1
|
Epizootic Situation of Feline Bartonella Infection in Eastern Poland. J Vet Res 2020; 64:79-83. [PMID: 32258803 PMCID: PMC7105992 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence of Bartonella spp. in cats in eastern Poland, and to determine the factors associated with the infection. Material and Methods PCRs were performed to detect Bartonella DNA in the whole blood of 672 cats from four regions in eastern Poland (the Lublin, Podlasie, Masovian, and Subcarpathian provinces). The association between the previously selected variables and the dependent variable (presence of Bartonella DNA) was investigated using a logistic regression model. Results The overall prevalence of infection was 40.48%. All PCR positive cats were infected with B. henselae. The living conditions of the animals (free outdoor roaming), mixed breed cats, Subcarpathian region, and absence of tick control were significant risk factors associated with Bartonella infection at a 95% confidence level. Conclusion Cats in eastern Poland appear to be at risk of a bartonellosis epizootic. Factors which seem to impact the likelihood of infection in cats and factors which seem not to impact it have been suggested. We advocate additional research into the ways bartonellosis spreads, its geographical scope, and the factors that favour its development.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zecca IB, Hodo CL, Slack S, Auckland L, Rodgers S, Killets KC, Saunders AB, Hamer SA. Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and associated histologic findings in domestic cats (Felis catus). Vet Parasitol 2019; 278:109014. [PMID: 31972512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a zoonotic protozoan parasite transmitted by triatomines that infects a wide range of mammals. South Texas is a hotspot for triatomines, T. cruzi-infected dogs and wildlife, and local transmission to humans also occurs. However, little is known about the infection of domestic cats (Felis catus) in the United States. Given the role cats play in the ecology of T. cruzi in Mexico and South America, we hypothesized that T. cruzi infection occurs in cats from south Texas, sometimes associated with cardiac pathology. In 2017, 167 euthanized cats from a south Texas shelter were sampled across winter, spring, and summer. We collected whole blood and hearts from all cats, with additional tissues from a subset. Serum samples were screened for T. cruzi antibodies using two independent rapid immunochromatographic tests and an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Cats were considered seropositive if they were positive on at least two independent serological tests. Blood clot, heart tissue and other tissues were subjected to qPCR for parasite detection and discrete typing unit (DTU) determination. Tissues from selected seropositive or PCR-positive animals and a subset of negative animals were processed routinely for histopathology and examined by a board-certified pathologist. A total of 19 cats (11.4%) were seropositive and three cats (1.8%) - one of which was seropositive - had one or more PCR-positive tissues. Infected tissues included heart, bicep femoris muscle, sciatic nerve, esophagus, and mesentery. Genotyping of the parastite to the level of DTU showed that exclusively DTU TcI was present, despite past studies showing both TcI and TcIV in vectors of the region. Eight of 19 (42.1%) seropositive cats exhibited lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, sometimes with fibrosis, in cardiac tissue compared to 28.6% of 28 seronegative cats (P = 0.10). Domestic cats are affected hosts in the eco-epidemiology of Chagas disease. Future prospective studies are needed to understand disease progression. Veterinarians in the southern United States should consider T. cruzi in their index of suspicion in cats with exposure to vectors and undetermined cardiac abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Italo B Zecca
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Carolyn L Hodo
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, 650 Cool Water Drive, Bastrop, TX, 78602, USA
| | - Sarah Slack
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Lisa Auckland
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Sandy Rodgers
- Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, 483 Agronomy Rd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Keswick C Killets
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Ashley B Saunders
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Scorpio DG. Do cats serve as good sentinels for Bartonella species infection risk in people and animals? Vet Rec 2017; 180:322-324. [PMID: 28364072 DOI: 10.1136/vr.j1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana G Scorpio
