1
|
Pinto N, Nissa MU, Yashwanth BS, Sathiyanarayanan A, Pai MGJ, Srivastava S, Goswami M. Proteomics analysis of differentially abundant proteins in the rohu kidney infected with Edwardsiella tarda. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 50:101221. [PMID: 38430708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda (Et) is a zoonotic gram-negative pathogen with a diverse host range, including fish. However, the in-depth molecular mechanisms underlying the response of Labeo rohita (rohu) kidney to Et are poorly understood. A proteomic and histopathological analysis was performed for the rohu kidney after Et infection. The histopathology of the infected rohu kidney showed vacuolation and necrosis. After LC-MS/MS analysis, ~1240 proteins were identified with ≥2 unique peptides. A total of 96 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were observed between the control and Et infected group (ET). Metascape and STRING analysis were used for the gene ontology (GO), and protein-protein interaction network (PPI) for the significant pathways of DAPs. In PPI, low-abundant proteins were mapped to metabolic pathways and oxidative phosphorylation (cox5ab, uqcrfs1). High-abundance proteins were mapped to ribosomes (rplp2), protein process in the ER (hspa8), and immune system (ptgdsb.1, muc2). Our label-free proteomic approach in the rohu kidney revealed abundant enriched proteins involved in vesicle coat (ehd4), complement activation (c3a.1, c9, c7a), phagosome (thbs4, mapk1), metabolic reprogramming (hao1, glud1a), wound healing (vim, alox5), and the immune system (psap) after Et infection. A targeted proteomics approach of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) validated the DAPs (nprl3, ambp, vmo1a, hspg2, muc2, hao1 and glud1a) between control and ET. Overall, the current analysis of histology and proteome in the rohu kidney provides comprehensive data on pathogenicity and the potential immune proteins against Et.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevil Pinto
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India. https://twitter.com/pintonevil8
| | - Mehar Un Nissa
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - B S Yashwanth
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - A Sathiyanarayanan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - Medha Gayathri J Pai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India. https://twitter.com/Sanjeeva_IITB
| | - Mukunda Goswami
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Janda JM, Duman M. Expanding the Spectrum of Diseases and Disease Associations Caused by Edwardsiella tarda and Related Species. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1031. [PMID: 38792860 PMCID: PMC11124366 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12051031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Edwardsiella, previously residing in the family Enterobacteriaceae and now a member of the family Hafniaceae, is currently composed of five species, although the taxonomy of this genus is still unsettled. The genus can primarily be divided into two pathogenic groups: E. tarda strains are responsible for almost all human infections, and two other species (E. ictaluri, E. piscicida) cause diseases in fish. Human infections predominate in subtropical habitats of the world and in specific geospatial regions with gastrointestinal disease, bloodborne infections, and wound infections, the most common clinical presentations in decreasing order. Gastroenteritis can present in many different forms and mimic other intestinal disturbances. Chronic gastroenteritis is not uncommon. Septicemia is primarily found in persons with comorbid conditions including malignancies and liver disease. Mortality rates range from 9% to 28%. Most human infections are linked to one of several risk factors associated with freshwater or marine environments such as seafood consumption. In contrast, edwardsiellosis in fish is caused by two other species, in particular E. ictaluri. Both E. ictaluri and E. piscicida can cause massive outbreaks of disease in aquaculture systems worldwide, including enteric septicemia in channel catfish and tilapia. Collectively, these species are increasingly being recognized as important pathogens in clinical and veterinary medicine. This article highlights and provides a current perspective on the taxonomy, microbiology, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of this increasingly important group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Janda
- Kern County Public Health Laboratory, Bakersfield, CA 93306, USA
| | - Muhammed Duman
- Aquatic Animal Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vishnupriya V, Swaminathan TR, Dharmarathnam A, Sharma SRK, Preena PG. Virulent and Multi-drug-Resistant Edwardsiella tarda Infection in Oscar Fish: Unveiling the Threat of Mass Mortality and AMR Dissemination. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:174. [PMID: 38753164 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus) is among the most commonly domesticated and exported ornamental fish species from Kerala. The ornamental fish industry faces a significant challenge with the emergence of diseases caused by multi-drug-resistant bacteria. In the present study, six isolates were resolved from the diseased Oscar fish showing haemorrhages, necrosis, and loss of pigmentation. After phenotypic and genotypic characterization, the bacteria were identified as Edwardsiella tarda, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Brevibacillus borstelensis, and Staphylococcus hominis. Experimental challenge studies in healthy Oscar fish showed that E. tarda caused 100% mortality within 240 h with 6.99 × 106 CFU/fish as LD50 and histopathology revealed the typical signs of infection. The pathogen was re-recovered from the moribund fish thereby confirming Koch's postulates. E. tarda was confirmed through the positive amplification of tarda-specific gene and virulence genes viz., etfD and escB were also detected using PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility tests using disc diffusion displayed that the pathogen is multi-drug-resistant towards antibiotics belonging to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and quinolones categories with a MAR index of 0.32, which implicated the antibiotic pressure in the farm. Plasmid curing studies showed a paradigm shift in the resistance pattern with MAR index of 0.04, highlighting the resistance genes are plasmid-borne except for the chromosome-borne tetracycline resistance gene (tetA). This study is the first of its kind in detecting mass mortality caused by E. tarda in Oscar fish. Vigilant surveillance and strategic actions are crucial for the precise detection of pathogens and AMR in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayan Vishnupriya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Faculty of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala, 682506, India
