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Chheang L, Khachornsakkul K, Del-Rio-Ruiz R, Zeng W, Thongkon N, Thanasupsin SP, Sonkusale S. Simple distance-based thread analytical device integrated with ion imprinted polymer for Zn 2+ quantification in human urine samples. Analyst 2024; 149:3161-3168. [PMID: 38632945 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This article presents the development of a distance-based thread analytical device (dTAD) integrated with an ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) for quantitative monitoring of zinc ions (Zn2+) in human urine samples. The IIP was easily chemically modified onto the thread channel using dithizone (DTZ) as a ligand to bind to Zn2+ with methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as well as 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as cross-linking agents to enhance the selectivity for Zn2+ detection. The imprinted polymer was characterized using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Under optimization, the linear detection range was from 1.0 to 20.0 mg L-1 (R2 = 0.9992) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 mg L-1. Other potentially interfering metal ions and molecules did not interfere with this approach, leading to high selectivity. Furthermore, our technique exhibits a remarkable recovery ranging from 100.48% to 103.16%, with the highest relative standard deviation (% RSD) of 5.44% for monitoring Zn2+ in human control urine samples, indicating high accuracy and precision. Similarly, there is no significant statistical difference between the results obtained using our method and standards on zinc supplement sample labels. The proposed method offers several advantages in detecting trace Zn2+ for point-of-care (POC) medical diagnostics and environmental sample analysis, such as ease of use, instrument-free readout, and cost efficiency. Overall, our developed dTAD-based IIP method holds potential for simple, affordable, and rapid detection of Zn2+ levels and can be applied to other metal ions' analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lita Chheang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Federation of Russia Blvd, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kawin Khachornsakkul
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ruben Del-Rio-Ruiz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Wenxin Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Nisakorn Thongkon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Sudtida Pliankarom Thanasupsin
- Chemistry for Green Society and Healthy Living Research Unit, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Sameer Sonkusale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Lazar MM, Ghiorghita CA, Dragan ES, Humelnicu D, Dinu MV. Ion-Imprinted Polymeric Materials for Selective Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062798. [PMID: 36985770 PMCID: PMC10055817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of selective recognition sites toward certain heavy metal ions (HMIs) is a great challenge, which has a major role when the separation of species with similar physicochemical features is considered. In this context, ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) developed based on the principle of molecular imprinting methodology, have emerged as an innovative solution. Recent advances in IIPs have shown that they exhibit higher selectivity coefficients than non-imprinted ones, which could support a large range of environmental applications starting from extraction and monitoring of HMIs to their detection and quantification. This review will emphasize the application of IIPs for selective removal of transition metal ions (including HMIs, precious metal ions, radionuclides, and rare earth metal ions) from aqueous solution by critically analyzing the most relevant literature studies from the last decade. In the first part of this review, the chemical components of IIPs, the main ion-imprinting technologies as well as the characterization methods used to evaluate the binding properties are briefly presented. In the second part, synthesis parameters, adsorption performance, and a descriptive analysis of solid phase extraction of heavy metal ions by various IIPs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinela Lazar
- Department of Functional Polymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudiu-Augustin Ghiorghita
- Department of Functional Polymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Stela Dragan
- Department of Functional Polymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Doina Humelnicu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I Bd. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria Valentina Dinu
