1
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Frighetto G, Zordan MA, Castiello U, Megighian A, Martin JR. Dopamine Modulation of Drosophila Ellipsoid Body Neurons, a Nod to the Mammalian Basal Ganglia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:849142. [PMID: 35492587 PMCID: PMC9048027 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.849142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The central complex (CX) is a neural structure located on the midline of the insect brain that has been widely studied in the last few years. Its role in navigation and goal-oriented behaviors resembles those played by the basal ganglia in mammals. However, the neural mechanisms and the neurotransmitters involved in these processes remain unclear. Here, we exploited an in vivo bioluminescence Ca2+ imaging technique to record the activity in targeted neurons of the ellipsoid body (EB). We used different drugs to evoke excitatory Ca2+-responses, depending on the putative neurotransmitter released by their presynaptic inputs, while concomitant dopamine administration was employed to modulate those excitations. By using a genetic approach to knockdown the dopamine 1-like receptors, we showed that different dopamine modulatory effects are likely due to specific receptors expressed by the targeted population of neurons. Altogether, these results provide new data concerning how dopamine modulates and shapes the response of the ellipsoid body neurons. Moreover, they provide important insights regarding the similitude with mammals as far as the role played by dopamine in increasing and stabilizing the response of goal-related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Frighetto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Saclay, France
| | - Mauro A. Zordan
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Castiello
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Aram Megighian
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jean-René Martin
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Saclay, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-René Martin,
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2
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An orange calcium-modulated bioluminescent indicator for non-invasive activity imaging. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:433-436. [PMID: 30936501 PMCID: PMC6563924 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent indicators are widely used to visualize calcium dynamics downstream of membrane depolarization or G protein-coupled receptor activation, but are poorly suited for non-invasive imaging in mammals. Here, we report a bright calcium-modulated bioluminescent indicator named Orange CaMBI. Orange CaMBI reports calcium dynamics in single cells and, in the context of a transgenic mouse, reveals calcium oscillations in whole organs in an entirely noninvasive manner.
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3
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Abstract
Understanding how activity patterns in specific neural circuits coordinate an animal’s behavior remains a key area of neuroscience research. Genetic tools and a brain of tractable complexity make Drosophila a premier model organism for these studies. Here, we review the wealth of reagents available to map and manipulate neuronal activity with light.
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4
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Marescotti M, Lagogiannis K, Webb B, Davies RW, Armstrong JD. Monitoring brain activity and behaviour in freely moving Drosophila larvae using bioluminescence. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9246. [PMID: 29915372 PMCID: PMC6006295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a bioluminescence method, based on the calcium-reporter Aequorin (AEQ), that exploits targeted transgenic expression patterns to identify activity of specific neural groups in the larval Drosophila nervous system. We first refine, for intact but constrained larva, the choice of Aequorin transgene and method of delivery of the co-factor coelenterazine and assay the luminescence signal produced for different neural expression patterns and concentrations of co-factor, using standard photo-counting techniques. We then develop an apparatus that allows simultaneous measurement of this neural signal while video recording the crawling path of an unconstrained animal. The setup also enables delivery and measurement of an olfactory cue (CO2) and we demonstrate the ability to record synchronized changes in Kenyon cell activity and crawling speed caused by the stimulus. Our approach is thus shown to be an effective and affordable method for studying the neural basis of behavior in Drosophila larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Marescotti
- Brainwave-Discovery Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. .,The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Konstantinos Lagogiannis
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,Centre Of Developmental Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Webb
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - R Wayne Davies
- Brainwave-Discovery Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - J Douglas Armstrong
- Brainwave-Discovery Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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5
