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Liu G, Guan Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Liu X. Saikosaponin D Inducing Apoptosis and Autophagy through the Activation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Glioblastoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36467888 PMCID: PMC9715330 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5489553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Saikosaponin D (SSD), a saponin derivative, is extracted from Bupleurum falcatum. It exhibits an inhibitory effect on a number of tumor cells and is relatively safe when used at therapeutic doses. However, its effects on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have not been fully explored. This study is aimed at investigating the cytotoxic effects of SSD in GBM cell lines. SSD induces apoptosis and autophagy by activating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in GBM cells. GBM cell proliferation activity and morphology were observed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining and flow cytometry were performed to assess apoptosis. Western blotting and immunocytochemical staining were used to detect protein expression and distribution. SSD significantly inhibited the proliferation of RG-2, U87-MG, and U251 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the proportion of apoptotic cells increased significantly. Additionally, the expressions of ER-, apoptosis-, and autophagy-related proteins were significantly upregulated and distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Therefore, SSD may be considered a novel treatment option for GBM. This study demonstrated the anti-GBM effect of SSD from the perspectives of cell apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Liu
- Department of Medical Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Yuehong Guan
- Department of Medical Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Yongxian Liu
- Department of Medical Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Medical Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Medical Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- Department of Medical Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Medical Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
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Lallo S, Hardianti B, Sartini S, Ismail I, Laela D, Hayakawa Y. Ethyl P-Methoxycinnamate: An Active Anti-Metastasis Agent and Chemosensitizer Targeting NFκB from Kaempferia galanga for Melanoma Cells. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030337. [PMID: 35330088 PMCID: PMC8950268 DOI: 10.3390/life12030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common type of skin cancer is melanoma. While significant advances in chemotherapy have occurred in a few instances, only marginal progress has been made in treating metastatic melanoma. Natural medicine has traditionally been used to treat various illnesses, including cancer. The purpose of this study was to identify the active compound in Kaempferia galanga, which could be used to treat melanoma as an anti-metastasis and chemosensitizer agent. The active compound in K. galanga was isolated and identified using chromatography and spectroscopy techniques, and given six compounds. Inhibitory activity on NFκB activation and cell viability was determined using reporter assay methods. Among the isolated compounds, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) demonstrated potent NFκB inhibitory activity against melanoma cell B16F10- NFκB Luc2 with an IC50 of 88.7 μM. Further investigation was conducted by evaluating the anti-metastasis effect of EPMC in vitro by using wound-healing assays, invasion tests, and molecular mechanism assays using Western blotting. NFκB has been implicated in tumorigenesis through the PI3K/Akt/NFκB pathway. The results of this study indicated that EPMCs act as inhibitors of p38 and thereby Akt phosphorylation inhibitors at serine 473, inhibiting NFκB-dependent transcription. Further analysis with paclitaxel demonstrated that the combinations could sensitize to apoptosis in response to well-known chemotherapy agents. Additional studies were conducted using the human melanoma cancer cell line SK-Mel 28. Along with the induction of apoptosis, we observed an increase in p-γH2AX expression (a molecular marker for double strand breaks in DNA damage) in response to treatment with paclitaxel and EPMC. The result showed EPMC to be a potential, viable adjuvant for improving the clinical efficacy of anti-metastatic and cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subehan Lallo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Besse Hardianti
- Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi Makassar, Makassar 90242, Indonesia
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Sartini Sartini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Ismail Ismail
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Laela
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Luo J, Wang J, Yang J, Huang W, Liu J, Tan W, Xin H. Saikosaponin B1 and Saikosaponin D inhibit tumor growth in medulloblastoma allograft mice via inhibiting the Hedgehog signaling pathway. J Nat Med 2022; 76:584-593. [PMID: 35171398 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), accounting for nearly 10% of all childhood brain tumors, are implicated with aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Saikosaponin B1 (SSB1) and Saikosaponin D (SSD), two bioactive constituents of Radix Bupleuri, are reported to have many biological activities including anticancer activities. In our work, we evaluated the inhibition of SSB1 and SSD on MB tumor growth in allograft mice and explored the underlying mechanisms. The associated biological activity was investigated in Shh Light II cells, an Hh-responsive fibroblast cell line, using the Dual-Glo® Luciferase Assay System. First, SSB1 (IC50, 241.8 nM) and SSD (IC50, 168.7 nM) inhibited GLI-luciferase activity in Shh Light II cells stimulated with ShhN CM, as well as Gli1 and Ptch1 mRNA expression. In addition, both compounds suppressed the Hh signaling activity provoked by smoothened agonist (SAG) or excessive Smoothened (SMO) expression. Meanwhile, SSB1 and SSD did not inhibit glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) luciferase activity activated by abnormal expression of downstream molecules, suppressor of fuse (SUFU) knockdown or GLI2 overexpression. Consequently, SSB1 (30 mg/kg, ip) and SSD (10 mg/kg, ip) displayed excellent in vivo inhibitory activity in MB allografts, and the tumor growth inhibition ratios were approximately 50% and 70%, respectively. Our findings, thus, identify SSB1 and SSD significantly inhibit tumor growth in MB models by inhibiting the Hedgehog pathway through targeting SMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfu Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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Tang ZY, Li Y, Tang YT, Ma XD, Tang ZY. Anticancer activity of oleanolic acid and its derivatives: Recent advances in evidence, target profiling and mechanisms of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112397. [PMID: 34798468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA, 3 β - hydroxyoleanolic acid-12-en-28-oic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid present in many plants. As a new framework for development of semi synthetic triterpenoids, OA is of great significance in the discovery of anticancer drugs. Some of these derivatives, such as CDDO (2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1, 9 (11)-dien-28-oic acid) have been verified in clinical trials, while other derivatives studied previously, such as SZC014, SZC015 and SZC017 (OA derivatives respectively), are also candidate drugs for cancer treatment. This paper reviews the preclinical studies, literature evidence, target analysis and anticancer mechanism of OA and its derivatives. The mechanism of action of its derivatives mainly includes anti-cancer cell proliferation, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, inducing autophagy, regulating cell cycle regulatory proteins, inhibiting vascular endothelial growth, anti angiogenesis, inhibiting tumor cell migration and invasion. In recent years, the molecular mechanism of OA and its derivatives has been elucidated. These effects seem to be mediated by the alterations in a variety of signaling pathways induced by OA and its derivatives. In conclusion, OA and its derivatives are considered as important candidate drugs for the treatment of cancer, indicating that OA and its derivatives have the potential to be used as anticancer drugs in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yuan Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130021, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Ma
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China
| | - Ze-Yao Tang
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China.
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Pan Y, Ke Z, Ye H, Sun L, Ding X, Shen Y, Zhang R, Yuan J. Saikosaponin C exerts anti-HBV effects by attenuating HNF1α and HNF4α expression to suppress HBV pgRNA synthesis. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:1025-1034. [PMID: 31531682 PMCID: PMC7079752 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Saikosaponin c (SSc), a compound purified from the traditional Chinese herb of Radix Bupleuri was previously identified to exhibit anti-HBV replication activity. However, the mechanism through which SSc acts against HBV remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of SSc mediated anti-HBV activity. Methods HepG2.2.15 cells were cultured at 37 ℃ in the presence of 1–40 μg/mL of SSc or DMSO as a control. The expression profile of HBV markers, cytokines, HNF1α and HNF4α were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR, Elisa, Western blot and Dot blotting. Knockdown of HNF1α or HNF4α in HepG2.2.15 cells was mediated by two small siRNAs specifically targeting HNF1α or HNF4α. Results We found that SSc stimulates IL-6 expression, leading to attenuated HNF1α and HNF4α expression, which further mediates suppression of HBV pgRNA synthesis. Knockdown of HNF1α or HNF4α in HepG2.2.15 cells by RNA interference abrogates SSc’s anti-HBV role. Moreover, SSc is effective to both wild-type and drug-resistant HBV mutants. Conclusion SSc inhibits pgRNA synthesis by targeting HNF1α and HNF4α. These results indicate that SSc acts as a promising compound for modulating pgRNA transcription in the therapeutic strategies against HBV infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00011-019-01284-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Pan
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Zhiyi Ke
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Hong Ye
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Yun Shen
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Runze Zhang
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
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Tao Y, Huang S, Yan J, Cai B. A reliable LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of five bioactive saponins of crude and processed Bupleurum scorzonerifolium in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4570. [PMID: 31049981 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A simple and reliable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of saikosaponin A, saikosaponin B1 , saikosaponin C, saikosaponin D and saikosaponin F in rat plasma using glycyrrhetinic acid as an internal standard (IS). The separation was operated on a Waters BEH C18 column. The mobile phases of gradient elution consisted of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% aqueous acetic acid (B). The mass spectrometric detection was accomplished in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The five saponins displayed good linearity (r2 > 0.9996). The lower limits of quantitation of saikosaponin A, saikosaponin B1 , saikosaponin C, saikosaponin D and saikosaponin F were determined to be 2.9, 2.3, 3.5, 2.9 and 3.1 ng/mL, respectively. Moreover, the intra- and inter-day precisions of the five saponins showed an RSD within 2.96%, whereas the accuracy (RE) ranged from -2.28 to 2.78%. Finally, the developed method was fully validated and applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of the five bioactive saponins in rats following oral