| | - T Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular Aquatic Genetic Resources, Centre of ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, P.O. Number 1603, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, CIFT Junction, Willingdon Island, Matsyapuri P.O., Kochi, Kerala, 682029, India
| | - Arathi Dharmarathnam
- Peninsular Aquatic Genetic Resources, Centre of ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, P.O. Number 1603, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - S R Krupesha Sharma
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North PO, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - P G Preena
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Faculty of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala, 682506, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fernández A, Suárez-Santana C, Alonso-Almorox P, Consoli FA, Suárez González Z, Molpeceres-Diego I, Iglesias González C, Hernández ML, Pérez AH, Martín-Barrasa JL, Llorente LI, Medina FM, Guzmán RG, Rueda DL, Arbelo M, Sierra E. Case Report: Ambergris coprolite and septicemia in a male sperm whale stranded in La Palma (Canary Islands). Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1388276. [PMID: 38650849 PMCID: PMC11034612 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1388276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
On the 21st of May 2023, a dead adult male sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) of 13 m in length and estimated weight of around 18,000 kg was reportedly stranded at Playa Los Nogales, La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. A necropsy was performed 48hpm. A 50 cm diameter and 9.5 kg coprolite was found obstructing the caudal colon-rectal lumen. Necro-hemorrhagic lesions were found in heart muscles and three different bacteria of intestinal origin were isolated and identified (Edwarsiella tarda, Hathewaya limosa and Clostridium perfringens). It is reported a lethal septicemia of intestinal origin associated with ambergris coprolite as cause of death in this sperm whale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernández
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Marine Mammals Health WOAH col Centre, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Cristian Suárez-Santana
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Marine Mammals Health WOAH col Centre, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Paula Alonso-Almorox
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Marine Mammals Health WOAH col Centre, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Francesco Achille Consoli
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Marine Mammals Health WOAH col Centre, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Zuleima Suárez González
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Marine Mammals Health WOAH col Centre, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ignacio Molpeceres-Diego
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Marine Mammals Health WOAH col Centre, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Claudia Iglesias González
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Marine Mammals Health WOAH col Centre, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - Amaranta Hugo Pérez
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José Luis Martín-Barrasa
- Group of Fish Health and Infectious Diseases, University Institute of Animal Health, and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Country Animal Facility, Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Laura Iglesias Llorente
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Félix M. Medina
- Biodiversity Unit, Cabildo de la Isla de La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Raiden Grandía Guzmán
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Marine Mammals Health WOAH col Centre, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Diego Llinás Rueda
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Marine Mammals Health WOAH col Centre, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Marine Mammals Health WOAH col Centre, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Eva Sierra
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Marine Mammals Health WOAH col Centre, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Veterinary School, Las Palmas, Spain
- Canary Islands Stranding Network, Canary Islands Government, Canary Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xie H, Li W, Zhang R, Li H, Zhang Y, Guo R, Zhang J, Li J, Qing B, Duan W, Wang X. Edwardsiella tarda Causing Septicemia in a Wild Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon). J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:232-235. [PMID: 37972637 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
An adult Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) was found moribund in the Qinling area of China. Postmortem examination and histopathological analysis revealed lung inflammation and multi-organ hemorrhage. Bacterial isolation and whole-genome sequencing confirmed Edwardsiella tarda infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Riteng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruhai Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingnan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junda Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoping Qing
