Biosorption of Heavy Metals byAnoxybacillus gonensisImmobilized on Diaion HP-2MG

The genus Anoxybacillus: an emerging and versatile source of valuable biotechnological products

Thermophilic and alkaliphilic microorganisms are unique organisms that possess remarkable survival strategies, enabling them to thrive on a diverse range of substrates. Anoxybacillus, a genus of thermophilic and alkaliphilic bacteria, encompasses 24 species and 2 subspecies. In recent years, extensive research has unveiled the diverse array of thermostable enzymes within this relatively new genus, holding significant potential for industrial and environmental applications. The biomass of Anoxybacillus has demonstrated promising results in bioremediation techniques, while the recently discovered metabolites have exhibited potential in medicinal experiments. This review aims to provide an overview of the key experimental findings related to the biotechnological applications utilizing bacteria from the Anoxybacillus genus.

Decoding whole genome of Anoxybacillus rupiensis TPH1 isolated from Tatapani hot spring, India and giving insight into bioremediation ability of TPH1 via heavy metals and azo dyes

A moderately thermophilic, gram-positive genomospecies Anoxybacillus rupiensis TPH1 was isolated from Tatapani hot spring, Chhattisgarh, India. Genome of 3.70 Mb with 42.3% GC subsumed 4131 CDSs, 65 tRNA, 5 rRNA, 35 AMR and 19 drug target genes. Further, comparative genomics of 19 Anoxybacillus spp. exhibited an open pan genome of 13102 genes along with core (10.62%), unique (43.5%) and accessory (45.9%) genes. Moreover, phylogenomic tree displayed clustering of Anoxybacillus spp. into two distinct clades where clade A species harbored larger genomes, more unique genes, CDS and hypothetical proteins than clade B species. Further, distribution of azoreductases showed FMN-binding NADPH azoreductase (AzoRed1) presence in clade A species only and FMN-binding NADH azoreductase (AzoRed2) harboring by species of both clades. Heavy metal resistance genes distribution showed omnipresence of znuA, copZ and arsC in both clades, dispersed presence of cbiM, czcD, merA and feoB over both clades and harboring of nikA and acr3 by few species of clade A only. Additionally, molecular docking of AzoRed1, AzoRed2, ZnuA, CopZ, Acr3, CbiM, CzcD, MerA and NikA with their respective ligands indicated high affinity and stable binding. Conclusively, present study provided insight into gene repertoire of genus Anoxybacillus and a basis for the potential application of this thermophile in bioremediation of azo dyes and heavy metals.

A novel bio-solid phase extractor for preconcentrations of Hg and Sn in food samples

An ecofriendly preconcentration method was developed based on the use of Geobacillus galactosidasius sp. nov immobilized on Amberlite XAD-4 as an adsorbent for the preconcentrations of Hg and Sn. SEM-EDX performed for the investigation of surface functionality and morphology. The detailed investigations of factors such as pH of the solution, flow rate, interfering ions and sample volume have been thanks to the optimization of the pre-concentration system. The optimum pHs were found as 5.0-7.0 for Hg and Sn and also the optimum flow rates were determined as 2 mL min^-1 for recovery of Hg and Sn. Under the best experimental conditions, limits of detections (LOD) were found as 0.53 ng mL^-1 for Hg and 0.27 ng mL^-1 for Sn. RSDs were calculated as 8.2% for Hg and 6.9% for Sn. The process was validated to use certified references (fish samples). ICP-OES was used to measure the levels of Hg and Sn in various real meal patterns after the devised technique was used. Concentrations of Hg and Sn were quantitively measured on gluten-free biscuit, flour, rice, Tuna fish, meat, chicken meat, potato, chocolate, coffee, tap water, energy drink and mineral water samples with low RSD. The developed method emerges as an innovative technology that will eliminate the low cost and toxic effect.