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Boss C, Bouche N, De Marchi U. Encapsulated Optically Responsive Cell Systems: Toward Smart Implants in Biomedicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701148. [PMID: 29283209 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Managing increasingly prevalent chronic diseases will require close continuous monitoring of patients. Cell-based biosensors may be used for implantable diagnostic systems to monitor health status. Cells are indeed natural sensors in the body. Functional cellular systems can be maintained in the body for long-term implantation using cell encapsulation technology. By taking advantage of recent progress in miniaturized optoelectronic systems, the genetic engineering of optically responsive cells may be combined with cell encapsulation to generate smart implantable cell-based sensing systems. In biomedical research, cell-based biosensors may be used to study cell signaling, therapeutic effects, and dosing of bioactive molecules in preclinical models. Today, a wide variety of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors have been developed for real-time imaging of living cells. Here, recent developments in genetically encoded sensors, cell encapsulation, and ultrasmall optical systems are highlighted. The integration of these components in a new generation of biosensors is creating innovative smart in vivo cell-based systems, bringing novel perspectives for biomedical research and ultimately allowing unique health monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Boss
- Device EngineeringNestlé Institute of Health Sciences EPFL Innovation Park Lausanne CH‐1015 Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bouche
- Device EngineeringNestlé Institute of Health Sciences EPFL Innovation Park Lausanne CH‐1015 Switzerland
| | - Umberto De Marchi
- Mitochondrial FunctionNestlé Institute of Health Sciences EPFL Innovation Park Lausanne CH‐1015 Switzerland
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6
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Sharifian S, Homaei A, Hemmati R, B Luwor R, Khajeh K. The emerging use of bioluminescence in medical research. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:74-86. [PMID: 29477474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence is the light produced by a living organism and is commonly emitted by sea life with Ca2+-regulated photoproteins being the most responsible for bioluminescence emission. Marine coelenterates provide important functions involved in essential purposes such as defense, feeding, and breeding. In this review, the main characteristics of marine photoproteins including aequorin, clytin, obelin, berovin, pholasin and symplectin from different marine organisms will be discussed. We will focused on the recent use of recombinant photoproteins in different biomedical research fields including the measurement of Ca2+ in different intracellular compartments of animal cells, as labels in the design and development of binding assays. This review will also outline how bioluminescent photoproteins have been used in a plethora of analytical methods including ultra-sensitive assays and in vivo imaging of cellular processes. Due to their unique properties including elective intracellular distribution, wide dynamic range, high signal-to-noise ratio and low Ca2+-buffering effect, recombinant photoproteins represent a promising future analytical tool in several in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Sharifian
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Roohullah Hemmati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery, Level 5, Clinical Sciences Building, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Betzer O, Perets N, Angel A, Motiei M, Sadan T, Yadid G, Offen D, Popovtzer R. In Vivo Neuroimaging of Exosomes Using Gold Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10883-10893. [PMID: 28960957 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are emerging as effective therapeutic tools for various pathologies. These extracellular vesicles can bypass biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, and can serve as powerful drug and gene therapy transporters. However, the progress of therapy development is impeded by several challenges, including insufficient data on exosome trafficking and biodistribution and the difficulty to image deep brain structures in vivo. Herein, we established a method for noninvasive in vivo neuroimaging and tracking of exosomes, based on glucose-coated gold nanoparticle (GNP) labeling and computed tomography imaging. Labeling of exosomes with the GNPs was achieved directly, as opposed to the typical and less efficient indirect labeling mode through parent cells. On the mechanistic level, we found that the glucose-coated GNPs were uptaken into MSC-derived exosomes via an active, energy-dependent mechanism that is mediated by the glucose transporter GLUT-1 and involves endocytic proteins. Next, we determined optimal parameters of size and administration route; we demonstrated that 5 nm GNPs enabled improved exosome labeling and that intranasal, compared to intravenous, administration led to superior brain accumulation and thus enhanced in vivo neuroimaging. Furthermore, using a mouse model of focal brain ischemia, we noninvasively tracked intranasally administered GNP-labeled exosomes, which showed increased accumulation at the lesion site over 24 h, as compared to nonspecific migration and clearance from control brains over the same period. Thus, this exosome labeling technique can serve as a powerful diagnostic tool for various brain disorders and could potentially enhance exosome-based treatments for neuronal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nisim Perets
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ariel Angel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Offen
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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8