- Animal Program Director, National Institutes of Health, Vaccine Research Center, Building 40 Bethesda, Maryland, USA; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brown RR, Elston TH, Evans L, Glaser C, Gulledge ML, Jarboe L, Lappin MR, Marcus LC, Tuzio H, Edwards D, Kudrak S, Richards J, Rodan I. Feline zoonoses guidelines from the American Association of Feline Practitioners. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 7:243-74. [PMID: 16130211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Case JB, Chomel B, Nicholson W, Foley JE. Serological survey of vector-borne zoonotic pathogens in pet cats and cats from animal shelters and feral colonies. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 8:111-7. [PMID: 16434226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although cats and their arthropod parasites can sometimes be important sources of zoonotic diseases in humans, the extent of exposure among various cat populations to many potential zoonotic agents remains incompletely described. In this study, 170 domestic cats living in private homes, feral cat colonies, and animal shelters from California and Wisconsin were evaluated by serology to determine the levels of exposure to a group of zoonotic vector-borne pathogens. Serological positive test results were observed in 17.2% of cats for Rickettsia rickettsii, 14.9% for R akari, 4.9% for R typhi, 11.1% for R felis, and 14.7% for Bartonella henselae. Although vector-borne disease exposure has been documented previously in cats, the evaluation of multiple pathogens and diverse cat populations simultaneously performed here contributes to our understanding of feline exposure to these zoonotic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Brad Case
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eberhardt JM, Neal K, Shackelford T, Lappin MR. Prevalence of selected infectious disease agents in cats from Arizona. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 8:164-8. [PMID: 16443383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to determine the prevalence of Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Mycoplasma haemofelis, ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ and Bartonella species from feral and relinquished cats in Phoenix and Nogales, Arizona. DNA from one or more of the organisms was amplified from 31 of 112 blood samples (27.7%). DNA consistent with Bartonella clarridgeiae 15 (13.4%), Bartonella henselae 14 (12.5%), ‘ Candidatus M haemominutum’ 9 (8.0%), and M haemofelis 5 (4.5%) were detected. DNA of Ehrlichia species, Neorickettsia risticii, or A phagocytophilum was not amplified. Failure to amplify DNA of A phagocytophilum may relate to the absence of appropriate tick vectors. Failure to amplify Ehrlichia species DNA suggests that cats were not exposed, exposed but not infected, or infected but the DNA was not detected by the PCR assay used in this study. The Bartonella species and hemoplasma results suggest flea control should be maintained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Eberhardt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brunt J, Guptill L, Kordick DL, Kudrak S, Lappin MR. American Association of Feline Practitioners 2006 Panel report on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Bartonella spp. infections. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 8:213-26. [PMID: 16846781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Brunt
- Cat Hospital At Towson (CHAT), 6701 York Road, Baltimore, MD 21212, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bartonella Infection among Cats Adopted from a San Francisco Shelter, Revisited. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6446-50. [PMID: 26162871 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01864-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella infection among cats from shelters can pose a health risk to adopters. Bartonella henselae is the most common species, with B. clarridgeiae and B. koehlerae being less common. The lower rates of infection by the latter species may reflect their rarity or an inefficiency of culture techniques. To assess the incidence of infection, blood cultures, serology, and PCR testing were performed on 193 kittens (6 to 17 weeks old) and 158 young adult cats (5 to 12 months old) from a modern regional shelter. Classical B. henselae culture medium was compared to a medium supplemented with insect cell growth factors. Bartonella colonies were isolated from 115 (32.8%) animals, including 50 (25.9%) kittens and 65 (41.1%) young adults. Therefore, young adults were twice as likely to be culture positive as kittens. Enhanced culture methods did not improve either the isolation rate or species profile. B. henselae was isolated from 40 kittens and 55 young adults, while B. clarridgeiae was cultured from 10 animals in each group. B. koehlerae was detected in one young adult by PCR only. B. henselae genotype II was more commonly isolated from young adults, and genotype I was more frequently isolated from kittens. Kittens were 4.7 times more likely to have a very high bacterial load than young adults. A significantly higher incidence of bacteremia in the fall and winter than in the spring and summer was observed. Bartonella antibodies were detected in 10% (19/193) of kittens and 46.2% (73/158) of young adults, with culture-positive kittens being 9.4 times more likely to be seronegative than young adults.