- Shaanxi Hanzhong Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve Administration, Yang County, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbin Duan
- Shaanxi Hanzhong Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve Administration, Yang County, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Razali SA, Shamsir MS, Ishak NF, Low CF, Azemin WA. Riding the wave of innovation: immunoinformatics in fish disease control. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16419. [PMID: 38089909 PMCID: PMC10712311 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of infectious illnesses has been a significant factor restricting aquaculture production. To maximise aquatic animal health, vaccination tactics are very successful and cost-efficient for protecting fish and aquaculture animals against many disease pathogens. However, due to the increasing number of immunological cases and their complexity, it is impossible to manage, analyse, visualise, and interpret such data without the assistance of advanced computational techniques. Hence, the use of immunoinformatics tools is crucial, as they not only facilitate the management of massive amounts of data but also greatly contribute to the creation of fresh hypotheses regarding immune responses. In recent years, advances in biotechnology and immunoinformatics have opened up new research avenues for generating novel vaccines and enhancing existing vaccinations against outbreaks of infectious illnesses, thereby reducing aquaculture losses. This review focuses on understanding in silico epitope-based vaccine design, the creation of multi-epitope vaccines, the molecular interaction of immunogenic vaccines, and the application of immunoinformatics in fish disease based on the frequency of their application and reliable results. It is believed that it can bridge the gap between experimental and computational approaches and reduce the need for experimental research, so that only wet laboratory testing integrated with in silico techniques may yield highly promising results and be useful for the development of vaccines for fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aisyah Razali
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Biological Security and Sustainability Research Interest Group (BIOSES), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahir Shamsir
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Farahin Ishak
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Chen-Fei Low
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan-Atirah Azemin
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
An L, Chan JL, Nguyen M, Yang S, Deville JG. Case Report: Disseminated Edwardsiella tarda infection in an immunocompromised patient. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1292768. [PMID: 38053529 PMCID: PMC10694257 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1292768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infection caused by bacteria of the Edwardsiella genus is rare and most often presents with gastroenteritis that rarely requires antibiotics. Our case report describes a medically complex patient with chronic steroid use contributing to an immunocompromised state, who presented with fever and abdominal pain. The patient was later found to have Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) bacteremia and underwent paracentesis confirming E. tarda bacterial peritonitis requiring a prolonged antibiotic course. This case report aims to illustrate the presentation, diagnosis, and management of an uncommon infection that can have severe complications especially among immunocompromised patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia An
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Mattel Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - June L. Chan
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Margaret Nguyen
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Mattel Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shangxin Yang
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jaime G. Deville
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Mattel Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Reis FYT, Rocha VP, Janampa-Sarmiento PC, Costa HL, Egger RC, Passos NC, de Assis CHS, Carneiro SP, Santos ÁF, Silva BA, Dorella FA, Leibowitz MP, Luz RK, Pierezan F, Gallani SU, Tavares GC, Figueiredo HCP. Edwardsiella tarda in Tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum): A Pathogenicity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Genetic Analysis of Brazilian Isolates. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2910. [PMID: 37760310 PMCID: PMC10526069 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a crucial pathogenic bacterium in tropical aquaculture. This bacterium was recently isolated from tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a commercially important fish species in Brazil. This study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility, pathogenicity, and genetic diversity of the tambaqui-derived E. tarda isolates. Fourteen bacterial isolates isolated from tambaqui were identified as E. tarda by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and dnaJ gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted against seven drugs using the disc diffusion assay. The pathogenicity test conducted by intraperitoneal injection of 2.4 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) fish-1 of E. tarda (ED38-17) into tambaqui juveniles eventually revealed that neither clinical signs nor death were present. However, splenomegaly and whitish areas in the spleen and kidneys were observed. The histological investigation also revealed granulomatous splenitis, nephritis, and hepatitis occurring internally. Repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR fingerprinting separated the 14 isolates into three genetic groups. The antibiogram revealed that all E. tarda isolates were wild-type (WT) to florfenicol (FLO), norfloxacin (NOR), neomycin (NEO), erythromycin (ERY), and oxytetracycline (OXY); however, some were non-wild-type to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (7.1%) and amoxicillin (21.4%). Therefore, through experimental infection, E. tarda ED38-17 could induce pathogenic effects in C. macropomum. Additionally, three distinct genetic types were found, and the E. tarda isolates were WT to FLO, NOR, NEO, ERY, and OXY. These findings raise awareness of a bacteria causing unseen lesions, a pathogen that will potentially impact tambaqui aquaculture in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Yan Tavares Reis
