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Beermann A, Clottu O, Reif M, Biegel U, Unger L, Koch C. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded study comparing oral and subcutaneous administration of mistletoe extract for the treatment of equine sarcoid disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1815-1824. [PMID: 38529853 PMCID: PMC11099770 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine sarcoids (ES) are the most common cutaneous tumors in equids. Systemic treatment options are sparse. Subcutaneous (SC) injections of Viscum album extract (VAE) demonstrate efficacy as a systemic treatment directed against ES. OBJECTIVES/AIM To critically assess the therapeutic efficacy of orally administered VAE. ANIMALS Forty-five ES-affected, privately owned, 3-12 year-old horses. METHODS A 3-armed randomized placebo-controlled, double-blinded study was conducted in a double-dummy design. Horses were subjected to oral administration and SC injections of either VAE or placebo (VAE oral/placebo SC, VAE SC/placebo oral, placebo oral/placebo SC) over a 7-month treatment period. Primary endpoint was the change of baseline of a composite index of ES number and ES area after 14 months. Second endpoint was the clinical response. RESULTS No statistically significant difference in the composite endpoint between the 3 study arms was found. The primary endpoint showed 4 (27%) horses in the VAE oral group with complete ES regression, 3 (21%) in the VAE SC injection group, and 2 (13%) in the placebo group. The clinical response revealed complete or partial regression in 6 horses of the oral VAE group (40%), 4 of the SC injection group (29%), and 4 of the placebo group (25%). Direct comparison of oral VAE and placebo showed an odds ratio, stratified for prognosis of 2.16 (95%-CI: 0.45-10.42) and a P-value of 0.336. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Oral administration of VAE is well tolerated. No statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of systemic VAE versus placebo against ES was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Beermann
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock SciencesFrickSwitzerland
| | - Ophélie Clottu
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock SciencesFrickSwitzerland
| | - Marcus Reif
- Society of Clinical Research e.VBerlinGermany
| | - Ulrike Biegel
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock SciencesFrickSwitzerland
| | - Lucia Unger
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Koch
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME)University of BernBernSwitzerland
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Karalus W, Subharat S, Orbell G, Vaatstra B, Munday JS. Equine sarcoids: A clinicopathologic study of 49 cases, with mitotic count and clinical type predictive of recurrence. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:357-365. [PMID: 37937724 PMCID: PMC11067406 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231209408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoids are common mesenchymal neoplasms of horses. Although there are few studies in which sarcoids have been followed over a long period of time, sarcoids are considered locally invasive and have been reported to frequently recur following surgical excision. Currently, no histological features have been identified to predict which sarcoids will recur after excision. The present study comprised 49 sarcoids for which histology sections were available and in which the recurrence status of the case was known. Each sarcoid was excised from a different horse. Overall, 12 of the 49 (24%) sarcoids recurred after surgical excision. Mitotic count (MC), cellularity, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and inflammation of the sarcoids were evaluated histologically. Of these, MC correlated with recurrence. Four of 5 (80%) sarcoids with an MC ≥ 20 in 2.37 mm2 recurred, which was a significantly higher recurrence rate than that of sarcoids with an MC < 20, 8 of 44 cases recurred (18%), P = .0051. Clinical type was also found to correlate with recurrence. Three of 4 (75%) fibroblastic types recurred, which was a significantly higher recurrence rate than that of sarcoids with other clinical types, 9 of 45 cases (18%), P < .001. In addition, univariate Cox regression analysis confirmed fibroblastic type and MC ≥ 20 as significant predictors for recurrence (P = .016 and P = .005, respectively). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first large study examining recurrence rates in sarcoids, and the first time that histological features have been correlated with recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geoff Orbell
- Gribbles Veterinary, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Munday JS, Lewis MC, Leyland MH. Sarcoid within the oral cavity of a horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 133:105003. [PMID: 38224791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are common skin tumors that are thought to be caused by cross-species infection by bovine papillomaviruses (BPV). A 16-year-old horse developed a 1cm diameter mandibular gingival mass opposite the right second premolar tooth (406) and a 2cm diameter mass close to the commissure of the lips on the same side of the mouth. The right cheek was diffusely thickened. Histology of the smaller mass revealed a proliferation of mesenchymal cells covered by hyperplastic epithelium that formed thick rete pegs. BPV2 DNA was amplified from the mass. Although the mass had been incompletely excised, there was no recurrence after 5 months. The histological features and detection of BPV2 DNA is consistent with a diagnosis of equine sarcoid. Sarcoids have not previously been reported in the oral cavity of horses. It is hypothesized that trauma to the mouth may have been important for sarcoid development. Additionally, different BPV types may have variable ability to infect the gingiva. While rare, sarcoids are a differential for an oral mass in a horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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4