Polymeric Biomass Derived Adsorbents for Co(II) Remediation, Recycling and Analysis

The gradual replacement of conventional materials with materials tailored to the green development goals is one of the needs of the day. Correspondingly, this article reviews and integrates, for the first time, the gathered knowledge on the use of the adsorbents based on polymeric biomasses (biosorbents) for a cleaner separation of cobalt (Co) from synthetic and actual solutions. It is a two-part comprehensive approach that debates the Co biosorption potential of bio-based polymers from the perspective of their virtual and real applications for decontamination, recovery, and analytical purposes. First, the removal performances of these materials to batch and fixed column biosorption of Co(II) from mono-component and multi-metallic laboratory solutions are systematized and discussed. Following that, the focus of the first part is shifted to the analytical capabilities of the biosorbents proposed for Co(II) quantification from synthetic solutions. The second section considers the polymeric biomasses successfully incorporated in practical strategies for the removal and recovery of Co(II) from real solutions. The opportunities provided by the use of biosorbents for the development of accurate and greener procedures in Co(II) analysis are also highlighted. The directions in which the research on this topic should be continued and strengthened are suggested.

A comprehensive study on the bacterial biosorption of heavy metals: materials, performances, mechanisms, and mathematical modellings

Discharges of waste containing heavy metals (HMs) have been a challenging problem for years because of their adverse effects in the environment. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent findings on bacterial biosorption and their performances for sequestration of HMs. It highlights the significance of HM removal and presents a brief overview on bacterial functionality and biosorption technology. It also discusses the achievements towards utilisation of bacterial biomass with biosorption of HMs from aqueous solutions. This article includes different types of kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic models used for HM treatments using different bacterial species, as well as biosorption mechanisms along with desorption of metal ions and regeneration of bacterial biosorbents. Its fast kinetics of metal biosorption and desorption, low operational cost, and no production of toxic by-products provide attraction to many researchers. Bacteria can easily be produced using inexpensive growth media or obtained as a by-product from industries. A systematic comparison of the literature for a metal-binding capacity of bacterial biomass under different conditions is provided here. The properties of the cell wall constituents such as peptidoglycan and the role of functional groups for metal sorption are presented on the basis of their biosorption potential. Many bacterial biosorbents as reported in scientific literature have a high biosorption capacity, where some are better than commercial adsorbents. Based on the reported results, it seems that most bacteria have the potential for industrial applications for detoxification of HMs.

Complete genome of the potential thermozyme producer Anoxybacillus gonensis G2(T) isolated from the Gönen hot springs in Turkey

Anoxybacillus gonensis type strain G2(T) (=NCIMB 13,933(T) =NCCB 100040(T)) has been isolated from the Gönen hot springs in Turkey. This strain produces a number of well-studied, biotechnologically important enzymes, including xylose isomerase, carboxylesterase, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. In addition, this strain is an excellent candidate for the bioremediation of areas with heavy metal pollution. Here, we present a high-quality, annotated, complete genome of A. gonensis G2(T). Furthermore, this report provides insights into several novel enzymes of strain G2(T) and their potential industrial applications.

Application of Taguchi L32 orthogonal array design to optimize copper biosorption by using Spaghnum moss

In this work, Taguchi L32 experimental design was applied to optimize biosorption of Cu(2+) ions by an easily available biosorbent, Spaghnum moss. With this aim, batch biosorption tests were performed to achieve targeted experimental design with five factors (concentration, pH, biosorbent dosage, temperature and agitation time) at two different levels. Optimal experimental conditions were determined by calculated signal-to-noise ratios. "Higher is better" approach was followed to calculate signal-to-noise ratios as it was aimed to obtain high metal removal efficiencies. The impact ratios of factors were determined by the model. Within the study, Cu(2+) biosorption efficiencies were also predicted by using Taguchi method. Results of the model showed that experimental and predicted values were close to each other demonstrating the success of Taguchi approach. Furthermore, thermodynamic, isotherm and kinetic studies were performed to explain the biosorption mechanism. Calculated thermodynamic parameters were in good accordance with the results of Taguchi model.

