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Åhlberg TM, Jokinen TS, Salonen HM, Laitinen-Vapaavuori OM, Mölsä SH. Exploring the association between canine perineal hernia and neurological, orthopedic, and gastrointestinal diseases. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:39. [PMID: 36528598 PMCID: PMC9758916 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00655-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perineal hernia (PH) is a relatively common condition in intact male dogs, but the etiology remains unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of gastrointestinal (GI), neurological, and orthopedic conditions to the development of PH in male dogs. Patient history with a focus on chronic GI disease was assessed using an owner questionnaire. Neurological conditions were explored, applying neurological, electromyographic (EMG), and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) examinations and combining these with computed tomography (CT) imaging. To exclude possible orthopedic diseases, an orthopedic examination was conducted together with CT analysis. The chi-squared test was used to assess the associations between categorical variables. RESULTS Altogether, 66 male dogs with diagnosed PH were recruited for this study. The frequency of neurological, orthopedic, and GI diseases was low in dogs with PH. No signs of generalized neuro- or myopathies were detected. Still, perineal and bulbourethral reflexes were decreased or missing in 44.6% (29/65) and 40.0% (26/65) of dogs, respectively. Mild or moderate occlusion of the intervertebral foramen at the lumbosacral (LS) junction occurred in 18.5% (12/65) of dogs and was caused by spondylosis deformans in 83.3% (10/12). Moderate disc protrusion was evident in 9.2% (6/65) of dogs. CONCLUSION No evidence was found that PH is caused by gastrointestinal, orthopedic, or neurological conditions. Abnormalities in perineal and bulbourethral reflexes are most likely secondary to PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli Maria Åhlberg
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Susanna Jokinen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Maija Salonen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Maria Laitinen-Vapaavuori
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Helena Mölsä
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Ullal TV, Marks SL, Belafsky PC, Conklin JL, Pandolfino JE. A Comparative Assessment of the Diagnosis of Swallowing Impairment and Gastroesophageal Reflux in Canines and Humans. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889331. [PMID: 35754550 PMCID: PMC9228035 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swallowing impairment is a highly prevalent and clinically significant problem affecting people and dogs. There are myriad causes of swallowing impairment of which gastroesophageal reflux is the most common in both species. Similarities in anatomy and physiology between humans and canines results in analogous swallowing disorders including cricopharyngeus muscle achalasia, esophageal achalasia, hiatal herniation, and gastroesophageal reflux with secondary esophagitis and esophageal dysmotility. Accordingly, the diagnostic approach to human and canine patients with swallowing impairment is similar. Diagnostic procedures such as swallowing fluoroscopy, high-resolution manometry, pH/impedance monitoring, and endolumenal functional luminal imaging probe can be performed in both species; however, nasofacial conformation, increased esophageal length, and the difficulty of completing several of these procedures in awake dogs are inherent challenges that need to be considered. Human patients can convey their symptoms and respond to verbal cues, whereas veterinarians must rely on clinical histories narrated by pet owners followed by comprehensive physical examination and observation of the animal eating different food consistencies and drinking water. Dogs may also be unwilling to drink or eat in the hospital setting and may be resistant to physical restraint during diagnostic procedures. Despite the species differences and diagnostic challenges, dogs are a natural animal model for many oropharyngeal and esophageal disorders affecting people, which presents a tremendous opportunity for shared learnings. This manuscript reviews the comparative aspects of esophageal anatomy and physiology between humans and canines, summarizes the diagnostic assessment of swallowing impairment in both species, and discusses future considerations for collaborative medicine and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarini V Ullal
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Stanley L Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Peter C Belafsky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Voice and Swallowing, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Conklin
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA Robert G. Kardashian Center for Esophageal Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John E Pandolfino
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Crespo V, Liebel FX, Harcourt-Brown T. Comparison of nerve conduction parameters in canine studies using recording needle and surface electrodes. Vet J 2020; 264:105534. [PMID: 33012442 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Surface electrodes have been used in electromyography and nerve conduction studies in human and veterinary medicine, but comparisons have not been made between surface and needle electrode recordings in dogs. Our aim in this method comparison study was to determine whether surface electrodes captured larger compound motor action potentials (CMAP) than needle electrodes. Tibial nerve CMAP from 25 dogs with normal limb function was acquired using both surface and needle recording electrodes; the stimulus was elicited with monopolar concentric needles. Paired Wilcoxon signed rank test (if data was not normally distributed) or a paired two tailed t-test was used if data were normally distributed; significance was set at P<0.05. Mean CMAP amplitude (P=0.009), area (P=0.045) and latency (P=0.02) recorded with needle electrodes were larger compared with surface recording. CMAP duration was not significantly longer when recorded with surface electrodes (P=0.898). Needle electrode recordings are suitable for canine studies, although surface electrodes could also be considered. Low CMAP amplitudes recorded with surface electrodes should be verified with needle electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Crespo