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Offer KS, Dixon CE, Sutton DGM. Treatment of equine sarcoids: A systematic review. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:12-25. [PMID: 36917551 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sarcoid is the most common equine cutaneous neoplasm. Evidence-based treatment of this condition is often lacking, and selection of treatment modality based on clinical experience or anecdotal evidence. OBJECTIVES To assess the quality of the currently available best evidence regarding the treatment of the equine sarcoid. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS In compliance with PRISMA guidelines, literature searches were performed in PUBMED, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts, EMBASE (Ovid) and Scopus in April 2021. Included papers were required to describe an interventional study examining sarcoid treatment strategy, of level 4 evidence or greater. The case definition required confirmation of at least some included lesions on histopathology, and a minimum of 6 months of follow-up was required on treated cases. Studies were assessed by two independent reviewers (KO, CD). Data extraction was performed manually, followed by risk of bias assessment. Methodological quality was assessed using the GRADE system. RESULTS In total, 10 studies were included in the review. Case definition was confirmed via histopathology in all included lesions in 60% of papers. Time to follow-up was variably reported. Overall risk of bias ranged from 'some concerns' to 'critical'. Reported sarcoid regression rate ranged from 28% to 100% on an individual sarcoid level, and 9%-100% on a whole horse level. Transient local inflammation was reported following most treatment strategies, with further adverse events reported infrequently. MAIN LIMITATIONS Review methodology excluded a large proportion of available literature regarding the equine sarcoid. Significant heterogeneity between included studies prevented quantitative synthesis and most included papers were at significant risk of bias, indirectness, and imprecision. CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence currently available to recommend one sarcoid treatment over another. There is an urgent need for sufficiently powered, randomised, placebo-controlled trials in order to allow more definitive comparison of the efficacy of different treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S Offer
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire E Dixon
- Tufts Equine Center at the Hospital for Large Animals, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David G M Sutton
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Hollis AR. Management of equine sarcoids. Vet J 2023; 291:105926. [PMID: 36334801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most common cutaneous neoplasm of the horse, arising as a result of a neoplastic proliferation of fibroblasts associated with infection with bovine papillomavirus, most notably types 1 and 2. Although they do not metastasise, they are locally invasive and aggressive, and can lead to important welfare concerns, interfere with tack and therefore impede athleticism, and undoubtedly lead to a reduction in the value of affected horses. This review discusses the evidence behind the most commonly used treatments for equine sarcoids. The most commonly used treatments are discussed. No one treatment is universally successful, and there are many treatments with varying level of scientific evaluation and reported success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Hollis
- Cambridge Equine Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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6
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Portenko M, Shchebentovska O. Patho-histological features of fibroblastic sarcoid in horses. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.15421/022252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoid is one of the most common skin tumours, which is diagnosed in various breeds of horses at any age regardless of the animal’s sex. Such fibroblastic neoplasm manifests itself in several clinical ways with its specific morphological features. As a rule, it metastasizes rarely but can be locally invasive. The disease’setiology is multifactorial and includes the confirmed role of the bovine papillomavirus and genetic and environmental factors. The article introduces the results of a retrospective study of horses of the Ukrainian riding breed with a fibroblastic sarcoid type, which was localized mainly in the area of the external thoracic vein. Neoplasms were represented by two types. The first one included broad base neoplasms without a pronounced pedicle but with signs of hyperkeratosis. Massive rounded dense formations with an ulcerated surface refer to the second type. To verify the studied types of sarcoid, wide surgical excision of the lesion’svisible parts was performed, followed by the selection of fragments for the pathohistological diagnosis. Also, additional staining methods were used to detect the connective and muscle tissue (Van Gieson’s staining) and elastic fibers (Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin staining). Microscopically, the neoplasm without a visible pedicle showed signs of hyperkeratosis and acanthosis in the peritumoral epidermal layer. Epidermis desquamation with a significant amount of oxyphilic detritus, diapedesis hemorrhages, and dilated vessels was also detected in some areas. Chaotic placement of fibroblasts and fibrocytes was noted, to a greater extent, subdermally. Anisocytosis and anisokaryosis were expressed moderately. Sarcoids, macroscopically presented in the form of massive dense formations with an ulcerated surface, were histologically characterized by the replacement of the epidermis with cellular elements, subdermal hemorrhages, and the characteristic perpendicular orientation of coarse collagen fibers towards the basement membrane. Closely spaced spindle-shaped cells with fibers forming moiré structures were visualized in the deep dermis layers. Nuclei were hyperchromic and elongated in shape, no atypical mitoses were noted. Pathohistological examination during the identification of a sarcoid type for diagnostic purposes can cause rapid growth and formation of an ulcer. The final diagnosis regarding equine sarcoid can be made based on a combination of clinical signs, histopathological examination, and molecular genetic testing with the isolation of BPV DNA.