Collapse
|
9
|
Stützer B, Hartmann K. Chronic Bartonellosis in cats: what are the potential implications? J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:612-21. [PMID: 22918844 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12458208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Bartonellae are small, vector-transmitted Gram-negative intracellular bacteria that are well adapted to one or more mammalian reservoir hosts. Cats are the natural reservoir for Bartonella henselae, which is a (re-)emerging bacterial pathogen. It can cause cat scratch disease in humans and, in immunocompromised people, may lead to severe systemic diseases, such as bacillary angiomatosis. Cats bacteraemic with B henselae constitute the main reservoir from which humans become infected. Most cats naturally infected with B henselae show no clinical signs themselves, but other Bartonella species for which cats are accidental hosts appear to have more pathogenicity. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE Several studies have reported a prevalence of previous or current Bartonella species infection in cats of up to 36%. B henselae is common in cats worldwide, and bacteraemia can be documented by blood culture in about a quarter of healthy cats. The distribution of B henselae to various parts of the world has largely occurred through humans migrating with their pet cats. The pathogen is mainly transmitted from cat to cat by fleas, and the majority of infected cats derive from areas with high flea exposure. No significant difference in B henselae prevalence has been determined between male and female cats. In studies on both naturally and experimentally infected cats, chronic bacteraemia has mainly been found in cats under the age of 2 years, while those over 2 years of age are rarely chronically bacteraemic. EVIDENCE BASE This article reviews published studies and case reports on bartonellosis to explore the clinical significance of the infection in cats and its impact on humans. The article also discusses possible treatment options for cats and means of minimising the zoonotic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Stützer
- Clinic for Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yoon HJ, Lee WC, Choi YS, Cho S, Song YG, Choi JY, Kim CO, Kim EJ, Kim JM. Cervical Lymphadenitis in a Patient Coinfected withToxoplasma gondiiandBartonella henselae. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:415-9. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woong Chul Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Sill Choi
- Division of Zoonoses, National Institutes of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - SoungHoon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Goo Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Oh Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ee-Jin Kim
- Division of Zoonoses, National Institutes of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Myung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bradbury CA, Lappin MR. Evaluation of topical application of 10% imidacloprid–1% moxidectin to preventBartonella henselaetransmission from cat fleas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:869-73. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.8.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Pearce LK, Radecki SV, Brewer M, Lappin MR. Prevalence of Bartonella henselae antibodies in serum of cats with and without clinical signs of central nervous system disease. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8:315-20. [PMID: 16949848 PMCID: PMC7128190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is occasionally associated with neurological dysfunction in people and some experimentally infected cats. The purpose of this study was to determine whether B henselae seroprevalence or titer magnitude varies among cats with neurological disease, cats with non-neurological diseases, and healthy cats while controlling for age and flea exposure. There was no difference in B henselae seroprevalence rates between cats with seizures and cats with other neurological diseases. Cats with non-neurological disease and healthy cats were more likely than cats with neurological disease to be seropositive. While the median B henselae antibody titer was greater in cats with seizures than in cats with other neurological disease, the median B henselae antibody titer was also greater in healthy cats than cats with seizures. The results suggest that titer magnitude cannot be used alone to document clinical disease associated with B henselae infection and that presence of B henselae antibodies in serum of cats with neurological disease does not prove the clinical signs are related to B henselae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie K Pearce
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lappin MR, Griffin B, Brunt J, Riley A, Burney D, Hawley J, Brewer MM, Jensen WA. Prevalence of Bartonella species, haemoplasma species, Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Neorickettsia risticii DNA in the blood of cats and their fleas in the United States. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 8:85-90. [PMID: 16290092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ctenocephalides felis were killed and collected from 92 cats in Alabama, Maryland, and Texas. The fleas and blood from the corresponding cat were digested and assessed in polymerase chain reaction assays that amplify DNA of Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neorickettsia risticii, Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus M haemominutum' and Bartonella species. DNA consistent with B henselae, B clarridgeiae, M haemofelis, or 'Candidatus M haemominutum' was commonly amplified from cats (60.9%) and their fleas (65.2%). Results of this study support the recommendation to maintain flea control on cats in endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