Recent discoveries and applications of Anoxybacillus

The Bacillaceae family members are a good source of bacteria for bioprocessing and biotransformation involving whole cells or enzymes. In contrast to Bacillus and Geobacillus, Anoxybacillus is a relatively new genus that was proposed in the year 2000. Because these bacteria are alkali-tolerant thermophiles, they are suitable for many industrial applications. More than a decade after the first report of Anoxybacillus, knowledge accumulated from fundamental and applied studies suggests that this genus can serve as a good alternative in many applications related to starch and lignocellulosic biomasses, environmental waste treatment, enzyme technology, and possibly bioenergy production. This current review provides the first summary of past and recent discoveries regarding the isolation of Anoxybacillus, its medium requirements, its proteins that have been characterized and cloned, bioremediation applications, metabolic studies, and genomic analysis. Comparisons to some other members of Bacillaceae and possible future applications of Anoxybacillus are also discussed.

Equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic studies on biosorption of Mn(II) from aqueous solution by Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus xylosus and Blakeslea trispora cells

Biosorption of Mn(II) from aqueous solutions using Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus xylosus and Blakeslea trispora cells was investigated under various experimental conditions of pH, biomass concentration, contact time and temperature. The optimum pH value was determined to 6.0 and the optimum biomass concentration to 1.0 g L(-1) for all types of cells. Mn(II) biosorption was found to fit better to the Langmuir model for Pseudomonas sp. and B. trispora and to Freundlich model for S. xylosus. Langmuir model gave maximum Mn(II) uptake capacity 109 mg g(-1) for Pseudomonas sp. and much lower, 59 mg g(-1) and 40 mg g(-1) for S. xylosus and B. trispora, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model was also found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption confirmed the endothermic nature of sorption process with positive heat of enthalpy, accompanied by a positive value of entropy change. Interestingly, desorption experiments by treating biomass with 0.1 M HNO(3) solution resulted to more than 88% recovery of the adsorbed Mn(II) from Pseudomonas sp. and almost 95% and 99% from S. xylosus and B. trispora cells respectively, thus indicating that Mn(II) can be easily and quantitatively recovered from biomass.

Biosorption of lead by filamentous fungal biomass-loaded TiO2 nanoparticles

In this study filamentous fungal biomass-loaded TiO(2) nanoparticles were used for the biosorption of lead(II) ions by flow-injection system coupled to flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of pH, sample volume, loading and elution flow rates, eluent type and volume on the recovery of lead were investigated. Lead ions were sorbed on a biosorbent minicolumn at pH 4.0 followed by an elution step using 288 microL of 1.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution. The limit of detection was 0.78 microg/L. The validation of the described procedure was performed by the analysis of certified reference material (NRC-CNRC NASS-5 seawater). Finally, the presented biosorption procedure was applied to the determination of lead in tap water and seawater samples.

Preconcentration-separation of Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ in real samples by solid phase extraction of a calix[4] resorcinarene modified Amberlite XAD-16 resin

A new method is described for the simultaneous preconcentration of trace metal ions. The method is based on the adsorption of Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+) and Cd(2+) ions on 2,4,6,8-tetra(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5,7(1,3)tetrabenzenzcyclooctaphane-14,16,34,36,54, 56,74,76-octol (salicylaldehyde calix[4] resorcinarenes) (new resorcinarenes derivative) modified on Amberlite XAD-16. The adsorbed analyte ions were eluted with 6 mL 3M HCl in acetone solution, which then were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The influences of the analytical parameters including pH, ligand amount and solid phase ingredient, eluting solution conditions and sample volume were investigated. Common coexisting ions did not interfere with the separation and determination. The preconcentration factor is 208. The sorbent exhibited excellent stability and its sorption capacity under optimum conditions has been found to be more than 60 microg of ions per gram of sorbent. The relative standard deviation under optimum conditions is lower than 4.10%. The accuracy of the method was estimated by using different real samples.