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Zanker A, Wöhr AC, Reese S, Erhard M. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of polysomnographic measurements in foals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16288. [PMID: 34381127 PMCID: PMC8357810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinary and human medicine are still seeking a conclusive explanation of the function of sleep, including the change in sleep behaviour over the course of an individual's lifetime. In human medicine, sleep disorders and abnormalities in the electroencephalogram are used for prognostic statements, therapeutic means and diagnoses. To facilitate such use in foal medicine, we monitored 10 foals polysomnographically for 48 h. Via 10 attached cup electrodes, brain waves were recorded by electroencephalography, eye movements by electrooculography and muscle activity by electromyography. Wireless polysomnographs allowed us to measure the foals in their home stables. In addition, each foal was simultaneously monitored with infrared video cameras. By combining the recorded data, we determined the time budgeting of the foals over 48 h, whereby the states of vigilance were divided into wakefulness, light sleep, slow-wave sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep, and the body positions into standing, suckling, sternal recumbency and lateral recumbency. The results of the qualitative analyses showed that the brain waves of the foals differ in their morphology from those previously reported for adult horses. The quantitative data analyses revealed that foals suckle throughout all periods of the day, including night-time. The results of our combined measurements allow optimizing the daily schedule of the foals according to their sleep and activity times. We recommend that stall rest should begin no later than 9.00 p.m. and daily stable work should be done in the late afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Zanker
- Tierärztliche Klinik Für Pferde Wolfesing, Wolfesing 12, 85604, Zorneding, Germany.
| | - Anna-Caroline Wöhr
- Chair of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstraße 13 R, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstraße 13 R, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Michael Erhard
- Chair of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstraße 13 R, 80539, München, Germany
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Hines MT. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7158300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Aleman M, Finno CJ, Weich K, Penedo MCT. Investigation of Known Genetic Mutations of Arabian Horses in Egyptian Arabian Foals with Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:465-468. [PMID: 29171123 PMCID: PMC5787150 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The carrier status of lavender foal syndrome (LFS), cerebellar abiotrophy (CA), severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM1) in foals with juvenile idiopathic epilepsy (JIE) is unknown. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine the carrier status of LFS, CA, SCID, and OAAM1 in foals with JIE. Animals Ten foals with JIE. Materials and Methods Archived DNA samples were tested for known genetic mutations causing LFS, CA, SCID, and OAAM1. The inclusion criteria consisted of having been diagnosed with JIE by ruling out other causes of seizures in foals and supported by electroencephalographic examination. Results Ten Egyptian Arabian horses (5 females and 5 males) were phenotyped as foals with JIE by electroencephalography (EEG). All foals were negative for the genetic mutations that cause LFS, CA, SCID, and OAAM1 except for 1 foal that was a carrier of CA. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy of Egyptian Arabian foals and LFS appear to be phenotypically and genetically distinct disorders. There was no apparent association between JIE and LFS, CA, SCID, and OAAM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - C J Finno
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - K Weich
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - M C T Penedo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
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Cousillas H, Oger M, Rochais C, Pettoello C, Ménoret M, Henry S, Hausberger M. An Ambulatory Electroencephalography System for Freely Moving Horses: An Innovating Approach. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:57. [PMID: 28512633 PMCID: PMC5411420 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) that has been extensively studied in humans presents also a large interest for studies on animal brain processes. However, since the quality of the recordings is altered by muscular activity, most EEG recordings on animals are obtained using invasive methods with deeply implanted electrodes. This requires anesthesia and can thus only be used in laboratory or clinical settings. As EEG is a very useful tool both for detecting brain alterations due to diseases or accidents and to evaluate the arousal and attentional state of the animal, it seemed crucial to develop a tool that would make such recordings possible in the horse’s home environment, with a freely moving horse. Such a tool should neither be invasive nor cause discomforts to the horse as the usual other practice which consists, after shaving the zone, in gluing the electrodes to the skin. To fulfill these requirements, we developed a novel EEG headset adapted to the horse’s head that allows an easy and fast positioning of the electrodes and that can be used in the home environment on a freely moving horse. In this study, we show that this EEG headset allows to obtain reliable recordings, and we propose an original evaluation of an animal’s “EEG profile” that allows comparisons between individuals and situations. This EEG headset opens new possibilities of investigation on horse cognition, and it can also become a useful tool for veterinarians to evaluate cerebral disorders or check the anesthesia level during a surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cousillas