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Sharifian S, Homaei A, Hemmati R, Khajeh K. Light emission miracle in the sea and preeminent applications of bioluminescence in recent new biotechnology. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 172:115-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Murmu MS, Martin JR. Interaction between cAMP and intracellular Ca(2+)-signaling pathways during odor-perception and adaptation in Drosophila. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2156-74. [PMID: 27212269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding of an odorant to olfactory receptors triggers cascades of second messenger systems in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Biochemical studies indicate that the transduction mechanism at ORNs is mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and/or inositol,1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3)-signaling pathways in an odorant-dependent manner. However, the interaction between these two second messenger systems during olfactory perception or adaptation processes is much less understood. Here, we used interfering-RNAi to disrupt the level of cAMP alone or in combination with the InsP3-signaling pathway cellular targets, InsP3 receptor (InsP3R) or ryanodine receptor (RyR) in ORNs, and quantify at ORN axon terminals in the antennal lobe, the odor-induced Ca(2+)-response. In-vivo functional bioluminescence Ca(2+)-imaging indicates that a single 5s application of an odor increased Ca(2+)-transients at ORN axon terminals. However, compared to wild-type controls, the magnitude and duration of ORN Ca(2+)-response was significantly diminished in cAMP-defective flies. In a behavioral assay, perception of odorants was defective in flies with a disrupted cAMP level suggesting that the ability of flies to correctly detect an odor depends on cAMP. Simultaneous disruption of cAMP level and InsP3R or RyR further diminished the magnitude and duration of ORN response to odorants and affected the flies' ability to detect an odor. In conclusion, this study provides functional evidence that cAMP and InsP3-signaling pathways act in synergy to mediate odor processing within the ORN axon terminals, which is encoded in the magnitude and duration of ORN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Sriti Murmu
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), Team: Imagerie Cérébrale Fonctionnelle et Comportement, UMR-9197, CNRS/Université Paris Sud, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bat. 32/33, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-René Martin
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), Team: Imagerie Cérébrale Fonctionnelle et Comportement, UMR-9197, CNRS/Université Paris Sud, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bat. 32/33, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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10
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Lim D, Bertoli A, Sorgato M, Moccia F. Generation and usage of aequorin lentiviral vectors for Ca2+ measurement in sub-cellular compartments of hard-to-transfect cells. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:228-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Lark AR, Kitamoto T, Martin JR. In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 26779599 DOI: 10.3791/53705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new method of Ca(2+)-imaging using the bioluminescent reporter GFP-aequorin (GA) has been developed. This new technique relies on the fusion of the GFP and aequorin genes, producing a molecule capable of binding calcium and - with the addition of its cofactor coelenterazine - emitting bright light that can be monitored through a photon collector. Transgenic lines carrying the GFP-aequorin gene have been generated for both mice and Drosophila. In Drosophila, the GFP-aequorin gene has been placed under the control of the GAL4/UAS binary expression system allowing for targeted expression and imaging within the brain. This method has subsequently been shown to be capable of detecting both inward Ca(2+)-transients and Ca(2+)-released from inner stores. Most importantly it allows for a greater duration in continuous recording, imaging at greater depths within the brain, and recording at high temporal resolutions (up to 8.3 msec). Here we present the basic method for using bioluminescent imaging to record and analyze Ca(2+)-activity within the mushroom bodies, a structure central to learning and memory in the fly brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna R Lark
- Equipe: Imagerie Cérébrale Fonctionnelle et Comportements (ICFC), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Nero-PSI), UMR-9197, CNRS/Université Paris Sud; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Graduate College, University of Iowa
| | - Toshihiro Kitamoto
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Graduate College, University of Iowa; Department of Anesthesia, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
| | - Jean-René Martin
- Equipe: Imagerie Cérébrale Fonctionnelle et Comportements (ICFC), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Nero-PSI), UMR-9197, CNRS/Université Paris Sud;
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12