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Victória Pontes Rocha
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Peter Charrie Janampa-Sarmiento
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Henrique Lopes Costa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Renata Catão Egger
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Naísa Cristine Passos
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Carlos Henrique Santos de Assis
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Sarah Portes Carneiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Ágna Ferreira Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Brendhal Almeida Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Fernanda Alves Dorella
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Márcia Pimenta Leibowitz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Ronald Kennedy Luz
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pierezan
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Umeda Gallani
- Postgraduate Program in Aquaculture, Nilton Lins University, Manaus 69058-030, AM, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Campos Tavares
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Henrique César Pereira Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rehman MNU, Dawar FU, Zeng J, Fan L, Feng W, Wang M, Yang N, Guo G, Zheng J. Complete genome sequence analysis of Edwardsiella tarda SC002 from hatchlings of Siamese crocodile. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1140655. [PMID: 36968469 PMCID: PMC10034365 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1140655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium and the causative agent of the systemic disease “Edwardsiellosis”. It is commonly prevalent in aquatic organisms with subsequent economic loss and hence has attracted increasing attention from researchers. In this study, we investigated the complete genome sequence of a highly virulent isolate Edwardsiella tarda SC002 isolated from hatchlings of the Siamese crocodile. The genome of SC002 consisted of one circular chromosome of length 3,662,469 bp with a 57.29% G+C content and four novel plasmids. A total of 3,734 protein-coding genes, 12 genomic islands (GIs), 7 prophages, 48 interspersed repeat sequences, 248 tandem repeat sequences, a CRISPR component with a total length of 175 bp, and 171 ncRNAs (tRNA = 106, sRNA = 37, and rRNA = 28) were predicted. In addition, the coding genes of assembled genome were successfully annotated against eight general databases (NR = 3,618/3,734, COG = 2,947/3,734, KEGG = 3,485/3,734, SWISS-PROT = 2,787/3,734, GO = 2,648/3,734, Pfam = 2,648/3,734, CAZy = 130/3,734, and TCDB = 637/3,734) and four pathogenicity-related databases (ARDB = 11/3,734, CARD = 142/3,734, PHI = 538/3,734, and VFDB = 315/3,734). Pan-genome and comparative genome analyses of the complete sequenced genomes confirmed their evolutionary relationships. The present study confirmed that E. tarda SC002 is a potential pathogen bearing a bulk amount of antibiotic resistance, virulence, and pathogenic genes and its open pan-genome may enhance its host range in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nafees Ur Rehman
- Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering (Infection and Immunity), School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Farman Ullah Dawar
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Jifeng Zeng
- Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering (Infection and Immunity), School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering (Infection and Immunity), School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering (Infection and Immunity), School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering (Infection and Immunity), School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Nuo Yang
- Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering (Infection and Immunity), School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Guiying Guo
- Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering (Infection and Immunity), School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiping Zheng
- Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering (Infection and Immunity), School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiping Zheng
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Elgendy MY, Sherif AH, Kenawy AM, Abdelsalam M. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the causative agents of edwardsiellosis causing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) summer mortalities. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105620. [PMID: 35690232 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Edwardsiellosis is a serious bacterial disease affecting Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), causing septicemia and mortalities. Edwardsiella tarda and Edwardsiella anguillarum were isolated from Nile tilapia summer mortality events in Egypt. Diseased fish showed hemorrhagic septicemia, skin erosions, and eye opacity. A total of 24 Edwardsiella spp. isolates were retrieved from the investigated fish specimens. Phenotypic and biochemical characteristics grouped isolates into typical Ed. tarda (n = 14 strains) and atypical Ed. tarda (n = 10 strains). The BLAST analysis of sodB gene sequencing confirmed the conventional identification of typical Ed. tarda strains (n = 14) and reidentified all the atypical strains (n = 10) as Ed. anguillarum. Isolates showed a combination of virulence factors, including biofilm formation (66.6%), hemolysis (100%), chondroitinase (50%), and proteolytic activity (20.8%). The major part of isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, gentamycin antibiotics and harbored tetA, blaCTX-M, and aadA1 resistance genes. Pathogenicity testing of isolates in O. niloticus confirmed their virulence. Challenged fish exhibited septicemic signs similar to naturally diseased fish. Infections in naturally infected tilapia triggered acute and chronic histopathological alterations. Degenerative and necrotic changes were noticed in hematopoietic organs. Granulomas were noticed in between the hepatic parenchyma. The data extracted from the study confirm that accurate identification of the causative agents of edwardsiellosis should be reliant on genetic-based approaches. Analysis of the bacterium virulence properties offers insights into establishing novel therapeutics for edwardsiellosis control. The findings refer to the need for antimicrobial sensitivity testing to minimize antimicrobial resistance and increase therapy efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh Y Elgendy
- Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed H Sherif
- Fish Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Agriculture Research Centre ARC, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Amany M Kenawy
- Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelsalam
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ziarati M, Zorriehzahra MJ, Hassantabar F, Mehrabi Z, Dhawan M, Sharun K, Emran TB, Dhama K, Chaicumpa W, Shamsi S. Zoonotic diseases of fish and their prevention and control. Vet Q 2022; 42:95-118. [PMID: 35635057 PMCID: PMC9397527 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2080298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish and aquatic-derived zoonotic diseases have caused considerable problems in the aquaculture industry and fishery worldwide. In particular, zoonotic diseases can pose widespread threats to humans. With the world’s growing population and potential global trade of aquaculture and fish, the risk of environmental contamination and development of fish and aquatic-derived zoonoses in humans are increasing. The important causes of zoonoses include bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The zoonotic bacterial agents are divided into two main groups: Gram-positive (Mycobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Erysipelothricaceae families) and Gram-negative (Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Pseudomondaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Hafniaceae families). The premier parasitic agents include cestodes (tapeworm; e.g. Diphyllobothrium spp.), trematodes (fluke; e.g. Opisthorchis spp.), and nematodes (round worm; e.g. Anisakis spp.). In addition, protozoan organisms such as Cryptosporidium spp. are also considered fish-derived zoonotic pathogens. Two groups of fish-associated fungi causing basidiobolomycosis and sporotrichosis also pose a zoonotic risk for humans. The majority of the fish-derived zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans mainly via the consumption of improperly cooked or raw fish or fish products. Therefore, the incidence of zoonotic diseases can be reduced by properly processing fish and fish products, e.g. by thermal (heat/freezing) treatment. The prevalence of zoonotic agents in fishes varies seasonally and should be regularly monitored to evaluate the prevalence of pathogens in both wild and cultured fish populations. This review focuses on the fish zoonotic agents/diseases and their control and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ziarati
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra
- Department of Scientific Information and Communication, Iranian Fisheries Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hassantabar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari, I.R. Iran
| | | | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester WA14 5PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A panoptic review of techniques for finfish disease diagnosis: The status quo and future perspectives. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 196:106477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
13
|
da Costa AR, Chideroli RT, Lanes GC, Ferrari NA, Chicoski LM, Batista CE, Pandolfi VCF, Ware C, Griffin MJ, Dos Santos AR, de Carvalho Azevedo VA, da Costa MM, de Pádua Pereira U. Multiplex PCR assay for correct identification of the fish pathogenic species of Edwardsiella genus reveals the presence of E. anguillarum in South America in strains previously characterized as E. tarda. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4225-4235. [PMID: 35332638 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Develop a species-specific multiplex PCR to correctly identify Edwardsiella species in routine diagnostic for fish bacterial diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS The genomes of 62 Edwardsiella spp. isolates available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database were subjected to taxonomic and pan-genomic analyses to identify unique regions that could be exploited by species-specific PCR. The designed primers were tested against isolated Edwardsiella spp. strains, revealing errors in commercial biochemical tests for bacterial classification regarding Edwardsiella species. CONCLUSION Some of the genomes of Edwardsiella spp. in the NCBI platform were incorrectly classified, which can lead to errors in some research. A functional mPCR was developed to differentiate between phenotypically and genetically ambiguous Edwardsiella, with which, we detected the presence of Edwardsiella anguillarum affecting fish in Brazil. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows that the misclassification of Edwardsiella spp in Brazil concealed the presence of E. anguillarum in South America. Also, this review of the taxonomic classification of the Edwardsiella genus is a contribution to the field to help researchers with their sequencing and identification of genomes, showing some misclassifications in online databases that must be corrected, as well as developing an easy assay to characterize Edwardsiella species in an end-point mPCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Roberto da Costa