No single factor determines whether a population remains healthy or disease rages out of control. All host and environmental factors taken together provide a number of tools to protect the vulnerable feline shelter population,however. A well-conceived infectious disease control program contributes to improved public perception, increased adoptions, and a healthier feline population within the shelter and in the community in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate F Hurley
- Center for Companion Animal Health, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
It is unlikely that human beings acquire a zoonotic infection from healthy cats without ectoparasites. The benefits of cat ownership to human mental health are well established. Veterinarians and physicians should work together closely to provide accurate information to cat owners so that logical decisions concerning cat ownership can be made by the owner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523-1678, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kyme P, Dillon B, Iredell J. Phase variation in Bartonella henselae. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:621-629. [PMID: 12634331 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is a fastidious, Gram-negative bacterial pathogen of cats and humans. Previous workers have shown that serial passage in vitro leads to attenuation of virulence-associated attributes such as expression of pili, invasion of human epithelial cell lines and the stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation. In contrast to the published data, it was found that pilin expression is frequently preserved in organisms which have undergone phase variation in vitro. Transition from a slow-growing, dry agar-pitting (DAP) to a faster-growing, smooth non-agar-pitting (SNP) form appears to occur predictably and may reflect competition between two populations growing at different rates. Better survival of the slower-growing (DAP) form may explain its relatively easy retrieval from piliated SNP populations allowed to age on solid media. Pilin expression is associated with auto-agglutination in liquid suspension or broth cultures, and appears to be necessary but not sufficient for expression of the agar-pitting phenotype and for the formation of biofilms. Outer-membrane protein variation is seen in association with phase variation, but lipopolysaccharide expression is preserved in piliated as well as extensively passaged non-piliated isolates. The EagI/HhaI infrequent restriction site-PCR fingerprint, which has been previously used to discriminate between serotypes Marseille and Houston, is shown to alter with phase variation in vitro, and there is evidence that genetic change accompanies these events. The extent of genetic and phenotypic variability of phase-variant B. henselae has previously been underestimated. It may lead to new insights into the pathogenicity of this organism, and must be considered when interpreting data arising from such studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Kyme
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Level 3 ICPMR Building, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Institute Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Belinda Dillon
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Level 3 ICPMR Building, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Institute Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jonathan Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Level 3 ICPMR Building, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Institute Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dillon B, Valenzuela J, Don R, Blanckenberg D, Wigney DI, Malik R, Morris AJ, Robson JM, Iredell J. Limited diversity among human isolates of Bartonella henselae. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4691-9. [PMID: 12454174 PMCID: PMC154592 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.12.4691-4699.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of 59 isolates of Bartonella henselae reveals relatively limited diversity among those of human origin (n = 28). Either of two distinct alleles of both gltA and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was found in all isolates, with a high level of congruity between 16S and gltA inheritance among proven human pathogens. Human isolates from all over Eastern Australia were most commonly 16S rDNA (Bergmans) type I, with the same gltA allele as the type strain (Houston-1). Comparable feline isolates were more commonly 16S type II, with less congruity of inheritance between 16S and gltA alleles. Previously described arbitrarily primed PCR and EagI-HhaI infrequent restriction site PCR fingerprinting techniques separated Bartonella species effectively but lacked discriminating power within B. henselae. Examination of the 16-23S intergenic spacer region revealed for several strains several point mutations as well as a repeat sequence of unknown significance which is readily detected by HaeIII restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The bacteriophage-associated papA gene was present in all isolates. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR proved to be a useful and robust typing tool and clearly separated human isolates (including imported strains) from the majority of feline isolates. Our data are consistent with published evidence and with previous suggestions of intragenomic rearrangements in the type strain and suggest that human isolates come from a limited subset of B. henselae strains. They strengthen arguments for careful exploration of genotype-phenotype relationships and for the development of a multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing-based approach to the phylogeny of B. henselae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dillon
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - J. Valenzuela