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Ottolini D, Calì T, Brini M. Methods to measure intracellular Ca(2+) fluxes with organelle-targeted aequorin-based probes. Methods Enzymol 2015; 543:21-45. [PMID: 24924126 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801329-8.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The photoprotein aequorin generates blue light upon binding of Ca(2+) ions. Together with its very low Ca(2+)-buffering capacity and the possibility to add specific targeting sequences, this property has rendered aequorin particularly suitable to monitor Ca(2+) concentrations in specific subcellular compartments. Recently, a new generation of genetically encoded Ca(2+) probes has been developed by fusing Ca(2+)-responsive elements with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Aequorin has also been employed to this aim, resulting in an aequorin-GFP chimera with the Ca(2+) sensitivity of aequorin and the fluorescent properties of GFP. This setup has actually solved the major limitation of aequorin, for example, its poor ability to emit light, which rendered it inappropriate for the monitoring of Ca(2+) waves at the single-cell level by imaging. In spite of the numerous genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators that are currently available, aequorin-based probes remain the method of election when an accurate quantification of Ca(2+) levels is required. Here, we describe currently available aequorin variants and their use for monitoring Ca(2+) waves in specific subcellular compartments. Among various applications, this method is relevant for the study of the alterations of Ca(2+) homeostasis that accompany oncogenesis, tumor progression, and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Ottolini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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13
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Bakayan A, Domingo B, Miyawaki A, Llopis J. Imaging Ca(2+) activity in mammalian cells and zebrafish with a novel red-emitting aequorin variant. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:2031-42. [PMID: 25355614 PMCID: PMC4537489 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ monitoring with aequorin is an established bioluminescence technique, whereby the photoprotein emits blue light when it binds to Ca2+. However, aequorin’s blue emission and low quantum yield limit its application for in vivo imaging because blue-green light is greatly attenuated in animal tissues. In earlier work, aequorin was molecularly fused with green, yellow, and red fluorescent proteins, producing an emission shift through bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). We have previously shown that the chimera tandem dimer Tomato-aequorin (tdTA) emits red light in mammalian cells and across the skin and other tissues of mice [1]. In this work, we varied the configuration of the linker in tdTA to maximize energy transfer. One variant, named Redquorin, improved BRET from aequorin to tdTomato to almost a maximum value, and the emission above 575 nm exceeded 73 % of total counts. By pairing Redquorin with appropriate synthetic coelenterazines, agonist-induced and spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in single HEK-293 cells were imaged. In addition, we also imaged Ca2+ transients associated with twitching behavior in developing zebrafish embryos expressing Redquorin during the segmentation period. Furthermore, the emission profile of Redquorin resulted in significant luminescence crossing a blood sample, a highly absorbing tissue. This new tool will facilitate in vivo imaging of Ca2+ from deep tissues of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Bakayan
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB) and Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, C/ Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain
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14
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Marblestone AH, Zamft BM, Maguire YG, Shapiro MG, Cybulski TR, Glaser JI, Amodei D, Stranges PB, Kalhor R, Dalrymple DA, Seo D, Alon E, Maharbiz MM, Carmena JM, Rabaey JM, Boyden ES, Church GM, Kording KP. Physical principles for scalable neural recording. Front Comput Neurosci 2013; 7:137. [PMID: 24187539 PMCID: PMC3807567 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneously measuring the activities of all neurons in a mammalian brain at millisecond resolution is a challenge beyond the limits of existing techniques in neuroscience. Entirely new approaches may be required, motivating an analysis of the fundamental physical constraints on the problem. We outline the physical principles governing brain activity mapping using optical, electrical, magnetic resonance, and molecular modalities of neural recording. Focusing on the mouse brain, we analyze the scalability of each method, concentrating on the limitations imposed by spatiotemporal resolution, energy dissipation, and volume displacement. Based on this analysis, all existing approaches require orders of magnitude improvement in key parameters. Electrical recording is limited by the low multiplexing capacity of electrodes and their lack of intrinsic spatial resolution, optical methods are constrained by the scattering of visible light in brain tissue, magnetic resonance is hindered by the diffusion and relaxation timescales of water protons, and the implementation of molecular recording is complicated by the stochastic kinetics of enzymes. Understanding the physical limits of brain activity mapping may provide insight into opportunities for novel solutions. For example, unconventional methods for delivering electrodes may enable unprecedented numbers of recording sites, embedded optical devices could allow optical detectors to be placed within a few scattering lengths of the measured neurons, and new classes of molecularly engineered sensors might obviate cumbersome hardware architectures. We also study the physics of powering and communicating with microscale devices embedded in brain tissue and find that, while radio-frequency electromagnetic data transmission suffers from a severe power-bandwidth tradeoff, communication via infrared light or ultrasound may allow high data rates due to the possibility of spatial multiplexing. The use of embedded local recording and wireless data transmission would only be viable, however, given major improvements to the power efficiency of microelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H. Marblestone
- Biophysics Program, Harvard UniversityBoston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yael G. Maguire
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