administration of crude and vinegar-processed Bupleurum scorzonerifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Surun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baochang Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Saikosaponin b2 enhances the hepatotargeting effect of anticancer drugs through inhibition of multidrug resistance-associated drug transporters. Life Sci 2019; 231:116557. [PMID: 31194994 PMCID: PMC7094655 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Vinegar-baked Radix Bupleuri (VBRB) potentiates the activity of anticancer drugs in the liver by increasing their hepatic distribution. However, this phenomenon may be associated with drug transporters. We investigated the effect of saikosaponin b2 (SSb2; the main component of VBRB) on the activity and expression of different drug transporters in both normal cells and those that overexpress the transporter. Main methods: The activities of transporters were analyzed by concentration of their cellular substrates. Concentrations of colchicine (substrate of Pgp and MRP1) and cisplatin (substrate of OCT2 and MRP2) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of rhodamine B was determined by flow cytometry. The expression of transporter gene and protein were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. Key findings: SSb2 increased colchicine efflux in HEK293 cells by primarily increasing Mrp1 activity, independent of gene and protein expression. SSb2 enhanced Mrp2 function and increased cisplatin efflux in BRL3A cells by upregulating Mrp2 gene expression, with a marginal effect on Pgp in normal cells. SSb2 increased OCT2 activity in OCT2-HEK293 cells by increasing the expression of OCT2 protein and mRNA; however, SSb2 inhibited MRP2 activity in MRP2-HEK293 cells by decreasing MRP2 protein expression, and decreased Pgp and MRP1 activity in Pgp- and MRP1-HEK293 cells. Significance: SSb2 might potentially be the key active component of VBRB that enhances the hepatotargeting of anticancer drugs through the inhibition of multidrug resistance-associated drug transporters (Pgp, MRP1, and MRP2) in an environment-dependent manner.
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Shin JS, Im HT, Lee KT. Saikosaponin B2 Suppresses Inflammatory Responses Through IKK/IκBα/NF-κB Signaling Inactivation in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Inflammation 2018; 42:342-353. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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The Role of Saikosaponins in Therapeutic Strategies for Age-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8275256. [PMID: 29849917 PMCID: PMC5924972 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8275256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As life expectancy increases, elderly populations tend to spend an increasing number of years in poor health, with chronic age-related diseases and disability. Therefore, the development of therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent multiple pathophysiological conditions in the elderly may improve health-adjusted life expectancy and alleviate the potential economic and social burdens arising from age-related diseases. Bioactive natural products might represent promising new drug candidates for the treatment of many chronic age-related diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and liver disease. Here, we discuss a therapeutic option using saikosaponins, which are triterpene saponins isolated from Bupleurum, against a variety of age-related diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of natural products like saikosaponins in the treatment of age-related diseases may help in the development of diverse natural product-derived compounds that may be effective against a number of chronic health problems.
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Sun L, Zhai R, Zhang L, Zhao S. MicroRNA-149 suppresses the proliferation and increases the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by targeting X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7328-7334. [PMID: 29731888 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, ovarian cancer is identified as one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality in females. Despite numerous efforts that were made on developing novel treatments for ovarian cancer, the survival rate remains unsatisfactory. Considering the important regulatory role of miRNAs in different types of cancer, the present study aims to identify a novel therapeutic target for treatment of ovarian cancer. The expression of miR-149 was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in cancerous and normal cells. Furthermore, the effects of miR-149 on ovarian cancer cell activities were investigated using MTT assay, colony formation, flow cytometry and western blotting analysis. In the present study, it was revealed that microRNA (miR)-149 was significantly downregulated in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines, and that the miR-149 expression was correlated with the patient prognosis. In addition, it was observed that forced expression of miR-149 increased the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cell to cisplatin. Based on bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) was identified as a direct target gene of miR-149 in ovarian cancer cells. It was also demonstrated that XIAP expression was upregulated in the ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines, while it was negatively correlated with miR-149 in these tissues and cells. Furthermore, results revealed that ectopic expression of XIAP was able to abolish the miR-149-enhanced cell sensitivity to cisplatin. In conclusion, the present study revealed that miR-149 functioned as a tumor suppressor in the progression of ovarian cancer, increasing the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China.,Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272100, P.R. China
| | - Ruixia Zhai
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272100, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272100, P.R. China
| | - Shuping Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
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