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - R. Don
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - D. Blanckenberg
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - D. I. Wigney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - R. Malik
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - A. J. Morris
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - J. M. Robson
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - J. Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia. Phone: 61 2 9845 6255. Fax: 61 2 9891 5317. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Birtles RJ, Laycock G, Kenny MJ, Shaw SE, Day MJ. Prevalence of Bartonella species causing bacteraemia in domesticated and companion animals in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 2002; 151:225-9. [PMID: 12219899 DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.8.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Between October 1999 and February 2000, 691 blood samples examined routinely for either haematological or virological assessment were screened by culture for the presence of Bartonella species. They came from 615 animals: 360 cats, 211 dogs, 27 horses, 16 cattle and a gorilla. The samples were incubated for long periods on 10 per cent horse blood agar at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere containing 5 per cent carbon dioxide. Isolates were obtained from 35 samples from 34 (9.4 per cent) of the cats, but not from any of the other animals. Comparison of citrate synthase gene sequences from the isolates indicated that they were all Bartonella henselae. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments indicated that 30 of the cats were infected solely with B henselae genotype II, two were infected solely with B henselae genotype I and two were infected with both genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Birtles
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
de Souza Zanutto M, Mamizuka EM, Raiz R, de Lima TM, Diogo CL, Okay TS, Hagiwara MK. Experimental infection and horizontal transmission of Bartonella henselae in domestic cats. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2001; 43:257-61. [PMID: 11696847 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652001000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study B. henselae transmission among cats, five young cats were kept in confinement for two years, one of them being inoculated by SC route with B. henselae (10(5) UFC). Only occasional contact among cats occurred but the presence of fleas was observed in all animals throughout the period. Blood culture for isolation of bacteria, PCR-HSP and FTSZ (gender specific), and BH-PCR (species-specific), as well as indirect immunofluorescence method for anti-B. henselae antibodies were performed to confirm the infection of the inoculated cat as well as the other naive cats. Considering the inoculated animal, B. henselae was first isolated by blood culture two months after inoculation, bacteremia last for four months, the specific antibodies being detected by IFI during the entire period. All contacting animals presented with bacteremia 6 months after experimental inoculation but IFI did not detect seroconversion in these animals. All the isolates from these cats were characterized as Bartonella (HSP and FTSZ-PCR), henselae (BH-PCR). However, DNA of B. henselae could not be amplified directly from peripheral blood by the PCR protocols used. Isolation of bacteria by blood culture was the most efficient method to diagnose infection compared to PCR or IFI. The role of fleas in the epidemiology of B. henselae infection in cats is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M de Souza Zanutto
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gurfield AN, Boulouis HJ, Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Heller R, Bouillin C, Gandoin C, Thibault D, Chang CC, Barrat F, Piemont Y. Epidemiology of Bartonella infection in domestic cats in France. Vet Microbiol 2001; 80:185-98. [PMID: 11295338 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Blood samples were collected between February and June 1996 from a convenience sample of 436 domestic French cats living in Paris and its environs and were tested for Bartonella bacteremia and seropositivity. Seventy-two cats (16.5%) were Bartonella bacteremic, of which 36 cats (50%) were infected with Bartonella henselae type II (B.h. II) only, 15 cats (21%) were infected with Bartonella clarridgeiae (B.c.) only, and 11 cats (15%) were infected with B. henselae type I (B.h. I) only. Eight cats (11%) were co-infected with B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae (B.h. II/B.c.: five cats; B.h. I/B.c.: three cats). Two cats (2.8%) were concurrently bacteremic with B. henselae types I and II. Risk factors associated with bacteremia included ownership for <6months (prevalence ratio (PR)=1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.13-2.85), adoption from the pound or found as a stray (PR=1.67, 95% CI=1.05-2.65), and cohabitation with one or more cats (PR=1.60, 95% CI=1.01-2.53). Bartonella antibodies to either B. henselae or B. clarridgeiae were detected in 179 cats (41.1%). Risk factors associated with seroposivity paralleled those for bacteremia, except for lack of association with time of ownership. Prevalence ratios of bacteremic or seropositive cats increased with the number of cats per household (p=0.02). The lack of antibodies to B. henselae or B. clarridgeiae was highly predictive of the absence of bacteremia (predictive value of a negative test=97.3%). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that bacteremia, after adjustment for age and flea infestation, and positive serology, after adjustment for age, were associated with origin of adoption and number of cats in the household. Flea infestation was associated with positive serology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Gurfield
