Modification of Karaya gum by graft copolymerization for effective removal of anionic dyes

Synthesis of Novel Acrylamide Graft Copolymer of Acacia nilotica Gum for the Stabilization of Melatonin Nanoparticles for Improved Therapeutic Effect: Optimization Using (3)2 Factorial Design

The objective of the present study was to optimize the microwave-assisted synthesis of the acrylamide graft copolymer of Acacia nilotica gum (AM-co-ANG). Furthermore, graft copolymer was used for the formulation of a nanoparticulate system using a novel top to bottom solvent antisolvent technique for the delivery of melatonin. Grafting of ANG was optimized by using 32 factorial design, where concentrations of polymer and monomer (acrylamide) were used as independent variables and swelling index in acidic (0.1 N HCl) and basic (1 N NaOH) pH. Grafted polymers were further used to develop and optimize nanoparticulate system using concentration of the graft copolymer and concentration of drug as independent variables. The size of the nanoformulation and entrapment efficiency were selected as dependent variables. Difference in infrared spectrum and absorbance maxima in the ultraviolet region confirm that grafting has taken place. Porous structure and a higher contact angle confirmed hydrophobic nature of AM-co-ANG as compared with the native polymer. Acrylamide graft copolymers show more swelling in 1 N NaOH as compared with 0.1 N HCl. In vitro toxicity studies in hepatic (HepG2 cell line), brain (SHSY5Y cell line), and skin (HaCaT cell line) cells easily predict that synthesized polymer have no cytotoxicity. The entrapment efficiency ranged from 55.24 ± 1.35% to 73.21 ± 1.83%. A nonlinear correlation was observed between independent and dependent variables, as confirmed by multivariate analysis of variance, surface regression, and the correlation report. The prepared formulations were able to release drug up to 12 h. The regression coefficient easily predicted that most of the formulations followed Baker-Lonsdale drug release kinetics.

Adsorption profile of anionic and cationic dyes through Fe3O4 embedded oxidized Sterculia gum/Gelatin hybrid gel matrix

Hazardous effluents from textile industries being major contributors of water pollution and impose potential adverse effects on environment. In present study, Fe₃O₄ embedded oxidized Sterculia gum/Gelatin hybrid matrix have been fabricated and evaluated for enrichment of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB). Newly synthesized matrix was characterized through powdered XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TEM and TGA. Integrated nanoparticles improved dye enrichment and facilitated removal of matrix from the aqueous solution under the influence of magnetic field. Influence of various reaction parameters viz.: contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, temperature & pH of the adsorption medium on dye enrichment have been evaluated. Maximum adsorption (90 % and 88 % for MO and MB respectively) has been achieved. Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin adsorption isotherms have been evaluated. Experimental results validate well fitted Freundlich isotherm for MO and Temkin isotherm for MB. Adsorption kinetics has been analyzed through Pseudo first order, second order kinetic and intra particle diffusion models. Adsorption of both dyes was best explained via pseudo second order kinetic model. Negative value of Gibb's free energy change (-26.487 KJ mol ^-1 and - 24.262 KJ mol ^-1) for MB and MO at 303 K was an indication of spontaneity of the reaction.

A review on remediation of dye adulterated system by ecologically innocuous "biopolymers/natural gums-based composites"

The mitigation of wastewater exploiting biopolymers/natural gums-based composites is an appealing research theme in today's scenario. The following review presents a comprehensive description of the polysaccharides derived from biopolymers (chitosan, collagen, cellulose, starch, pectin, lignin, and alginate) and natural gums (guar, gellan, carrageenan, karaya, moringa oliefera, tragacanth, and xanthan gum). These biopolymers/natural gums-based composites depicted excellent surface functionality, non-toxicity, economic and environmental viability, which corroborated them as potential candidates in the decontamination process. The presence of -OH, -COOH, and -NH functional groups in their backbone rendered them tailorable for modification/functionalization, and anchor an array of pollutants via electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals forces. Further, due to these functional moieties, these bio-based composites revealed an excellent adsorption capacity than conventional adsorbents. This review provides an overview of the classification of biopolymers/natural gums based on their origin, different ways of their modification, and the remediation of dye-contaminated aqueous environments employing diverse bio-based adsorbents. The isotherm, kinetic modelling along with thermodynamics of the adsorption process is discussed. Additionally, the reusable efficacy of these bio-adsorbents is reviewed.