- Plum Labs LLCCambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Joshua I. Glaser
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern UniversityChicago, IL, USA
| | - Dario Amodei
- Department of Radiology, Stanford UniversityPalo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Reza Kalhor
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - David A. Dalrymple
- Biophysics Program, Harvard UniversityBoston, MA, USA
- NemaloadSan Francisco, CA, USA
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dongjin Seo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elad Alon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michel M. Maharbiz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jose M. Carmena
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jan M. Rabaey
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edward S. Boyden
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
- Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
| | - George M. Church
- Biophysics Program, Harvard UniversityBoston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBoston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Konrad P. Kording
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, USA
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, The Rehabilitation Institute of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
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15
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Russell JT. Imaging calcium signals in vivo: a powerful tool in physiology and pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1605-25. [PMID: 20718728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and engineering of organic fluorescent Ca(2+) indicators approximately 30 years ago opened the door for imaging cellular Ca(2+) signals with a high degree of temporal and spatial resolution. Over this time, Ca(2+) imaging has revolutionized our approaches for tissue-level spatiotemporal analysis of functional organization and has matured into a powerful tool for in situ imaging of cellular activity in the living animal. In vivo Ca(2+) imaging with temporal resolution at the millisecond range and spatial resolution at micrometer range has been achieved through novel designs of Ca(2+) sensors, development of modern microscopes and powerful imaging techniques such as two-photon microscopy. Imaging Ca(2+) signals in ensembles of cells within tissue in 3D allows for analysis of integrated cellular function, which, in the case of the brain, enables recording activity patterns in local circuits. The recent development of miniaturized compact, fibre-optic-based, mechanically flexible microendoscopes capable of two-photon microscopy opens the door for imaging activity in awake, behaving animals. This development is poised to open a new chapter in physiological experiments and for pharmacological approaches in the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Russell
- Section on Cell Biology and Signal Transduction, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/NIH, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4480, USA.
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16
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Webb SE, Miller AL. Aequorin-based genetic approaches to visualize Ca2+ signaling in developing animal systems. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:1160-8. [PMID: 22198462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, as our understanding of the various roles played by Ca2+ signaling in development and differentiation has expanded, the challenge of imaging Ca2+ dynamics within living cells, tissues, and whole animal systems has been extended to include specific signaling activity in organelles and non-membrane bound sub-cellular domains. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review we outline how recent advances in genetics and molecular biology have contributed to improving and developing current bioluminescence-based Ca2+ imaging techniques. Reporters can now be targeted to specific cell types, or indeed organelles or domains within a particular cell. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS These advances have contributed to our current understanding of the specificity and heterogeneity of developmental Ca2+ signaling. The improvement in the spatial resolution that results from specifically targeting a Ca2+ reporter has helped to reveal how a ubiquitous signaling messenger like Ca2+ can regulate coincidental but different signaling events within an individual cell; a Ca2+ signaling paradox that until now has been hard to explain. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Techniques used to target specific reporters via genetic means will have applications beyond those of the Ca2+ signaling field, and these will, therefore, make a significant contribution in extending our understanding of the signaling networks that regulate animal development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemical, biophysical and genetic approaches to intracellular calcium signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Inoshita T, Martin JR, Marion-Poll F, Ferveur JF. Peripheral, central and behavioral responses to the cuticular pheromone bouquet in Drosophila melanogaster males. