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Thu W, Woodward A, Cavadino A, Tin Tin S. Associations between transport modes and site-specific cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health 2024; 23:39. [PMID: 38609941 PMCID: PMC11015678 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-024-01081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is a global public health problem. A practical solution would be to build physical activity into the daily routine by using active modes of transport. Choice of transport mode can influence cancer risk through their effects on levels of physical activity, sedentary time, and environmental pollution. This review synthesizes existing evidence on the associations of specific transport modes with risks of site-specific cancers. METHODS Relevant literature was searched in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus from 1914 to 17th February 2023. For cancer sites with effect measures available for a specific transport mode from two or more studies, random effects meta-analyses were performed to pool relative risks (RR) comparing the highest vs. lowest activity group as well as per 10 Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) hour increment in transport-related physical activity per week (∼150 min of walking or 90 min of cycling). RESULTS 27 eligible studies (11 cohort, 15 case-control, and 1 case-cohort) were identified, which reported the associations of transport modes with 10 site-specific cancers. In the meta-analysis, 10 MET hour increment in transport-related physical activity per week was associated with a reduction in risk for endometrial cancer (RR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83-0.997), colorectal cancer (RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91-0.99) and breast cancer (RR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.89-0.996). The highest level of walking only or walking and cycling combined modes, compared to the lowest level, were significantly associated with a 12% and 30% reduced risk of breast and endometrial cancers respectively. Cycling, compared to motorized modes, was associated with a lower risk of overall cancer incidence and mortality. CONCLUSION Active transport appears to reduce cancer risk, but evidence for cancer sites other than colorectum, breast, and endometrium is currently limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Thu
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair Woodward
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sandar Tin Tin
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Giacomazzi J, Ziegelmann PK, da Costa S, Bittar CM, Obst FM, Rosset C, Macedo GS, Bock H, Canal T, Paese MI, Benvenuti JL, Buj MC, Ashton-Prolla P, Goldim JR, Pozza R. Cancer Risk Factors in Southern Brazil: Report of a Comprehensive, Matched Case-Control Study. JCO Glob Oncol 2023; 9:e2300006. [PMID: 38060977 PMCID: PMC10723862 DOI: 10.1200/go.23.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate cancer risk factors among cancer cases and controls from Southern Brazil, to analyze a multigene hereditary panel testing (MGPT, 26 genes) for breast cancer (BC) and colorectal cancer (CCR) cases diagnosed age younger than 50 years and to characterize them for hereditary cancer syndrome (HCS) phenotypes. METHODS A case-control (matched by age group and sex) study was conducted on regional cancer. Data on exposure factors and first-/second-degree family history of cancer (1/2FHC) were collected. The MGPT was performed using Illumina next-generation sequencing technology. RESULTS A total of 1,007 cases and 1,007 controls were included. The most frequent cancers were BC (n = 311), CCR (n = 147), prostate (n = 132), and lung cancers (n = 89). It was independently associated with cancer, 1/2FHC, tobacco consumption (TC), pesticide exposure (PE), solvent/glue exposure, and BMI <24. BC was associated with 1/2FHC, TC, and hormone replacement therapy use; CCR with 1/2FHC, TC, and BMI <24; prostate cancer with 1/2FHC, TC, and alcohol consumption; and lung cancer with 1/2FHC, TC, PE, and BMI <24. MGPT identified pathogenic/likely pathogenic mutations in 24 (32%) women with BC and in three (18%) women and four (24%) men diagnosed with CCR at under 50 years. Among the tested patients under 50 years with diagnosed BC and CCR, 98.6% and 97% present criteria for HCS, respectively. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the association of several factors associated with BC, CCR, prostate, and lung cancers and reinforced the importance of evaluating FHC and genetic testing, especially for patients under 50 years with diagnosed BC or CCR. A better understanding of population-specific cancer risk factors builds on sustainable data for developing prevention strategies. These efforts increase the commitment to early detection and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Giacomazzi
- Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde/Hospital Tacchini, Tacchini Sistema de Saúde, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Hayde Health, Porto Alegre and Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
| | - Patricia Klarmann Ziegelmann
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Estatística, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samanta da Costa
- Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde/Hospital Tacchini, Tacchini Sistema de Saúde, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
| | - Camila Matzenbacher Bittar
- Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde/Hospital Tacchini, Tacchini Sistema de Saúde, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mariano Obst
- Instituto do Câncer, Hospital Tacchini, Tacchini Sistema de Saúde, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
- Oncoclínicas Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Porto Alegre, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Clévia Rosset
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Unidade de Pesquisa Laboratorial, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S. Macedo
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hugo Bock
- Unidade de Pesquisa Laboratorial, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thais Canal
- Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde/Hospital Tacchini, Tacchini Sistema de Saúde, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
| | - Mari Ines Paese
- Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde/Hospital Tacchini, Tacchini Sistema de Saúde, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
| | - Jean Lucas Benvenuti
- Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde/Hospital Tacchini, Tacchini Sistema de Saúde, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Buj
- Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde/Hospital Tacchini, Tacchini Sistema de Saúde, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
- Hayde Health, Porto Alegre and Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Goldim
- Serviço de Bioética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Roberta Pozza
- Instituto Tacchini de Pesquisa em Saúde/Hospital Tacchini, Tacchini Sistema de Saúde, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
- Hayde Health, Porto Alegre and Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
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