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford Small Animal Hospital, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
| | - F X Liebel
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford Small Animal Hospital, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - T Harcourt-Brown
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford Small Animal Hospital, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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Schenk H, Haastert‐Talini K, Jungnickel J, Grothe C, Meyer H, Rehage J, Fehr M, Bokemeyer J, Rohn C, Tipold A. Morphometric parameters of peripheral nerves in calves correlated with conduction velocity. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:646-55. [PMID: 24417498 PMCID: PMC4857965 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injuries are the most frequent neurologic disorder in cattle. So far, no physiologic values have been established for the motor nerve conduction velocity (mNCV) in this precocial species. OBJECTIVES The electrophysiologic and morphometric reference values of peripheral nerves in calves were determined. It was hypothesized that these parameters would correlate to the high degree of maturity in the first days of life in this species compared to other species. ANIMALS Twenty-six healthy calves were used in this study. METHODS The mNCV of the radial and the sciatic/common peroneal nerve was measured in all 26 calves. Nerve biopsies from a group of 6 calves were taken to correlate the obtained electrophysiologic data with morphological parameters. RESULTS The mean mNCV of the radial nerve was 48.3 ± 10.6 m/s, whereas the mean mNCV of the sciatic/peroneal nerve was with 83.8 ± 5.9 m/s significantly faster (P < .0001). The average fiber diameter was 8.40 ± 2.80 μm (range, 1.98-17.90 μm) and the average g-ratio was 0.61 ± 0.04 SD. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The established reference values for mNCV in calves correlate well with the evaluated morphometric parameters. Attributable to their comparably fast mNCV and high fiber diameters, juvenile calves appear to be much more mature individuals than other mammals. Electrophysiologic characterization of peripheral nerve injury now is feasible in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.C. Schenk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN)HannoverGermany
| | - K. Haastert‐Talini
- School of MedicineInstitute of NeuroanatomyHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN)HannoverGermany
| | - J. Jungnickel
- School of MedicineInstitute of NeuroanatomyHannoverGermany
| | - C. Grothe
- School of MedicineInstitute of NeuroanatomyHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN)HannoverGermany
| | - H. Meyer
- Clinic for CattleUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - J. Rehage
- Clinic for CattleUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - M. Fehr
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - J. Bokemeyer
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - C. Rohn
- Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information ProcessingUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - A. Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN)HannoverGermany
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Feitosa M, Larsson M, Ushikoshi W, Perri S. Padronização da determinação da velocidade de condução nervosa sensitiva dos nervos tibial e peroneal de cães clinicamente sadios, pela utilização de eletrodos de superfície. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352002000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a padronização dos valores de referência de velocidade de condução nervosa sensitiva dos nervos tibial e peroneal em cães clinicamente sadios, pela utilização de eletrodos de superfície. Em todos os sítios de estimulação, captação, referência e terra foram utilizados eletrodos do "tipo jacaré", exceto na captação do estímulo no nervo peroneal, próximo à articulação fêmur-tibial, onde o registro só foi possível com a utilização de eletrodo de agulha. Foram utilizados 30 cães, 11 machos e 19 fêmeas, sem raça definida, com idade entre dois e seis anos. Os valores médios das medidas dos potenciais evocados pela estimulação sensitiva dos nervos tibial e peroneal foram: latência inicial, 1,82±0,30ms (1,30 a 2,55ms) e 1,57±0,29ms (1,01 a 2,16ms), amplitude de pico a pico, 96,48±45,78miV (41,6 a 214miV) e 121,25±57,49miV (54,8 a 299miV) e duração, 1,97±0,69ms (1,01 a 3,56ms) e 2,37±0,85ms (1,11 a 3,94ms), respectivamente. Os valores médios das medidas de velocidade de condução nervosa sensitiva dos nervos tibial e peroneal foram, respectivamente, 62,14+7,71ms (50,0 a 77,2ms) e 65,18+6,42ms (53,8 a 79,2ms), respectivamente.
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Abstract
Electrophysiologic assessment of the peripheral nervous system is an integral part of the diagnostic workup for neuromuscular disease. This article is designed to provide insight into the importance and limitations of the various testing procedures now available in veterinary electrophysiology and to provide the reader with an understanding of the theory behind each of these procedures. The article also provides a guideline for the interpretation and clinical significance of each of the available tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Cuddon
- Veterinary Specialists of Northern Colorado, Loveland 80538, USA.
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Abstract
Chronic relapsing polyneuropathy was diagnosed in a 15‐month‐old cat with a 12‐week history of limb weakness. The clinical course was punctuated by spontaneous remissions and relapse. There were two striking physical findings, weak withdrawal reflexes and atrophy of the proximal and distal limb muscles. Electrophysiological findings typical of a demyelinating motor neuropathy were present, namely small, dispersed compound muscle action potentials, markedly slow motor conduction and denervation potentials that were more prominent dis‐tally. Muscle biopsies showed changes consistent with denervation and a paucity of myelinated axons in intramuscular nerve bundles. The neuropathy responded rapidly and completely to prednisolone administration, which was slowly tapered over several months.
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Malik R, Ho S, Church DB. A new method for recording and analysing evoked motor potentials from dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1989.tb01453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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