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Takahashi N, Yamaguchi S, Ohtsuka R, Takeda M, Yoshida T, Kosaka T, Harada T. Gene expression analysis of antioxidant and DNA methylation on the rat liver after 4-week wood preservative chromated copper arsenate exposure. J Toxicol Pathol 2023; 36:31-43. [PMID: 36683727 PMCID: PMC9837468 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2022-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous 4-week repeated dose toxicity study showed that wood preservative chromated copper arsenate (CCA) induced hepatocellular hypertrophy accompanied by biochemical hepatic dysfunction and an increase in oxidative stress marker, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, in female rats. To further explore the molecular mechanisms of CCA hepatotoxicity, we analyzed 10%-buffered formalin-fixed liver samples from female rats for cell proliferation, apoptosis, and protein glutathionylation and conducted microarray analysis on frozen liver samples from female rats treated with 0 or 80 mg/kg/day of CCA. Chemical analysis revealed that dimethylated arsenical was the major metabolite in liver tissues of male and female rats. CCA increase labeling indices of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and decrease terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling accompanied with increased expression of protein glutathionylation, indicating a decrease in glutathione (GSH) in hepatocytes of female rats. Microarray analysis revealed that CCA altered gene expression of antioxidants, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), heat shock proteins and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA methylation, cytochrome P450, and glucose and lipid metabolism in female rats. Increased expression of GSTs, including Gsta2, Gsta3, Mgst1, and Cdkn1b (p27), and decreased expression of the antioxidant Mt1, and DNA methylation Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Ctcf were confirmed in the liver of female rats in a dose-dependent manner. Methylation status of the promoter region of the Mt1 was not evidently changed between control and treatment groups. The results suggested that CCA decreased GSH and altered the expression of several genes, including antioxidants, GST, and DNA methylation, followed by impaired cell proliferation in the liver of female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Takahashi
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321
Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan,*Corresponding author: N Takahashi (e-mail: )
| | - Satoru Yamaguchi
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321
Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Ohtsuka
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321
Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Makio Takeda
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321
Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kosaka
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321
Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Takanori Harada
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321
Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
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Takahashi N, Yoshida T, Kojima S, Yamaguchi S, Ohtsuka R, Takeda M, Kosaka T, Harada T. Pathological and Clinical Pathological Changes Induced by Four-week, Repeated-dose, Oral Administration of the Wood Preservative Chromated Copper Arsenate in Wistar Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:312-323. [PMID: 29587599 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318765392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is used as a wood preservative worldwide. Exposure to it may adversely affect human health. Some events have increased human exposure to CCA, including the Great East Japan Earthquake, which generated a large amount of lumber debris from CCA-treated woods. We elucidated the toxicity due to daily exposure to CCA over a 4-week period at doses of 0, 8, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day in Wistar Hannover rats. Chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As), but not copper, were detected in the plasma samples of rats treated with various doses of CCA. Males and females showed sedation, and males had poor body weight gain. The clinical pathologies observed in both sexes included hypochromic and microcytic anemia, hepatic and renal dysfunction, and changes in lipid and glucose levels. Histopathologically, males and females showed forestomach hyperkeratosis, mucosal epithelial hyperplasia in the small intestine, rectal goblet cell hypertrophy, and lipofuscin deposition in the proximal renal tubule. Females showed diffuse hepatocellular hypertrophy with increased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels. These results indicated that oral administration of CCA mainly affected hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal systems owing to the toxic effects of As and/or Cr. Major toxic effects were observed in both sexes receiving 40 and 80 mg/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Takahashi
- 1 The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- 2 Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Kojima
- 1 The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamaguchi
- 1 The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ohtsuka
- 1 The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makio Takeda
- 1 The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kosaka
- 1 The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takanori Harada
- 1 The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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Lee F, Lawrence DA. From Infections to Anthropogenic Inflicted Pathologies: Involvement of Immune Balance. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 21:24-46. [PMID: 29252129 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1412212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A temporal trend can be seen in recent human history where the dominant causes of death have shifted from infectious to chronic diseases in industrialized societies. Human influences in the current "Anthropocene" epoch are exponentially impacting the environment and consequentially health. Changing ecological niches are suggested to have created health transitions expressed as modifications of immune balance from infections inflicting pathologies in the Holocene epoch (12,000 years ago) to human behaviors inflicting pathologies beginning in the Anthropocene epoch (300 years ago). A review of human immune health and adaptations responding to environmental (biological, chemical, physical, and psychological) stresses, which are influenced by social conditions, emphasize the involvement of fluctuations in immune cell subsets affecting influential gene-environment interactions. The literature from a variety of fields (anthropological, immunological, and environmental) is incorporated to present an expanded perspective on shifts in diseases within the context of immune balance and function and environmental immunology. The influences between historical and contemporary human ecology are examined in relation to human immunity. Several examples of shifts in human physiology and immunity support the premise that increased incidences of chronic diseases are a consequence of human modification of environment and lifestyle. Although the development of better health care and a broader understanding of human health have helped with better life quality and expectancy, the transition of morbidity and mortality rates from infections to chronic diseases is a cause for concern. Combinations of environmental stressors/pollutants and human behaviors and conditions are modulating the immune-neuroendocrine network, which compromises health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lee