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Saba C, Eggleston R, Parks A, Peroni J, Sjoberg E, Rice S, Tyma J, Williams J, Grosenbaugh D, Leard AT. ALVAC-fIL2, a feline interleukin-2 immunomodulator, as a treatment for sarcoids in horses: A pilot study. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1179-1184. [PMID: 35416353 PMCID: PMC9151478 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcoid tumors are common in horses and may negatively impact the performance and value of the horse. No known treatment is reliably successful. Hypotheses/Objectives To determine tolerability, overall response rate, time to response, and progression‐free survival of horses with biopsy‐confirmed or suspected sarcoids treated with ALVAC‐fIL2. Animals Client‐owned horses with measurable, presumed‐ or biopsy‐confirmed sarcoid tumors. Methods Prospective pilot study. One milliliter of ALVAC‐fIL2 was injected into 4 to 5 areas of the sarcoid(s) in each horse (week 0); this treatment was repeated in weeks 1, 3, and 7. Sarcoids were measured at each visit, and response to treatment was determined according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors for dogs (v1.0). After the final treatment, horses were reassessed and sarcoids remeasured every 3 months until tumor progression or for a minimum of 1 year if progression was not documented. Results Fourteen horses were included. Tumor size decreased in 86% of the horses, and the median time to first response was 89 days (range, 34‐406 days). Median time to best response was 211 days (range, 56‐406 days), but 3 of the sarcoids still were decreasing in size at the time of final evaluation. The median progression‐free interval was not reached. Adverse events were minimal and included transient focal inflammation in 2 horses. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Intratumoral injection of ALVAC‐fIL2 has promise as a well‐tolerated and effective, tissue‐sparing treatment for horses with sarcoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Saba
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Randall Eggleston
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Parks
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - John Peroni
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Sjoberg
- Maggie's Menagerie Veterinary Services, Ila, Georgia, USA
| | - Shelbe Rice
- Maggie's Menagerie Veterinary Services, Ila, Georgia, USA
| | - Jesse Tyma
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jarred Williams
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Cosandey J, Hamza E, Gerber V, Ramseyer A, Leeb T, Jagannathan V, Blaszczyk K, Unger L. Diagnostic and prognostic potential of eight whole blood microRNAs for equine sarcoid disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261076. [PMID: 34941894 PMCID: PMC8699634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been proposed as biomarkers for equine sarcoids, the most prevalent equine skin tumors globally. This study served to validate the diagnostic and prognostic potential of whole blood microRNAs identified in a previous study for long-term equine sarcoid diagnosis and outcome prediction. Based on findings of a clinical examination at the age of 3 years and a follow-up following a further 5–12 years, 32 Franches-Montagnes and 45 Swiss Warmblood horses were assigned to four groups: horses with regression (n = 19), progression (n = 9), new occurrences of sarcoid lesions (n = 19) and tumor-free control horses (n = 30). The expression levels for eight microRNAs (eca-miR-127, eca-miR-432, eca-miR-24, eca-miR-125a-5p, eca-miR-134, eca-miR-379, eca-miR-381, eca-miR-382) were analyzed through reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction in whole blood samples collected on initial examination. Associations of sex, breed, diagnosis, and prognosis with microRNA expression levels were examined using multivariable analysis of variance. Sex and breed influenced the expression level of five and two microRNAs, respectively. Eca-miR-127 allowed discrimination between sarcoid-affected and tumor-free horses. No variation in microRNA expression was found when comparing horses with sarcoid regression and progression. Expression levels of eca-miR-125a-5p and eca-miR-432 varied in male horses that developed sarcoids throughout the study period in comparison to male control horses. While none of the investigated miRNAs was validated for predicting the prognosis of sarcoid regression / progression within young horses with this condition, two miRNAs demonstrated potential to predict if young male (though not female) tumor-free horse can develop sarcoids within the following years. Sex- and breed- biased miRNAs exist within the equine species and have an impact on biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Cosandey
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eman Hamza
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Ramseyer
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Klaudia Blaszczyk
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Unger