- Department of Functional Polymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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El-Lateef HMA, Khalaf MM, Al-Fengary AED, Elrouby M. Removal of the Harmful Nitrate Anions from Potable Water Using Different Methods and Materials, including Zero-Valent Iron. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082552. [PMID: 35458747 PMCID: PMC9031846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drinking water containing nitrate ions at a higher concentration level of more than 10 mg/L, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), poses a considerable peril to humans. This danger lies in its reduction of nitrite ions. These ions cause methemoglobinemia during the oxidation of hemoglobin into methemoglobin. Many protocols can be applied to the remediation of nitrate ions from hydra solutions such as Zn metal and amino sulfonic acid. Furthermore, the electrochemical process is a potent protocol that is useful for this purpose. Designing varying parameters, such as the type of cathodic electrode (Sn, Al, Fe, Cu), the type of electrolyte, and its concentration, temperature, pH, and current density, can give the best conditions to eliminate the nitrate as a pollutant. Moreover, the use of accessible, functional, and inexpensive adsorbents such as granular ferric hydroxide, modified zeolite, rice chaff, chitosan, perlite, red mud, and activated carbon are considered a possible approach for nitrate removal. Additionally, biological denitrification is considered one of the most promising methodologies attributable to its outstanding performance. Among these powerful methods and materials exist zero-valent iron (ZVI), which is used effectively in the deletion process of nitrate ions. Non-precious synthesis pathways are utilized to reduce the Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions by borohydride to obtain ZVI. The structural and morphological characteristics of ZVI are elucidated using UV–Vis spectroscopy, zeta potential, XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM. The adsorptive properties are estimated through batch experiments, which are achieved to control the feasibility of ZVI as an adsorbent under the effects of Fe0 dose, concentration of NO3− ions, and pH. The obtained literature findings recommend that ZVI is an appropriate applicant adsorbent for the remediation of nitrate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M. Abd El-Lateef
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, Egypt;
- Correspondence: or (H.M.A.E.-L.); or (M.E.)
| | - Mai M. Khalaf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, Egypt;
| | | | - Mahmoud Elrouby
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, Egypt;
- Faculty of Science, King Salman International University, Sinai 46612, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (H.M.A.E.-L.); or (M.E.)
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Ding C, Deng Y, Merchant A, Su J, Zeng G, Long X, Zhong ME, Yang L, Gong D, Bai L, Zhou X, Liu X. Insights into Surface Ion-imprinted Materials for Heavy Metal Ion Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2022.2044352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Ding
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaocheng Deng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Austin Merchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jiaying Su
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangyong Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiuyu Long
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Mei-E Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Daoxin Gong
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Weeds, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xiangying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Weeds, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
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Li D, Tang N, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Ding Y, Tian X. Efficient synthesis of boronate affinity-based catecholamine-imprinted magnetic nanomaterials for trace analysis of catecholamine in human urine. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02552c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines, a class of cis-diol-containing compounds, play a major role in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China
| | - Na Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China
| | - Yipei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China
| | - Zixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China
| | - Xiping Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China
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CaCO 3-coated PVA/BC-based composite for the simultaneous adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) in aqueous solution. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118227. [PMID: 34119180 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A polymer composite material comprising polyvinyl alcohol/bacterial cellulose/calcium carbonate (PVA/BC/CaCO3) was prepared for enabling the selective adsorption of toxic heavy metal ions, such as Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) from solution. FT-IR, SEM and XRD analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of CaCO3 into the PVA-based polymer by chemical cross-linking with epichlorohydrin. The optimal pH for adsorption of the metal ions onto PVA/BC/CaCO3 was determined to be 6.0. The pseudo-first-order kinetics model was best-suited for fitting the adsorption kinetics data, and the Langmuir model was best-suited for fitting the thermodynamic adsorption data. The maximum adsorption capacities of PVA/BC/CaCO3 for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) were found to be 57.1, 513.6, and 238.6 mg/g, respectively, at 40 °C. In addition, the adsorbent was found to be highly recyclable. Overall, PVA/BC/CaCO3 adsorbent has the applicable potential in the removal of heavy metal ions from contaminated solution.
