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Shah I, Antonijevic T, Chambers B, Harrill J, Thomas R. Estimating Hepatotoxic Doses Using High-Content Imaging in Primary Hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:285-301. [PMID: 34289070 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Using in vitro data to estimate point of departure (POD) values is an essential component of new approach methodologies (NAM)-based chemical risk assessments. In this case study, we evaluated a NAM for hepatotoxicity based on rat primary hepatocytes, high-content imaging (HCI), and toxicokinetic modeling. First, we treated rat primary hepatocytes with 10 concentrations (0.2 to 100 µM) of 51 chemicals that produced hepatotoxicity in repeat-dose subchronic and chronic exposures. Second, we used HCI to measure endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial function, lysosomal mass, steatosis, apoptosis, DNA texture, nuclear size, and cell number at 24, 48, and 72 h and calculated concentrations at 50% maximal activity (AC50). Third, we estimated administered equivalent doses (AEDs) from AC50 values using toxicokinetic modeling. AEDs using physiologically-based toxicokinetic models were 4.1-fold (SD 6.3) and 8.1-fold (SD 15.5) lower than subchronic and chronic lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs), respectively. In contrast, AEDs from ToxCast and Tox21 assays were 89.8-fold (SD 149.5) and 168-fold (SD 323.7) lower than subchronic and chronic LOAELs. Individual HCI end-points also estimated AEDs for specific hepatic lesions that were lower than in vivo PODs. Lastly, AEDs were similar for different in vitro exposure durations, but steady-state toxicokinetic models produced 7.6-fold lower estimates than dynamic physiologically-based ones. Our findings suggest that NAMs from diverse cell types provide conservative estimates of PODs. In contrast, NAMs based on the same species and cell type as the adverse outcome may produce estimates closer to the traditional in vivo PODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Shah
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todor Antonijevic
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), USA
| | - Bryant Chambers
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua Harrill
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Russell Thomas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Mukherjee S, Bollu VS, Roy A, Nethi SK, Madhusudana K, Kumar JM, Sistla R, Patra CR. Acute Toxicity, Biodistribution, and Pharmacokinetics Studies of Pegylated Platinum Nanoparticles in Mouse Model. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Mukherjee
- Department of Applied Biology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Vishnu Sravan Bollu
- Department of Applied Biology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Applied Biology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Susheel Kumar Nethi
- Department of Applied Biology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Kuncha Madhusudana
- Department of Applied Biology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
| | - Jerald Mahesh Kumar
- CSIR – Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Department of Applied Biology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Chitta Ranjan Patra
- Department of Applied Biology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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Takahashi N, Misumi M, Niwa Y, Murakami H, Ohishi W, Inaba T, Nagamachi A, Tanaka S, Braga Tanaka I, Suzuki G. Effects of Radiation on Blood Pressure and Body Weight in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Model. Are Radiation Effects on Blood Pressure Affected by Genetic Background? Radiat Res 2020; 193:552-559. [PMID: 32150496 DOI: 10.1667/rr15536.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we utilized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wister Kyoto rats (WKY), from which the SHR was established, to evaluate the effects of whole-body acute radiation on the cardiovascular system at doses from 0 to 4 Gy. In the irradiated SHR, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased with increasing dose, while body weight gain decreased with increasing radiation dose. Furthermore, pathological observations of SHR demonstrated that the number of rats with cystic degeneration in the liver increased with increasing dose. The effects observed among SHR, such as increased SBP and retardation of body weight gain, appear very similar to those observed in Japanese atomic bomb survivors. In contrast, the SBP among WKY did not change relative to dose; the body weight, however, did change, as in the SHR. Therefore, the association between radiation exposure and SBP, but not between radiation exposure and retardation of body weight gain, may be affected by genetic background, as evident from strain difference. These results suggest that the SHR and WKY animal models may be useful for studying radiation effects on non-cancer diseases including circulatory diseases, chronic liver disease and developmental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Takahashi
- Consultant, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, 732-0815, Japan
| | - Munechika Misumi
- Department of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, 732-0815, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Niwa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, 732-0815, Japan
| | - Hideko Murakami
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, 732-0815, Japan