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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EQUINE SARCOIDS IN CAPTIVE WILD EQUIDS: DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF 16 CASES-A POSSIBLE PREDISPOSITION OF THE EUROPEAN COHORT OF SOMALI WILD ASS ( EQUUS AFRICANUS SOMALIENSIS)? J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:28-37. [PMID: 33827158 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids (ES) were diagnosed in 12 Somali wild asses (SWA) (Equus africanus somaliensis) from 10 different institutions of the SWA European Endangered Species Programme from 1976 to 2019. Samples of surgically excised masses, biopsies, or necropsy samples were submitted for histologic and virologic analysis. In addition, tissue samples from one onager (Equus hemionus onager), one kulan (Equus hemionus kulan), and two Hartmann's mountain zebras (HMZ) (Equus zebra hartmannae) were examined. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of ES exhibiting the typical microscopic features. Polymerase chain reaction detected bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) DNA in eight SWA samples and bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV2) DNA in one SWA sample. The onager, kulan, and one HMZ sample tested positive for BPV1. The other HMZ tested positive for BPV1 and BPV2. This is the first report of ES in an onager. Surgical excision was the treatment elected by most veterinarians. A follow-up survey of the cases over several years after clinical diagnosis and therapy revealed variable individual outcome with ES recurrence in four cases. Three SWA and the kulan were euthanized due to the severity of the lesions. Nine affected SWA were males with seven having a sarcoid located at the prepuce. Because a genetic disposition is a risk factor for the development of ES in horses, this may also be true for endangered wild equids with few founder animals in their studbook history. Innovative approaches regarding therapy and prevention of ES in wild equids are therefore highly encouraged.
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Loschelder-Ostrowski J, Winter JC, Merle R, Klopfleisch R, Gehlen H. Treatment of equine sarcoids using recombinant poxviruses expressing feline interleukin-2. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:283-e77. [PMID: 33728715 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-2 stimulates antitumour immunity and is successfully used for the treatment of different neoplasias. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Canarypox virus locally expressing feline IL-2 is safe and can be used to treat equine sarcoids. ANIMALS Twenty horses of different breeds with a median age of eight years (interquartile range 6.0-13.3 years) and a total number of 59 sarcoids were included in the study. METHODS In this prospective clinical trial, sarcoids were injected twice seven days apart, with a recombinant canarypox virus expressing feline IL-2. Complete blood counts (CBC) and fibrinogen levels were measured before treatment and on days 1, 2, 7 and 8. RESULTS Complete regression was achieved in eight horses (40%) and partial regression in two horses (10%). No change in sarcoid size was observed in two horses (10%) and the disease progressed in five horses (25%). Sarcoids of three horses (15%) showed initial response followed by tumour growth. There were no significant changes in CBC and fibrinogen levels after either injection. One horse developed a mild fever the day after each injection, which subsided without treatment the following day. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of equine sarcoids with recombinant canarypox virus expressing feline IL-2 seems to be a safe therapy option. Although the expression of IL-2 after vector injection and its biological activity in horses were not proven in this study, the treatment resulted in regression and partial regression in 50% of the cases. Further studies are necessary to verify these findings and to establish a treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Epidemiology, Free University of Berlin, Königsweg 67, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Free University of Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Clinic for Horses, Free University of Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, 14163, Germany
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Ogłuszka M, Starzyński RR, Pierzchała M, Otrocka-Domagała I, Raś A. Equine Sarcoids-Causes, Molecular Changes, and Clinicopathologic Features: A Review. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:472-482. [PMID: 33461443 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine sarcoid is the most common skin tumor of horses. Clinically, it occurs as a locally invasive, fibroblastic, wart-like lesion of equine skin, which has 6 clinical classes: occult, verrucose, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, and malignant. Sarcoids may be single but multiple lesions are more frequent. The typical histological feature is increased density of dermal fibroblasts which form interlacing bundles and whorls within the dermis. Lesions are mostly persistent, resist therapy, and tend to recur following treatment. In general, sarcoids are not fatal but their location, size, and progression to the more aggressive form may lead to the withdrawal of a horse from use and serious infringement of their welfare leading to the loss of valuable animals. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 and less commonly type 2 contribute to the development of equine sarcoid. The viral genome and proteins are detected in a high percentage of cases. Furthermore, viral oncoprotein activity leads to changes in the fibroblastic tissue similar to changes seen in other types of tumors. Equine sarcoids are characterized by a loss of tumor suppressor activity and changes allowing abnormal formation of the affected tissue, as well as y immune defense abnormalities that weaken the host's immune response. This impaired immune response to BPV infection appears to be crucial for the development of lesions that do not spontaneously regress, as occurs in BPV-infected cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ogłuszka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Radosław Starzyński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pierzchała
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Raś
- 49674University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Pettersson CM, Broström H, Humblot P, Bergvall KE. Topical treatment of equine sarcoids with imiquimod 5% cream or Sanguinaria canadensis and zinc chloride - an open prospective study. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:471-e126. [PMID: 33016520 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine sarcoids are the most prevalent skin neoplasm in horses worldwide. Although several treatments are available, none are consistently effective and recurrence is common. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical imiquimod 5% cream and Sanguinaria canadensis + zinc chloride for treatment of equine sarcoids and investigate possible systemic effects on distant untreated sarcoids. ANIMALS/TUMOURS Twenty-five client-owned horses with a total of 164 tumours were included in the study. Fifty-seven tumours were treated and 107 tumours were left untreated. METHODS AND MATERIALS Skin biopsy samples were collected from a minimum of one tumour per horse and the rest were diagnosed based on clinical appearance as likely sarcoids. Imiquimod 5% (A) was applied three times weekly, while Sanguinaria canadensis + zinc chloride (X) was applied every fourth day after a six day daily initiation phase. Treatment continued until clinical remission or for a maximum of 45 weeks, with a long follow-up period (mean 34 months). Skin biopsy samples of sarcoid lesions were re-taken before treatment termination and at follow-up if the owner gave consent. RESULTS Complete remission was recorded in 84.4% (A) and 75.0% (X) of the tumours. Relapse was recorded in 7.3% (A) and 21.4% (X). Spontaneous remission was observed in 1.9% of untreated tumours. No systemic effect on untreated tumours was detected. During treatment varying degrees of local inflammatory reaction were common. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both treatments were considered effective and safe. Smaller tumours responded more favourably to treatment. Relapse rate was low and not observed in sarcoids with repeat biopsies before treatment termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina M Pettersson
- District and Official Veterinarian, Swedish Board of Agriculture, Rådmansgatan 55, Kristinehamn, 681 34, Sweden
| | - Hans Broström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agriculture, Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Patrice Humblot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agriculture, Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Kerstin E Bergvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agriculture, Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
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Semik-Gurgul E. Molecular approaches to equine sarcoids. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:221-230. [PMID: 32654178 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most commonly diagnosed skin tumours in equines. Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are the primary causative agent of sarcoids. There has been intensive research to discover the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to the aetiopathogenesis of this disease and tumour suppressors and proto-oncogenes known to play a role in human neoplastic conditions have been investigated in equine sarcoids. Current approaches include the identification of gene expression profiles, characterising sarcoid and normal skin tissues, and an assessment of epigenetic alterations such as microRNA differential expression and DNA methylation status. This review focuses on selected groups of genes that contribute to the molecular mechanisms of sarcoid formation. These genes have the potential to complement current clinical examinations of equine sarcoid disease in diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic response and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Semik-Gurgul
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
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14