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Roberta Torres Chideroli
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zootechnics, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Chagas Lanes
- Faculty of Computer Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Natália Amoroso Ferrari
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Larissa Melo Chicoski
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Catiane Estefani Batista
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Victor César Freitas Pandolfi
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Ware
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | | | - Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zootechnics, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Ulisses de Pádua Pereira
- Laboratory of Fish Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Santos RA, Mariz-Ponte N, Martins N, Magalhães R, Jerusik R, Saavedra MJ, Peres H, Oliva-Teles A, Serra CR. In vitro modulation of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) leukocytes by Bacillus spp. extracellular molecules upon bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:285-294. [PMID: 35007747 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of the fish immune system using immunostimulants is an environmentally friendly strategy to minimize bacterial outbreaks in aquaculture. Different biological and synthetic immunostimulants can enhance non-specific innate immune responses by directly activating immune cells. An example are Bacillus spp., known for their immunostimulatory effects, although the exact mechanisms by which Bacillus spp. offer protection against diseases remains to be elucidated. Furthermore, most studies have focused on Bacillus spp. cells, while the immunostimulant effect of their extracellular metabolome, known to harbour biologically important metabolites, including antimicrobial molecules, has been scarcely evaluated. Here, we evaluated the in vitro immune-modulatory properties of extracellular extracts of three Bacillus spp. strains (B. subtilis FI314, B. vezelensis FI436 and B. pumilus FI464), previously isolated from fish-guts and characterized for their in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity against a wide range of fish pathogens. Bacillus spp. extracellular extracts did not affect immune cells viability, but remarkably increased pathogens' phagocytosis when seabream head-kidney leukocytes were challenged with Vibrio anguillarum and Edwardsiella tarda. All extracts significantly increased the engulfment of bacterial pathogens 1 h post-infection. Cells stimulated with the extracellular extracts showed an up-regulation of the expression of immune-relevant genes associated with inflammation, including IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2. In cells challenged with E. tarda, FI314 extracellular extract significantly increased the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2, while FI436 and FI464 significantly increased IL-6 expression. The results of this study revealed that the extracellular molecules from Bacillus spp. fish isolates improved the in vitro response of gilthead seabream immune cells and are thus promising candidates to act as immunostimulants, helping fish fight diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela A Santos
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; CITAB - Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; CECAV - Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Mariz-Ponte
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicole Martins
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rui Magalhães
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Russell Jerusik
- Epicore Networks Inc., 4 Lina Lane, Eastampton, New Jersey, 08060, USA
| | - Maria J Saavedra
- CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; CITAB - Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; CECAV - Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, ECAV, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Cláudia R Serra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Preena PG, Dharmaratnam A, Swaminathan TR. A peek into mass mortality caused by antimicrobial resistant Edwardsiella tarda in goldfish, Carassius auratus in Kerala. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022; 77:1161-1171. [PMID: 35068493 PMCID: PMC8764882 DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is one of the serious threats affecting the worldwide aquaculture. In the present study, four isolates were recovered from diseased goldfish, showing hemorrhages, reported with 60% mass mortality in an ornamental fish farm, Ernakulam, Kerala. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic analysis, the bacteria were identified as Edwardsiella tarda, Citrobacter freundii, Acinetobacter junii and Comammonas testosteronii. Experimental challenge studies using healthy goldfish revealed that among the four isolates, E. tarda alone leads to 100% mortality of experimental fish within 175 degree days and the pathogen could be successfully re-isolated from the moribund fish. The LD50 value of E. tarda was calculated as 9.9 × 105 CFU/fish. The histopathology of the infected tissues of goldfish had shown the typical features of E .tarda infection. The pathogen was found positive for the virulence genes viz., hly, etfA, etfD and eseD as detected using PCR. Thus E. tarda was confirmed as the real causative agent of the disease outbreak. Multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) exhibited by the pathogen towards 19 tested antibiotics with the MAR index of 0.46 highlighted the exposure of antibiotics to the fish in the farm. The existence of antibiotic resistant genes within the plasmid as revealed through plasmid curing studies pointed out the possibility of rapid dissemination of AMR in aquaculture. Hence proper surveillance and appropriate diagnostic methods need to be implemented at regular intervals to mitigate the menace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasannan Geetha Preena
