semen can have a profound effect on sperm quality, we examined the effect of pH on the motility, viability and capacitation of human sperm. The sperm in this study was collected from healthy males to avoid interference from other factors. The spermatozoa cultured in sperm nutrition solution at pH 5.2, 6.2, 7.2 and 8.2 were analyzed for sperm total motility, progressive motility (PR), hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) rate, and sperm penetration. Our results showed that these parameters were similar in pH 7.2 and 8.2 sperm nutrition solutions, but decreased in pH 5.2 and 6.2 solutions. The HOS rate exhibited positive correlation with the sperm total motility and PR. In addition, the sperm Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity at different pHs was measured, and the enzyme activity was significantly lower in pH 5.2 and 6.2 media, comparing with that in pH 8.2 and pH 7.2 solutions. Using flow cytometry (FCM) and laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM) analysis, the intracellular Ca2(+ )concentrations of sperm cultured in sperm capacitation solution at pH 5.2, 6.2, 7.2 and 8.2 were determined. Compared with that at pH 7.2, the mean fluorescence intensity of sperm in pH 5.2 and 6.2 media decreased significantly, while that of pH 8.2 group showed no difference. Our results suggested that the declined Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity at acidic pHs result in decreased sperm movement and capacitation, which could be one of the mechanisms of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Hong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengrong Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Irez T, Usta TA, Zebitay G, Oral E, Senol H, Sahmay S. Evaluation of subgroups of the human sperm hypoosmotic swelling test in normozoospermic male cases with recurrent fertilization failure: a prospective case-controlled study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 287:797-801. [PMID: 23161226 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-012-2634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare subgroups of the human sperm hypoosmotic swelling test subgroups in both recurrent fertilization negative infertile cases with normal semen analysis and fertilization positive controls. METHODS This was a prospective case-controlled study performed with normospermic 33 previously fertile male (secondary infertility) and 41 infertile men who had undergone two or three unsuccessful in vitro fertilization attempts. HOS test was investigated in 4 subgroups including HOS 1, HOS 2, HOS 3, and HOS 4 according to the degree of sperm tail swelling and compared between the two groups. RESULTS Four subgroups were compared and statistical significance was demonstrated in HOS 1, HOS 3 and HOS 4 tests (p < 0.001) in fertile and infertile men. Highest HOS 1 and lowest HOS 4 grades were determined in Group A. However, no statistical significance was determined between two groups in HOS 2 test which was minimal swelling in sperm tails. CONCLUSIONS HOS 1, HOS 3 and HOS 4 subgroups of HOS test are reliable and useful methods providing important information regarding the sperm function. A high HOS test 1 grade plus a low HOS test 4 grade should suggest a fertility problem, despite a normal semen analysis. HOS test subgroups provide additional information in normospermic cases with unexplained infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülay Irez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, IVF-ET Unit, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bassiri F, Tavalaee M, Shiravi AH, Mansouri S, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Is there an association between HOST grades and sperm quality? Hum Reprod 2012; 27:2277-84. [PMID: 22595979 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is the primary treatment for male infertility. However for this procedure, with the exception of visual morphological selection, there is no standardization for sperm selection. Recently, the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) has been proposed to potentially select sperm with intact membranes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of this technique to select functional sperm in terms of apoptosis and morphology, as well as nuclear integrity. METHODS A total of 20 semen samples were randomly collected from men who attended the Andrology Unit of the Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center. Semen samples were washed and exposed to hypotonic conditions, before being fixed and simultaneously assessed for membrane integrity as well as abnormal morphology, DNA fragmentation and protamine deficiency by using Papanicolaou, TUNEL and CMA3 staining techniques, respectively. The remaining semen samples were washed with calcium buffer and stained by Annexin V, then exposed to hypotonic conditions before being assessed for early apoptosis along with membrane integrity. RESULTS HOST grade 'd', followed by grade 'c', showed the highest percentages of healthy sperm, whereas sperm of HOST grade 'g' in which anomalies in terms of apoptosis, abnormal head morphology or nuclear immaturity or membrane damage, were most frequently observed in the samples assessed. CONCLUSIONS Integration of HOST into the sperm selection procedure may provide a valuable tool for selection of functional sperm required for ICSI. According to this study, insemination of HOST grade 'g' sperm should be avoided during ICSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bassiri
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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Ghosh S, Chattopadhyay R, Bose G, Ganesh A, Das S, Chakravarty BN. Selection of birefringent spermatozoa under Polscope: effect on intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Andrologia 2012; 44 Suppl 1:734-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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Miraglia E, De Angelis F, Gazzano E, Hassanpour H, Bertagna A, Aldieri E, Revelli A, Ghigo D. Nitric oxide stimulates human sperm motility via activation of the cyclic GMP/protein kinase G signaling pathway. Reproduction 2011; 141:47-54. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a modulator of several physiological processes, is involved in different human sperm functions. We have investigated whether NO may stimulate the motility of human spermatozoa via activation of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cGMP pathway. Sperm samples obtained by masturbation from 70 normozoospermic patients were processed by the swim-up technique. The kinetic parameters of the motile sperm-rich fractions were assessed by computer-assisted sperm analysis. After a 30–90 min incubation, the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) exerted a significant enhancing effect on progressive motility (77, 78, and 78% vs 66, 65, and 62% of the control at the corresponding time), straight linear velocity (44, 49, and 48 μm/s vs 34, 35, and 35.5 μm/s), curvilinear velocity (81, 83, and 84 μm/s vs 68 μm/s), and average path velocity (52, 57, and 54 μm/s vs 40, 42, and 42 μm/s) at 5 μM but not at lower concentrations, and in parallel increased the synthesis of cGMP. A similar effect was obtained with the NO donor spermine NONOate after 30 and 60 min. The GSNO-induced effects on sperm motility were abolished by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (a specific sGC inhibitor) and mimicked by 8-bromo-cGMP (8-Br-cGMP; a cell-permeating cGMP analog); the treatment with Rp-8-Br-cGMPS (an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinases) prevented both the GSNO- and the 8-Br-cGMP-induced responses. On the contrary, we did not observe any effect of the cGMP/PRKG1 (PKG) pathway modulators on the onset of hyperactivated sperm motility. Our results suggest that NO stimulates human sperm motility via the activation of sGC, the subsequent synthesis of cGMP, and the activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases.