- UMR 956 INRA/AFSSA/ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To review recent advances in the basic and clinical biology of Bartonella-related eye disease. METHOD A review of the pertinent medical literature was performed. RESULTS A number of novel Bartonella species have been identified over the past decade. Of these, Bartonella henselae, the etiologic agent in cat scratch disease, is most often associated with ocular complications, which may include Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, neuroretinitis, and focal retinochoroiditis. Although cat and flea exposure appear to be the main risk factors for contracting cat scratch disease, the diagnosis of ocular bartonellosis relies primarily on the recognition of suggestive clinical signs in conjunction with positive serologic testing. B. henselae-associated ocular complications are usually self-limited but may be treated with doxycycline or erythromycin, with or without rifampin, when the infections are severe or sight-threatening. CONCLUSIONS B. henselae infection is common and should be considered in patients with Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, neuroretinitis, or focal retinochoroiditis, particularly when there is a history of cat or flea exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E T Cunningham
- The Francis I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94143-0944, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bartonella infection in animals: carriership, reservoir potential, pathogenicity, and zoonotic potential for human infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000. [PMID: 10885985 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.3.428-438.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent observations have begun to support a role for Bartonella spp. as animal as well as human pathogens. Bartonella spp. are vector-transmitted, blood-borne, intracellular, gram-negative bacteria that can induce prolonged infection in the host. Persistent infections in domestic and wild animals result in a substantial reservoir of Bartonella organisms in nature that can serve as a source for inadvertent human infection. The prevalence of bacteremia can range from 50 to 95% in selected rodent, cat, deer, and cattle populations. Dogs infected with Bartonella spp. can develop lameness, endocarditis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, and peliosis hepatis, lesions that have also been reported in association with human infection. Understanding the role of Bartonella spp. as pathogens in cats and other wild or domestic animals awaits the results of additional studies. Considering the extensive animal reservoirs and the large number of insects that have been implicated in the transmission of Bartonella spp., both animal and human exposure to these organisms may be more substantial than is currently believed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Breitschwerdt EB, Kordick DL. Bartonella infection in animals: carriership, reservoir potential, pathogenicity, and zoonotic potential for human infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:428-38. [PMID: 10885985 PMCID: PMC88941 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.3.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent observations have begun to support a role for Bartonella spp. as animal as well as human pathogens. Bartonella spp. are vector-transmitted, blood-borne, intracellular, gram-negative bacteria that can induce prolonged infection in the host. Persistent infections in domestic and wild animals result in a substantial reservoir of Bartonella organisms in nature that can serve as a source for inadvertent human infection. The prevalence of bacteremia can range from 50 to 95% in selected rodent, cat, deer, and cattle populations. Dogs infected with Bartonella spp. can develop lameness, endocarditis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, and peliosis hepatis, lesions that have also been reported in association with human infection. Understanding the role of Bartonella spp. as pathogens in cats and other wild or domestic animals awaits the results of additional studies. Considering the extensive animal reservoirs and the large number of insects that have been implicated in the transmission of Bartonella spp., both animal and human exposure to these organisms may be more substantial than is currently believed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E B Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kitchell BE, Fan TM, Kordick D, Breitschwerdt EB, Wollenberg G, Lichtensteiger CA. Peliosis hepatis in a dog infected with Bartonella henselae. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216:519-23, 517. [PMID: 10687006 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 6-year-old spayed female Golden Retriever was examined because of generalized weakness and abdominal distention. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a large quantity of peritoneal fluid. In addition, the liver appeared larger than normal and contained multiple, small, nodular masses and cyst-like structures. Abdominal exploratory surgery was performed, and 5 L of serosanguineous peritoneal fluid was removed. Gross lesions were not found in the stomach, kidneys, intestines, adrenal glands, or urinary bladder. There were diffuse cystic nodules in all liver lobes. The dog did not recover from anesthesia. A diagnosis of peliosis hepatis was made on the basis of gross and histologic appearance of the liver. A polymerase chain reaction assay revealed Bartonella henselae DNA in liver specimens. To our knowledge, this is the first report of molecular evidence of B henselae infection in a dog with peliosis hepatis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B E Kitchell
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|