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, P.O. Number 1603, Kochi, 682018 India
| | - Arathi Dharmaratnam
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, P.O. Number 1603, Kochi, 682018 India
| | - Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, P.O. Number 1603, Kochi, 682018 India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
López-Porras A, Griffin MJ, Armwood AR, Camus AC, Waldbieser GC, Ware C, Richardson B, Greenway TE, Rosser TG, Aarattuthodiyil S, Wise DJ. Genetic variability of Edwardsiella piscicida isolates from Mississippi catfish aquaculture with an assessment of virulence in channel and channel × blue hybrid catfish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1725-1751. [PMID: 34251059 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Edwardsiella piscicida causes significant losses in global aquaculture, particularly channel (Ictalurus punctatus) × blue (I. furcatus) hybrid catfish cultured in the south-eastern United States. Emergence of E. piscicida in hybrid catfish is worrisome given current industry trends towards increased hybrid production. The project objectives were to assess intraspecific genetic variability of E. piscicida isolates recovered from diseased channel and hybrid catfish in Mississippi; and determine virulence associations among genetic variants. Repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) using ERIC I and II primers was used to screen 158 E. piscicida diagnostic case isolates. A subsample of 39 E. piscicida isolates, representing predominant rep-PCR profiles, was further characterized using BOX and (GTG)5 rep-PCR primers, virulence gene assessment and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) targeting housekeeping genes gyrb, pgi and phoU. The MLSA provided greater resolution than rep-PCR, revealing 5 discrete phylogroups that correlated similarly with virulence gene profiles. Virulence assessments using E. piscicida representatives from each MLSA group resulted in 14-day cumulative mortality ranging from 22% to 54% and 63 to 72% in channel and hybrid fingerlings, respectively. Across all phylogroups, mortality was higher in hybrid catfish (p < .05), supporting previous work indicating E. piscicida is an emerging threat to hybrid catfish aquaculture in the south-eastern United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián López-Porras
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
- Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Abigail R Armwood
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Waldbieser
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Cynthia Ware
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
- Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Bradley Richardson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Terrence E Greenway
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Thomas Graham Rosser
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Suja Aarattuthodiyil
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - David J Wise
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bacillus spp. Inhibit Edwardsiella tarda Quorum-Sensing and Fish Infection. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110602. [PMID: 34822473 PMCID: PMC8623655 DOI: 10.3390/md19110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The disruption of pathogen communication or quorum-sensing (QS) via quorum-quenching (QQ) molecules has been proposed as a promising strategy to fight bacterial infections. Bacillus spp. have recognizable biotechnology applications, namely as probiotic health-promoting agents or as a source of natural antimicrobial molecules, including QQ molecules. This study characterized the QQ potential of 200 Bacillus spp., isolated from the gut of different aquaculture fish species, to suppress fish pathogens QS. Approximately 12% of the tested Bacillus spp. fish isolates (FI). were able to interfere with synthetic QS molecules. Ten isolates were further selected as producers of extracellular QQ-molecules and their QQ capacity was evaluated against the QS of important aquaculture bacterial pathogens, namely Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Photobacterium damselae, Edwardsiela tarda, and Shigella sonnei. The results revealed that A. veronii and E. tarda produce QS molecules that are detectable by the Chr. violaceum biosensor, and which were degraded when exposed to the extracellular extracts of three FI isolates. Moreover, the same isolates, identified as B. subtilis, B. vezelensis, and B. pumilus, significantly reduced the pathogenicity of E. tarda in zebrafish larvae, increasing its survival by 50%. Taken together, these results identified three Bacillus spp. capable of extracellularly quenching aquaculture pathogen communication, and thus become a promising source of bioactive molecules for use in the biocontrol of aquaculture bacterial diseases.
Collapse
|
18
|
Minimal change disease and subacute interstitial nephritis in association with Edwardsiella tarda gastroenteritis following oyster consumption. IDCases 2021; 25:e01236. [PMID: 34377670 PMCID: PMC8329516 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacillus that is associated with gastroenteritis and a host of other extra-intestinal manifestations in humans. However, its impact on the kidneys is unclear. Most literature that has explored this association involves fish, marine life in which E. tarda inhabits. We report a rare case of a 72-year-old female who presented with an acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with newfound minimal change disease, subacute interstitial nephritis, and a severe E. tarda infection. Her clinical course resolved with antibiotics and glucocorticoids.