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A Noninvasive, Motility Independent, Sperm Sorting Method and Technology to Identify and Retrieve Individual Viable Nonmotile Sperm for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. J Urol 2010; 184:2466-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Hypo-osmotic swelling test identifies individual spermatozoa with minimal DNA fragmentation. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 21:474-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zalata A, Hassan A, Christophe A, Comhaire F, Mostafa T. Cholesterol and desmosterol in two sperm populations separated on Sil-Select gradient. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2010; 33:528-35. [PMID: 19490187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sperm lipids are important for sperm viability, maturity and function. This study aimed to identify cholesterol and desmosterol composition of human spermatozoa of two sperm populations separated on Sil-Select gradient. Forty-eight males were divided into four groups namely healthy men (n = 13), asthenozoospermia (n = 11), asthenoteratozoospermia (n = 10) and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (n = 14). Sperm cholesterol and desmosterol were estimated in two human sperm population separated by centrifugation in a discontinuous Sil-Select gradient. The results showed that cholesterol and desmosterol were the major sterols in human spermatozoa. Spermatozoa recovered from upper/lower layer interface (fraction I) had low fertilization potential, while those from the base (fraction II) had high fertilization potential. Median values of cholesterol and desmosterol in fraction I were 2.55 micromol and 0.77 micromol/10(9) spermatozoa and in fraction II were 1.16 micromol and 0.27 micromol/10(9) spermatozoa. Cholesterol/desmosterol ratio was significantly higher in fraction II than I (4.8 vs. 3.2, p < 0.01). Cholesterol, desmosterol, total phospholipids and sterols/phospholipids were negatively correlated with sperm concentrations, sperm motility, linear velocity, normal sperm morphology and acrosome reaction percentage whereas cholesterol/desmosterol ratio was positively correlated with these parameters. It is concluded that the difference in sterol composition of sperm subpopulations separated on Sil-Select gradient suggests that composition of sterols is related to sperm functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zalata
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Zuccarello D, Ferlin A, Cazzadore C, Pepe A, Garolla A, Moretti A, Cordeschi G, Francavilla S, Foresta C. Mutations in dynein genes in patients affected by isolated non-syndromic asthenozoospermia. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:1957-62. [PMID: 18492703 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthenozoospermia (AZS) is a common cause of male infertility characterized by reduced forward motility (WHO grade A+B sperm motility <50% or A < 25%) or absent sperm motility in fresh ejaculate. AZS may exist as an isolated disorder, in combination with other sperm anomalies or as part of a syndromic association. Up to date, only a few genes, constituting the cilia/flagella structure, have been associated with isolated AZS in humans, whereas several other genes are known to be involved in syndromic form of AZS, including primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and Kartagener syndrome (KS). Axonemal ultrastructural defects, including absent or shortened arms of dyneins, can be found in >50% of PCD/KS patients. Approximately 90% of KS male patients are affected by AZS. The majority of KS patients can be ascribed to dynein genes mutations. METHODS Mutation screening of DNAI1, DNAH5 and DNAH11 genes was performed in 90 patients with isolated non-syndromic AZS and 200 controls. RESULTS We found three mutations (one in each gene) specifically associated with AZS in seven patients (7.8%). Mutations are inherited from the mothers and may be found in familial clusters. No ultrastructural axonemal anomaly was detected in sperm. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time a possible association between mutations in dynein genes and isolated AZS. Male carriers of the mutations always exhibit AZS, whereas female carriers manifest no alterations in either fertility or pulmonary clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zuccarello
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
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