| | - Waka Ohishi
- Department of Clinical Studies (Hiroshima), Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, 732-0815, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inaba
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Akiko Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, 039-3212, Japan
| | - Ignacia Braga Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, 039-3212, Japan
| | - Gen Suzuki
- International University of Health and Welfare Clinic, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Biochemical assays are not routinely used to assess liver damage in fish, therefore, a histopathological evaluation is usually required to determine the existence or extent of nonneoplastic liver toxicity. Many mammalian pathologists may be uncomfortable when requested to identify and interpret subtle liver changes in these unfamiliar animals. It may be reassuring to note that there are more similarities than differences between fish and mammals in terms of their macro- and microanatomy, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and pathologic responses to hepatotoxic substances. This brief overview addresses several topics pertaining to hepatotoxicity in fish, including: anatomic considerations, that is, how the anatomy of the fish liver may be predictive of its metabolic capacity, and also its microscopic appearance, following exposure to toxins; physiologic considerations, including comparisons between mammalian and fish livers regarding the uptake, elimination, toxification, or detoxification of xenobiotic compounds; morphologic responses to toxicity, in which some of the general types of findings that are most commonly observed in cases or studies of fish hepatotoxicity are highlighted; and last, responses of the fish liver to specific hepatotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Wolf
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia 20166, USA.
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Tu TY, Hong CY, Sasado T, Kashiwada S, Chen PJ. Early life exposure to a rodent carcinogen propiconazole fungicide induces oxidative stress and hepatocarcinogenesis in medaka fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:52-61. [PMID: 26619215 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Conazole pollution is an emerging concern to human health and environmental safety because of the broad use of conazole fungicides in agriculture and medicine and their frequent occurrence in aquifers. The agricultural pesticide propiconazole has received much regulatory interest because it is a known rodent carcinogen with evidence of multiple adverse effects in mammals and non-targeted organisms. However, the carcinogenic effect and associated mechanism of propiconazole in fish under microgram-per-liter levels of environmental-relevant exposure remains unclear. To explore whether early life of propiconzaole exposure would induce oxidative stress and latent carcinogenic effects in fish, we continuously exposed larvae of wild type or p53(-/-) mutant of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) to propiconazole (2.5-250μg/L) for 3, 7, 14 or 28 days and assessed liver histopathology and/or the oxidative stress response and gene expression during exposure and throughout adulthood. Propiconazole dose-dependently induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, altered homeostasis of antioxidant superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase and caused lipid and protein peroxidation during early life exposure in wild type medaka. Such exposure also significantly upregulated gene expression of the cytochrome P450 CYP1A, but marginally suppressed that of tumor suppressor p53 in adults. Furthermore, histopathology revealed that p53(-/-) mutant medaka with early life exposure to propiconazole showed increased incidence of hepatocarcionogensis, as compared to the p53(-/-) control group and wild type strain. We demonstrated that propiconazole can initiate ROS-mediated oxidative stress and induce hepatic tumorigenesis associated with CYP1A- and/or p53 -mediated pathways with the use of wild type and p53(-/-) mutant of medaka fish. The toxic response of medaka to propiconazole is compatible with that observed in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yi Tu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Yang Hong
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Takao Sasado
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shosaku Kashiwada
- Research Center for Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, the Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Pei-Jen Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hyatt MW, Rosas-Rosas AG, Wolf JC, Frasca S. Spongiosis Hepatis in a Wild Aquarium-Maintained Red Irish Lord. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2015; 27:203-208. [PMID: 26636499 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2015.1091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An aquarium-maintained female Red Irish Lord Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus presented with severe coelomic distension. The fish was anesthetized for ultrasonographic examination, which highlighted multiple cyst-like lesions in the liver and a distended ovary that was filled with follicles and an inspissated egg mass. Multiple exploratory celiotomies were performed for egg mass removal, liver biopsy, ovariosalpingectomy, and body wall rupture repair. Fourteen weeks after original presentation, and subsequent to 2 weeks of anorexia, the fish died. At necropsy, the liver was severely enlarged and distorted by multiple, coalescing, cyst-like spaces with no grossly normal liver parenchyma. The spleen also contained a raised cyst-like structure. Microscopically, the liver had well-demarcated foci of hepatocyte loss with retained meshworks of interconnected, perisinusoidal stellate cells. The fluid-filled spaces surrounded by stellate cells were not lined by epithelium or endothelium. The spleen had similar fluid-filled spaces formed of stellate cells. The cyst-like lesions in the liver were consistent with spongiosis hepatis; however, the concurrent development of a morphologically comparable lesion in the spleen is not typical of spongiosis hepatis cases. This case may represent the first report of spontaneously occurring spongiosis hepatis in a fish maintained in a public aquarium, as well as the first report in a fish of spongiosis hepatis-like lesions in an organ other than the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Hyatt
- a Adventure Aquarium , 1 Riverside Drive, Camden , 08103 , New Jersey , USA
| | - Arely G Rosas-Rosas
- b Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory , Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut , 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3089, Storrs , 06269 , Connecticut , USA
| | - Jeffrey C Wolf
- c Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., 45600 Terminal Drive , Sterling , 20166 , Virginia , USA
| | - Salvatore Frasca
- b Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory , Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut , 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3089, Storrs , 06269 , Connecticut , USA
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7
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Kransler KM, Bachman AN, McKee RH. A comprehensive review of intake estimates of di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) based on indirect exposure models and urinary biomonitoring data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 62:248-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Thoolen B, Maronpot RR, Harada T, Nyska A, Rousseaux C, Nolte T, Malarkey DE, Kaufmann W, Küttler K, Deschl U, Nakae D, Gregson R, Vinlove MP, Brix AE, Singh B, Belpoggi F, Ward JM. Proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the rat and mouse hepatobiliary system. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 38:5S-81S. [PMID: 21191096 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310386499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North America (STP) to develop an internationally-accepted nomenclature for proliferative and non-proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature and differential diagnosis for classifying microscopic lesions observed in the hepatobiliary system of laboratory rats and mice, with color microphotographs illustrating examples of some lesions. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available for society members electronically on the internet (http://goreni.org). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous and aging lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions of the hepatobiliary system in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Thoolen
- Global Pathology Support, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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Ettlin RA, Kuroda J, Plassmann S, Prentice DE. Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings part 1: processes to address issues and most important findings. J Toxicol Pathol 2010; 23:189-211. [PMID: 22272031 PMCID: PMC3234634 DOI: 10.1293/tox.23.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unexpected adverse preclinical findings (APFs) are not infrequently encountered during drug development. Such APFs can be functional disturbances such as QT prolongation, morphological toxicity or carcinogenicity. The latter is of particular concern in conjunction with equivocal genotoxicity results. The toxicologic pathologist plays an important role in recognizing these effects, in helping to characterize them, to evaluate their risk for man, and in proposing measures to mitigate the risk particularly in early clinical trials. A careful scientific evaluation is crucial while termination of the development of a potentially useful drug must be avoided. This first part of the review discusses processes to address unexpected APFs and provides an overview over typical APFs in particular classes of drugs. If the mode of action (MoA) by which a drug candidate produces an APF is known, this supports evaluation of its relevance for humans. Tailor-made mechanistic studies, when needed, must be planned carefully to test one or several hypotheses regarding the potential MoA and to provide further data for risk evaluation. Safety considerations are based on exposure at no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of the most sensitive and relevant animal species and guide dose escalation in clinical trials. The availability of early markers of toxicity for monitoring of humans adds further safety to clinical studies. Risk evaluation is concluded by a weight of evidence analysis (WoE) with an array of parameters including drug use, medical need and alternatives on the market. In the second part of this review relevant examples of APFs will be discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Ettlin
- Ettlin Consulting Ltd., 14 Mittelweg, 4142 Muenchenstein,
Switzerland
| | - Junji Kuroda