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Kumar S, Alveroğlu E, Balouch A, Talpur FN, Jagirani MS, Abdullah, Mahar AM, Pato AH, Mal D, Lal S. Fabrication of chromium-imprinted polymer: a real magneto-selective sorbent for the removal of Cr(vi) ions in real water samples. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphical representation (a and b) show the procedure for the synthesis of Cr(vi) ion-imprinted magnetic polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Kumar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro 76080
- Pakistan
| | - Esra Alveroğlu
- Istanbul Technical University
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Department of Physics Engineering
- 34467 Sariyer/Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Aamna Balouch
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro 76080
- Pakistan
- Istanbul Technical University
| | - Farah Naz Talpur
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro 76080
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqaf Jagirani
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro 76080
- Pakistan
| | - Abdullah
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro 76080
- Pakistan
| | - Ali Muhammad Mahar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro 76080
- Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed Pato
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro 76080
- Pakistan
| | - Dadu Mal
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro 76080
- Pakistan
| | - Shanker Lal
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro 76080
- Pakistan
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8
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Li G, Shi Z, Li D. Efficient synthesis of boronate affinity-based chlorogenic acid-imprinted magnetic nanomaterials for the selective recognition of chlorogenic acid in fruit juices. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01716g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a cis-diol-containing compound, can exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial and anti-oxidation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanfeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Fuction-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang
- P. R. China
| | - Zehua Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Fuction-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang
- P. R. China
| | - Daojin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Fuction-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang
- P. R. China
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Adibmehr Z, Faghihian H. Preparation of highly selective magnetic cobalt ion-imprinted polymer based on functionalized SBA-15 for removal Co 2+ from aqueous solutions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:1213-1225. [PMID: 32030187 PMCID: PMC6985317 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-019-00439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a novel magnetic cobalt ion imprinted adsorbent (Co(II)-MIIP) was synthesized by use of magnetic SBA-15 core-shell. It was functionalized by dithizone, and after identification by various techniques was used for removal of cobalt from aquatic systems. The uptake of cobalt proceeded very fast and achieved to equilibration within 5 min at which 74 mg g-1 of cobalt was adsorbed at pH = 8 with adsorbent dose of 0.15 g. The ion imprinted sorbent exhibited good selectivity towards cobalt ions. Separation and recovery of the used sorbent was carried out respectively by use of magnetic field and by use of HNO3 (0.1 M), and 85% of the initial capacity was obtained after seven 7 regeneration cycles. Different isotherm models, and error analysis were used to evaluate the experimental data. Thermodynamic, and kinetic evaluations showed that sorption process was endothermic, and described by second order kinetic model (R2 > 0.99). The equilibrium was established within five min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Adibmehr
- Department of Chemistry, Firoozabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 74715-117, Firoozabad, Fars Iran
| | - H. Faghihian
- Naghshejahan Higher Education Institute, Isfahan, Iran
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Efficient vitamin B12-imprinted boronate affinity magnetic nanoparticles for the specific capture of vitamin B12. Anal Biochem 2018; 561-562:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li D, Tu T, Yang M, Xu C. Efficient preparation of surface imprinted magnetic nanoparticles using poly (2-anilinoethanol) as imprinting coating for the selective recognition of glycoprotein. Talanta 2018; 184:316-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Huang R, Ma X, Li X, Guo L, Xie X, Zhang M, Li J. A novel ion-imprinted polymer based on graphene oxide-mesoporous silica nanosheet for fast and efficient removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 514:544-553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Selective adsorption of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions using a Cr(VI)-imprinted polymer supported by magnetic multiwall carbon nanotubes. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Turan K, Saygılı Canlıdinç R, Kalfa OM. Determination of trace amounts of Co(II) after preconcentration with surface ion imprinted sorbent based on activated carbon. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1405989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Turan
- Science and Art Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | | | - Orhan Murat Kalfa
- Science and Art Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
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Hande PE, Kamble S, Samui AB, Kulkarni PS. Chitosan-Based Lead Ion-Imprinted Interpenetrating Polymer Network by Simultaneous Polymerization for Selective Extraction of Lead(II). Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj E. Hande
- Energy
and Environment Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT, Deemed University), Pune 411025, India
| | - Sanjay Kamble
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Asit B. Samui
- Energy
and Environment Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT, Deemed University), Pune 411025, India
| | - Prashant S. Kulkarni
- Energy
and Environment Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT, Deemed University), Pune 411025, India
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