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19770. [PMID: 21625481 PMCID: PMC3098836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheromonal communication is crucial with regard to mate choice in many animals including insects. Drosophila melanogaster flies produce a pheromonal bouquet with many cuticular hydrocarbons some of which diverge between the sexes and differently affect male courtship behavior. Cuticular pheromones have a relatively high weight and are thought to be -- mostly but not only -- detected by gustatory contact. However, the response of the peripheral and central gustatory systems to these substances remains poorly explored. We measured the effect induced by pheromonal cuticular mixtures on (i) the electrophysiological response of peripheral gustatory receptor neurons, (ii) the calcium variation in brain centers receiving these gustatory inputs and (iii) the behavioral reaction induced in control males and in mutant desat1 males, which show abnormal pheromone production and perception. While male and female pheromones induced inhibitory-like effects on taste receptor neurons, the contact of male pheromones on male fore-tarsi elicits a long-lasting response of higher intensity in the dedicated gustatory brain center. We found that the behavior of control males was more strongly inhibited by male pheromones than by female pheromones, but this difference disappeared in anosmic males. Mutant desat1 males showed an increased sensitivity of their peripheral gustatory neurons to contact pheromones and a behavioral incapacity to discriminate sex pheromones. Together our data indicate that cuticular hydrocarbons induce long-lasting inhibitory effects on the relevant taste pathway which may interact with the olfactory pathway to modulate pheromonal perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Inoshita
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Unité Mixte de Recherche-6265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche-1324 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-René Martin
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie and Développement, Unité Propre de Recherche 3294, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Marion-Poll
- Physiologie de l'Insecte: Signalisation et Communication, Unité Mixte de Recherche-1272 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Département Science de la Vie et Santé, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Unité Mixte de Recherche-6265 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche-1324 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Bioluminescence imaging of Arc expression enables detection of activity-dependent and plastic changes in the visual cortex of adult mice. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 216:91-104. [PMID: 21170725 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Induction of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein gene (Arc), one of the immediate early genes, in the brain correlates with various sensory processes, natural behaviors, and pathological conditions. Arc is also involved in synaptic plasticity during development. Thus, in vivo monitoring of Arc expression is useful for the analysis of physiological and pathological conditions in the brain. Recently, in vivo imaging of Arc expression using various green fluorescent protein-based probes has been reported; however, these probes can only be applied for the detection of fluorescence signals from superficial layers of the cortex with some autofluorescence noise. Here, we generated a novel transgenic mouse strain to monitor the neuronal-activity-dependent Arc expression using bioluminescence signals in vivo. Because of the very high sensitivity with a high signal-to-noise ratio, we detected neuronal-activity-dependent plastic changes in the bioluminescence signal intensity in the mouse visual cortex after visual deprivation, suggesting structural plasticity after peripheral lesions in adults. We also detected drastic changes in bioluminescence signals after seizure induction with kainic acid. Our novel mouse strain will be valuable for the continuous monitoring of neuronal-activity-dependent Arc expression in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Wang X, Garfinkel SN, King AP, Angstadt M, Dennis MJ, Xie H, Welsh RC, Tamburrino MB, Liberzon I. A multiple-plane approach to measure the structural properties of functionally active regions in the human cortex. Neuroimage 2010; 49:3075-85. [PMID: 19922802 PMCID: PMC2821824 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide the means of studying both the structural and the functional properties of various brain regions, allowing us to address the relationship between the structural changes in human brain regions and the activity of these regions. However, analytical approaches combining functional (fMRI) and structural (sMRI) information are still far from optimal. In order to improve the accuracy of measurement of structural properties in active regions, the current study tested a new analytical approach that repeated a surface-based analysis at multiple planes crossing different depths of cortex. Twelve subjects underwent a fear conditioning study. During these tasks, fMRI and sMRI scans were acquired. The fMRI images were carefully registered to the sMRI images with an additional correction for cortical borders. The fMRI images were then analyzed with the new multiple-plane surface-based approach as compared to the volume-based approach, and the cortical thickness and volume of an active region were measured. The results suggested (1) using an additional correction for cortical borders and an intermediate template image produced an acceptable registration of fMRI and sMRI images; (2) surface-based analysis at multiple depths of cortex revealed more activity than the same analysis at any single depth; (3) projection of active surface vertices in a ribbon fashion improved active volume estimates; and (4) correction with gray matter segmentation removed non-cortical regions from the volumetric measurement of active regions. In conclusion, the new multiple-plane surface-based analysis approaches produce improved measurement of cortical thickness and volume of active brain regions. These results support the use of novel approaches for combined analysis of functional and structural neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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