Recent Progress on Modified Gum Katira Polysaccharides and Their Various Potential Applications

Gum katira polysaccharide is biocompatible and non-toxic, and has antioxidant, anti-microbial, and immunomodulatory properties. It is a natural polysaccharide and exudate derived from the stem bark of Cochlospermum reliogosum Linn. Additionally, it has many traditional medicinal uses as a sedative and for the treatment of jaundice, gonorrhea, syphilis, and stomach ailments. This article provides an overview of gum katira, including its extraction, separation, purification, and physiochemical properties and details of its characterization and pharmacognostic features. This paper takes an in-depth look at the synthetic methods used to modify gum katira, such as carboxymethylation and grafting triggered by free radicals. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of its industrial and phytopharmacological applications for drug delivery and heavy metal and dye removal, its biological activities, its use in food, and the potential use of gum katira derivatives and their industrial applications. We believe researchers will find this paper useful for developing techniques to modify gum katira polysaccharides to meet future demands.

Hydrolyzed Karaya Gum: Gelatin Complex Coacervates for Microencapsulation of Soybean Oil and Curcumin

This is the first report on utilizing hydrolyzed karaya gum (HKG) as a novel polyanion material for complex coacervation with gelatin A. With negative zeta potentials at pH > 2.5, HKG formed the complex coacervate with a maximum yield at pH 3.75 and 1 : 1 HKG:gelatin ratio. The optimal complex coacervates were used to encapsulate soybean oil containing curcumin using different shell:core ratios, homogenization speeds, concentrations of emulsifier, and drying techniques. Optical microscopy showed that increasing homogenization speed and Tween 80 concentration produced smaller and more uniform coacervate particles. Increasing the shell:core mass ratio from 1 to 4 resulted in a linear increase in encapsulation efficiencies for both soybean oil and curcumin. Accelerated peroxidation tests on the microcapsules showed enhanced protective effects against oil peroxidation when increasing shell:core ratios and using freeze-drying instead of oven-drying at 50 oC. In vitro release of curcumin in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids was faster when using freeze-drying and decreasing shell:core ratio. This study shows perspective novel applications of HKG in microencapsulating active ingredients for food and pharmaceutical industries.

Eco-Friendly and Economic, Adsorptive Removal of Cationic and Anionic Dyes by Bio-Based Karaya Gum-Chitosan Sponge

A novel, lightweight (8 mg/cm³), conjugate sponge of karaya gum (Kg) and chitosan (Ch) has been synthesized with very high porosity (~98%) and chemical stability, as a pH-responsive adsorbent material for the removal of anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions. Experimental results showed that Kg-Ch conjugate sponge has good adsorption capacity for anionic dye methyl orange (MO: 32.81 mg/g) and cationic dye methylene blue (MB: 32.62 mg/g). The optimized Kg:Ch composition grants access to the free and pH-dependent ionizable functional groups on the surface of the sponge for the adsorption of dyes. The studies on the adsorption process as a function of pH, adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time indicated that the adsorption capacity of MB was decreased with increasing pH from 5 to 10 and external mass transfer together with intra-particle diffusion. The adsorption isotherm of the anionic dye MO was found to correlate with the Langmuir model (R² = 0.99) while the adsorption of the cationic MB onto the sponge was better described by the Freundlich model (R² = 0.99). Kinetic regression results specified that the adsorption kinetics were well represented by the pseudo-second-order model. The H-bonding, as well as electrostatic interaction between the polymers and the adsorption interactions of dyes onto Kg-Ch sponge from aqueous solutions, were investigated using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and the highly wrinkled porous morphology was visualized in depth by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis. Moreover, the samples could be reused without loss of contaminant removal capacity over six successive adsorption-desorption cycles. The hierarchical three-dimensional sponge-like structure of Kg has not been reported yet and this novel Kg-Ch sponge functions as a promising candidate for the uninterrupted application of organic pollutant removal from water.