- KISSEI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320–1 Maki, Hotaka, Azumino,
Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Stephanie Plassmann
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - David E. Prentice
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
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10
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Ding L, Kuhne WW, Hinton DE, Song J, Dynan WS. Quantifiable biomarkers of normal aging in the Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). PLoS One 2010; 5:e13287. [PMID: 20949019 PMCID: PMC2952620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small laboratory fish share many anatomical and histological characteristics with other vertebrates, yet can be maintained in large numbers at low cost for lifetime studies. Here we characterize biomarkers associated with normal aging in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), a species that has been widely used in toxicology studies and has potential utility as a model organism for experimental aging research. Principal Findings The median lifespan of medaka was approximately 22 months under laboratory conditions. We performed quantitative histological analysis of tissues from age-grouped individuals representing young adults (6 months old), mature adults (16 months old), and adults that had survived beyond the median lifespan (24 months). Livers of 24-month old individuals showed extensive morphologic changes, including spongiosis hepatis, steatosis, ballooning degeneration, inflammation, and nuclear pyknosis. There were also phagolysosomes, vacuoles, and residual bodies in parenchymal cells and congestion of sinusoidal vessels. Livers of aged individuals were characterized by increases in lipofuscin deposits and in the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. Some of these degenerative characteristics were seen, to a lesser extent, in the livers of 16-month old individuals, but not in 6-month old individuals. The basal layer of the dermis showed an age-dependent decline in the number of dividing cells and an increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase. The hearts of aged individuals were characterized by fibrosis and lipofuscin deposition. There was also a loss of pigmented cells from the retinal epithelium. By contrast, age-associated changes were not apparent in skeletal muscle, the ocular lens, or the brain. Significance The results provide a set of markers that can be used to trace the process of normal tissue aging in medaka and to evaluate the effect of environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ding
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Wendy W. Kuhne
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Savannah River Site, Aiken, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - David E. Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - William S. Dynan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tasaki M, Umemura T, Kijima A, Inoue T, Okamura T, Kuroiwa Y, Ishii Y, Nishikawa A. Simultaneous induction of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions with highly proliferative hepatocytes following dietary exposure of rats to tocotrienol for 2 years. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:1021-30. [PMID: 19669731 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It was recently shown that 1-year chronic exposure of rats to tocotrienol (TT) induced highly proliferative liver lesions, nodular hepatocellular hyperplasia (NHH), and independently increased the number of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive hepatocytes. Focusing attention on the pathological intrinsic property of NHH, a 104-week carcinogenicity study was performed in male and female Wistar Hannover rats given TT at concentrations of 0, 0.4 or 2% in the diet. The high-dose level was adjusted to 1% in both sexes from week 51 because the survival rate of the high-dose males dropped to 42% by week 50. At necropsy, multiple cyst-like nodules were observed, as in the chronic study, but were further enlarged in size, which consequently formed a protuberant surface with a partly pedunculated shape in the liver at the high dose in both sexes. Unlike the chronic study, NHH was not always accompanied by spongiosis, and instead angiectasis was prominent in some nodules. However, several findings in the affected hepatocytes such as minimal atypia, no GST-P immunoreactivity and heterogeneous proliferation, implied that NHH did not harbor neoplastic characteristics from increased exposure despite sustained high cell proliferation. On the other hand, in the high-dose females, the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas was significantly higher than in the control. There was no TT treatment-related tumor induction in any other organs besides the liver. Thus, the overall data clearly suggested that NHH is successively enlarged by further long-term exposure to TT, but does not become neoplastic. In contrast, TT induces low levels of hepatocellular adenomas in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Tasaki
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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12
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Induction of characteristic hepatocyte proliferative lesion with dietary exposure of Wistar Hannover rats to tocotrienol for 1 year. Toxicology 2008; 250:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Kotani Y, Kurotaki T, Doi T, Wako Y, Tsuchitani M. Unusual Lipomatous Lesion with Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Possibly Derived from Ito (Perisinusoidal) Cells in a CD-1 Mouse. J Toxicol Pathol 2007. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.20.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takuya Doi
- Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd
| | - Yumi Wako
- Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd
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14
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Kaiserling E, Müller H. Neoplasm of hepatic stellate cells (spongiotic pericytoma): a new tumor entity in human liver. Pathol Res Pract 2005; 201:733-43. [PMID: 16325516 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to classify a previously unknown tumor entity in human liver observed in a 35-year-old woman. It was characterized by an unusual accumulation of fusiform CD34-positive cells and was initially misconceived as a tumor of the liver sinusoids. The tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy and by immunocytochemical techniques with a broad spectrum of antibodies. The polycyclic tumor contained multiple nodular cell aggregates. The tumor cells possessed extensive cytoplasmic processes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, a prominent Golgi complex, and, in isolated cases, fat droplets. They expressed vimentin, CD34, CD105, CD99, CD56, and sm-actin. The matrix surrounding these cells was reactive for collagen types I, III and V, and fibronectin. The unusual aspect of this tumor is that it contained collections of cells that appeared to be hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells). It also contained hepatic cells arranged in plates, lobules, and capillarized sinuses. These findings suggest that the tumorous proliferation of hepatic stellate cells is functionally linked to the hepatocytes. It is unclear whether there is a link between the tumor and the patient's use of oral contraceptives. Referring to animal studies, different hepatocarcinogens may cause neoplastic Ito cell proliferation. The patient has remained recurrence-free during the 12 months since operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kaiserling
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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15
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Babich MA, Chen SB, Greene MA, Kiss CT, Porter WK, Smith TP, Wind ML, Zamula WW. Risk assessment of oral exposure to diisononyl phthalate from children's products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 40:151-67. [PMID: 15450718 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dialkyl phthalates are plasticizers used in household products made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is the principal phthalate in soft plastic toys. Because DINP is not tightly bound to PVC, it may be released when children mouth PVC products. The potential chronic health risks of phthalate exposure to infants have been under scrutiny by regulatory agencies in Europe, Canada, Japan, and the U.S. This report describes a risk assessment of DINP exposure from children's products, by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff. This report includes the findings of a CPSC Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP) which: (1) concluded that DINP is unlikely to present a human cancer hazard and (2) recommended an acceptable daily intake (ADI) level of 120 microg/kg-d, based on spongiosis hepatis in rats. The risk assessment incorporates new measurements of DINP migration rates from 24 toys and a new observational study of children's mouthing activities, with a detailed characterization of the objects mouthed. Probabilistic methods were used to estimate exposure. Mouthing behavior and, thus, exposure depend on the child's age. Approximately 42% of tested soft plastic toys contained DINP. Estimated DINP exposures for soft plastic toys were greatest among children 12-23 months old. The mean exposure for this age group was 0.08 (95% confidence interval 0.04-0.14) microg/kg-d, with a 99th percentile of 2.4 (1.3-3.2) microg/kg-d. The authors conclude that oral exposure to DINP from mouthing soft plastic toys is not likely to present a health hazard to children. The opinions expressed by the authors have not been reviewed or approved by, and do not necessarily reflect the views of, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Because this material was prepared by the authors in their official capacity, it is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Babich
- Directorate for Health Sciences, US Consumer Product Safety Commission, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Narama I, Imaida K, Iwata H, Nakae D, Nishikawa A, Harada T. A Review of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Proliferative Lesions in the Liver of Rats by a Working Group of the Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology. J Toxicol Pathol 2003. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.16.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Narama
- Research Institute of Drug Safety, Setsunan University
| | - Katsumi Imaida
- Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Kagawa Medical University
| | - Hijiri Iwata
- Department of Pathology, Biosafety Research Center, Foods, Drugs and Pesticides
| | - Dai Nakae
- Department of Pathology, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation
| | | | - Takanori Harada
- Toxicology Division II, Institute of Environmental Toxicology
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