Collapse
|
19
|
Davies YM, Franco LS, Barbosa FB, Vanin CL, Gomes VTM, Moreno LZ, Barbosa MRF, Sato MIZ, Moreno AM, Knöbl T. Use of MALDI-TOF for identification and surveillance of gram-negative bacteria in captive wild psittacines. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e233523. [PMID: 33787713 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.233523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiological studies of the sanitary and health status of psittacine birds that will be reintroduced is important in evaluating whether these animals act as carriers of pathogenic agents to other animals and humans. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a faster and more accurate method to identify bacteria than conventional microbiology methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of psittacines housed in captivity, by assessment of Gram-negative bacteria from fecal microbiota through MALDI- TOF MS identification. The results indicate high frequency of Gram-negative bacteria in feces (96.5%), especially from the Enterobacteriaceae family (88.7%). The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli (39.0%), Proteus vulgaris (12.2%), Klebsiella spp. (12.1%) and Raoultella ornithinolytica (8.7%). Proteus hauseri, Citrobacter spp., Morganella morgannii, Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia hermannii were isolated with lower frequency. . All these agents are potentially pathogenic for parrots and can cause systemic infections in other animals and humans. These findings reinforce that MALDI- TOF MS proved to be a rapid and accurate method of identification of the microorganism and evaluation of the health status of psittacines, providing relevant data to assist decision-making regarding the sanitary protocols in wildlife centers, and possible future reintroduction of wild birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Davies
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L S Franco
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F B Barbosa
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C L Vanin
- Departamento de Fauna da Secretaria de Infraestrutura e Meio Ambiente do estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V T M Gomes
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L Z Moreno
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M R F Barbosa
- Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo - CETESB, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M I Z Sato
- Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo - CETESB, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A M Moreno
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - T Knöbl
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Antimicrobial Resistance analysis of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Freshwater Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Cultured in Kerala, India. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3278-3287. [PMID: 32776225 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aquaculture of popular freshwater species, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), accounts for around 71% of the total global tilapia production. Frequent use of antibiotics for treating bacterial infections in tilapia leads to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. To mitigate the issue, proper evaluation methods and control strategies have to be implemented. This study was aimed to analyze the antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates from the infected Nile tilapia cultured in freshwater. The recovered isolates were identified as Pseudomonas entomophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Comamonas sp, Delftia tsuruhatensis, Aeromonas dhakensis, A. sobria, A. hydrophila, A. lacus, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Vogesella perlucida through phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Using Primer-E software, Shannon Wiener diversity index of the isolates was determined as H' (loge) = 2.58. Antibiotic susceptibility test of the recovered strains through disk diffusion using 47 antibiotics, showed an elevated resistance pattern for Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas entomophila and Comamonas with higher multiple antibiotic resistance indexes (MAR index > 0.3). The minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics was > 256 mcg/ml for most of the resistant isolates. Meanwhile, all the recovered isolates were susceptible to amikacin, aztreonam, kanamycin, cefalexin, cefotaxime, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, piperacillin, and polymyxin-B.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim SG, Giri SS, Yun S, Kim HJ, Kim SW, Kang JW, Han SJ, Kwon J, Jun JW, Oh WT, Park SC. Genomic characterization of bacteriophage pEt-SU, a novel phiKZ-related virus infecting Edwardsiella tarda. Arch Virol 2019; 165:219-222. [PMID: 31630274 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A bacteriophage infecting Edwardsiella tarda (named pEt-SU) was isolated from freshwater collected in Chung-ju, South Korea. The whole genome of pEt-SU was 276,734 bp in length, representing the first giant phage infecting Edwardsiella reported to date. A total of 284 putative open reading frames were predicted and annotated. Morphology and genome analyses verified that pEt-SU may be distantly related to the phiKZ-like phages, a well-known giant myovirus. The findings in this study provide new insights into the phages infecting E. tarda ads well as fundamental data for the study of giant phages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Guen Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Saekil Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Han
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kwon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Taek Oh
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang M, Chen ZG, Zheng J, Peng B. Metabolites-Enabled Survival of Crucian Carps Infected by Edwardsiella tarda in High Water Temperature. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1991. [PMID: 31507599 PMCID: PMC6713922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of the major factors that affect the outbreak of infectious disease. Lines of evidences have shown that virulence factors can be controlled by thermo-sensors in bacterial pathogens. However, how temperature influences host's responses to the pathogen is still largely unexplored, and the study of this might pave the way to develop strategies to manage pathogenic bacterial infection. In the present study, we show that finfish Carassius carassius, the crucian carp that is tolerant to a wide range of temperatures, is less susceptible to bacterial infection when grown in 20°C than in 30°C. The different responses of C. carassius to bacterial infection could be partially explained by the distinct metabolisms under the specific temperatures: C. carassius shows elevated tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) but decreased taurine and hypotaurine metabolism as well as lower biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids at 30°C. The decreased abundance of palmitate, threonine, and taurine represents the most characteristic metabolic feature. Consistently, exogenous palmitate, threonine, or taurine enhances the survival of C. carassius to bacterial infection at 30°C in a dose-dependent manner. This effect could be attributed to the inhibition on the TCA cycle by the three metabolites. This notion is further supported by the fact that low concentration of malonate, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, increases the survival of C. carassius at 30°C as well. On the other hand, addition of the three metabolites rescued the decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α1, TNF-α2, IL-1β1, IL-1β2, and lysozyme at 30°C. Taken together, our results revealed an unexpected relationship between temperature and metabolism that orchestrates the immune regulation against infection by bacterial pathogens. Thus, this study shed light on the modulation of finfish physiology to fight against bacterial infection through metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Higher Education Mega Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhuang-Gui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Higher Education Mega Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|