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Martial Oger
- IETR, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Céline Rochais
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Station Biologique, Paimpont, France
| | - Claire Pettoello
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Station Biologique, Paimpont, France
| | - Mathilde Ménoret
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Séverine Henry
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Station Biologique, Paimpont, France
| | - Martine Hausberger
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Rennes Cedex, France
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Gold
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman USA
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Rovel T, Chahory S, Trachsel D. Acquired epilepsy in a horse associated with colic surgery. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2015-000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Rovel
- National Veterinary School of AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Sabine Chahory
- National Veterinary School of AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance
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Lacombe VA. Seizures in horses: diagnosis and classification. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:301-308. [PMID: 30101115 PMCID: PMC6067615 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s62078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Seizures are a diverse and very common set of chronic neurologic disorders in humans and dogs but are less common in horses. Seizures refer to a specific clinical event (described as sudden and severe) regardless of the etiology, which includes both intracranial and extracranial causes. Therefore, after briefly reviewing some definitions, this article aims to describe the use of a standardized classification, which could facilitate a logical approach for the clinician to establish a diagnosis, as well as to use a consistent mode of communication. For instance, seizures can be classified by type (ie, focal vs generalized) or etiology (ie, reactive, symptomatic, cryptogenic, idiopathic). In particular, epilepsy, a brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures can be classified as primary (ie, genetic origin) or secondary (ie, acquired). This review further discusses the limitations associated with the clinical workup of horses with seizures. This is germane to the fact that the identification of the underlying cause remains challenging due to the technical limitations of imaging the equine adult brain. Indeed, as in man and dogs, epilepsies of unknown cause (ie, cryptogenic) account for the majority of all epilepsies. Therefore, although electroencephalography and advanced brain imaging techniques (eg, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) are becoming increasingly available, information obtained from the history, physical, and neurologic examinations and progression of clinical signs and response to treatment remain essential in the workup of horses with seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique A Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Stillwater, OK, USA,
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Williams DC, Aleman MR, Brosnan RJ, Fletcher DJ, Holliday TA, Tharp B, Kass PH, Steffey EP, LeCouteur RA. Electroencephalogram of Healthy Horses During Inhaled Anesthesia. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:304-8. [PMID: 26376458 PMCID: PMC4913644 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous study of the diagnostic validity of electroencephalography (EEG) to detect abnormalities in equine cerebral cortical function relied on the administration of various drugs for sedation, induction, and maintenance of general anesthesia but used identical criteria to interpret recordings. Objectives To determine the effects of 2 inhalation anesthetics on the EEG of healthy horses. Animals Six healthy horses. Methods Prospective study. After the sole administration of one of either isoflurane or halothane at 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 times the minimum alveolar concentration, EEG was recorded during controlled ventilation, spontaneous ventilation, and nerve stimulation. Results Burst suppression was observed with isoflurane, along with EEG events that resembled epileptiform discharges. Halothane results were variable between horses, with epileptiform‐like discharges and bursts of theta, alpha, and beta recorded intermittently. One horse died and 2 were euthanized as the result of anesthesia‐related complications. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The results of this study indicate that the effects of halothane and isoflurane on EEG activity in the normal horse can be quite variable, even when used in the absence of other drugs. It is recommended that equine EEG be performed without the use of these inhalation anesthetics and that general anesthesia be induced and maintained by other contemporary means.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Williams
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - M R Aleman
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - R J Brosnan
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - D J Fletcher
- Section of Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - B Tharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - P H Kass
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - E P Steffey
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - R A LeCouteur
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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