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Martano M, Altamura G, Power K, Restucci B, Carella F, Borzacchiello G, Maiolino P. Evaluation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha (HIF-1α) in Equine Sarcoid: An Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Study. Pathogens 2020; 9:E58. [PMID: 31947661 PMCID: PMC7168668 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND equine sarcoids are the most frequent skin tumors in equidae worldwide. It is well known that delta bovine papillomaviruses are their causative agents. We have recently shown the presence in equine sarcoids of abnormal vessel structures, which could cause a hypoxic condition. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in a subset of BPV positive equine sarcoids and explore the relationship with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. RESULTS 80% of equine sarcoids showed strong cytoplasmic staining in >60% of neoplastic fibroblasts, while 20% of samples showed a moderate cytoplasmic staining in 40-60% of neoplastic fibroblasts for HIF-1α. Results of Western blotting (WB) were consistent with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Moreover, a positive correlation between HIF-1α and VEGF expression (r = 0.60, p < 0.01) was observed. CONCLUSION we have shown that HIF-1α was strongly expressed in equine sarcoid. The upregulation of HIF-1α has been described in numerous tumors and can be modulated by many proteins encoded by transforming viruses. Thus, it is also possible that BPV could have a relevant role in HIF-1α pathway regulation, contributing to the development of equine sarcoids by promoting HIF-1α/VEGF mediated tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Francesca Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
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15
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Knottenbelt DC. The Equine Sarcoid: Why Are There so Many Treatment Options? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:243-262. [PMID: 31097356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article discusses the main treatments for sarcoid and the specific difficulties of these. It explains to some extent why the frustrations of a condition for which there is no single treatment option have led to the burgeoning of an industry of irrational treatments. The factors that need to be considered before selecting an option for treatment are wider than is the case in most other disease entities as a result of the complexity of the condition, its variable phenotypes, and the individual perceptions and experiences of both veterinarians and owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Knottenbelt
- Equine Medical Solutions Ltd, STEP Building, Kildean Business & Enterprise Hub, 146 Drip Road, Stirling, Scotland, FK8 1RW, UK.
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16
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Unger L, Jagannathan V, Pacholewska A, Leeb T, Gerber V. Differences in miRNA differential expression in whole blood between horses with sarcoid regression and progression. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:241-250. [PMID: 30506726 PMCID: PMC6335546 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently no methods are available to predict the clinical outcome of individual horses with equine sarcoid (ES) disease. Objective To investigate if whole blood microRNA (miRNA) profiles can predict the long‐term development of ES tumors. Animals Five horses with regression and 5 with progression of ES lesions monitored over 5‐7 years and 5 control horses free of ES for at least 5 years. Methods For this cohort study, RNA extracted from whole blood samples from the regression, progression, and control groups was used for high throughput sequencing. Known and novel miRNAs were identified using miRDeep2 and differential expression analysis was carried out by the DESeq2 algorithm. Target gene and pathway prediction as well as enrichment and network analyses were conducted using TarBase, mirPath, and metaCore from GeneGo. Results Fourteen miRNAs were differentially expressed between regression and progression groups after accounting for the control condition: 4 miRNAs (28.6%) were upregulated and 10 miRNAs (71.4%) were downregulated with >2‐fold change. Seven of the 10 downregulated miRNAs are encoded in an miRNA cluster on equine chromosome 24, homologous to the well‐known 14q32 cluster in humans. Their target genes show enrichment for pathways involved in viral carcinogenesis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Whole blood miRNA expression profiles are associated with long‐term ES growth in horses and warrant further validation as prognostic biomarkers in a larger study cohort. Deregulation of miRNAs on equine chromosome 24 might represent a trigger for ES development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Unger
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alicja Pacholewska
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Koch C, Martens A, Hainisch E, Schüpbach G, Gerber V, Haspeslagh M. The clinical diagnosis of equine sarcoids — Part 1: Assessment of sensitivity and specificity using a multicentre case-based online examination. Vet J 2018; 242:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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