- a Department of Anthropology , University at Albany , Albany , NY , USA
| | - David A Lawrence
- b Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health , Albany , NY , USA
- c Biomedical Sciences and Environmental Health Sciences , University at Albany, School of Public Health , Albany , NY , USA
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Marouani N, Hallegue D, Sakly M, Benkhalifa M, Ben Rhouma K, Tebourbi O. p,p'-DDT induces testicular oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in adult rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:40. [PMID: 28549437 PMCID: PMC5446748 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT) is a known persistent organic pollutant and male reproductive toxicant. The present study is designed to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress mediates p,p'-DDT-induced apoptosis in testis. METHODS Male Wistar rats received an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of the pesticide at doses of 50 and 100mg/kg for 10 consecutive days. The oxidative stress was evaluated by biomarkers such lipid peroxidation (LPO) and metallothioneins (MTs) levels. Antioxidant enzymes activities was assessed by determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. In addition, glutathione-dependent enzymes and reducing power in testis was evaluated by glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH - GSSG) levels. Apoptosis was evaluated by DNA fragmentation detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Germinal cells apoptosis and the apoptotic index was assessed through the TUNEL assay. RESULTS After 10 days of treatment, an increase in LPO level and H2O2 production occurred, while MTs level, SOD and CAT activities were decreased. Also, the Gpx, GR, GST, and GSH activities were decreased, whereas GSSG activity was increased. Testicular tissues of treated rats showed pronounced degradation of the DNA into oligonucleotides as seen in the typical electrophoretic DNA ladder pattern. Intense apoptosis was observed in germinal cells of DDT-exposed rats. In addition, the apoptotic index was significantly increased in testis of DDT-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly suggest that DDT sub-acute treatment causes oxidative stress in rat testis leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neila Marouani
- 0000 0001 2295 3249grid.419508.1Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University Tunisia, Bizerte, Jarzouna Tunisia
| | - Dorsaf Hallegue
- 0000 0001 2295 3249grid.419508.1Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University Tunisia, Bizerte, Jarzouna Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- 0000 0001 2295 3249grid.419508.1Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University Tunisia, Bizerte, Jarzouna Tunisia
| | - Moncef Benkhalifa
- 0000 0001 0789 1385grid.11162.35Reproductive Medicine and Medical Cytogenetics Department, Regional University Hospital and School of Medicine, Picardie University Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Khémais Ben Rhouma
- 0000 0001 2295 3249grid.419508.1Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University Tunisia, Bizerte, Jarzouna Tunisia
| | - Olfa Tebourbi
- 0000 0001 2295 3249grid.419508.1Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University Tunisia, Bizerte, Jarzouna Tunisia
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Hepatoprotective activity of Rhus oxyacantha root cortex extract against DDT-induced liver injury in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:203-215. [PMID: 28363165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present investigation aimed to study the antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects of ethyl acetate extract of R. oxyacantha root cortex (RE) against DDT-induced liver injury in male rats. The RE exhibited high total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannins contents. The antioxidant activity in vitro systems showed a significant potent free radical scavenging activity of the extract. The HPLC finger print of R. oxyacantha active extract showed the presence of five phenolic compounds with higher amounts of catechol and gallic acid. The in vivo results showed that a single intraperitoneal administration of DDT enhanced levels of hepatic markers (ALT, AST and LDH) in serum of experimental animals. It also increased the oxidative stress markers resulting in increased levels of the lipid peroxidation with a significant induction of SOD and GPx, metallothioneins (MTs) and a concomitant decrease of non protein thiols (NPSH) in liver. However, pretreatment of rats with RE at a dose of 150 and 300mg/kg body weight significantly lowered serum transaminases and LDH in treated rats. A significant reduction in hepatic thiobarbituric reactive substances and a decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities and hepatic MTs levels by treatment with plant extract against DDT, were observed. These biochemical changes were consistent with histopathological observations, suggesting marked hepatoprotective effect of RE with the two doses used. These results strongly suggest that treatment with ethyl acetate extract normalizes various biochemical parameters and protects the liver against DDT-induced oxidative damage in rats and thus help in evaluation of traditional claim on this plant.
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Kostka G, Urbanek-Olejnik K, Liszewska M, Winczura A. The effect of acute dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane exposure on hypermethylation status and down-regulation of p53 and p16INK4a genes in rat liver. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:584-592. [PMID: 25410620 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the early effect of acute dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exposure on the methylation status of the promoter region of two tumor suppressor genes: p53 and p16(INK4a) (p16) in rat liver. We analyzed their transcript and protein expression profiles concurrently with the examination of transcriptional and protein expression levels of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1). Male Wistar rats were treated with a single dose of DDT (57 mg kg(-1) of body weight) and the methylation status of p53 and p16 genes was examined after 24 h using methylation-sensitive restriction analysis-MSRA. The obtained results indicate that DDT induced alternations in methylation of the promoter region in both p53 and p16 genes. In all the tested samples, the promoter CpG islands of p53 (-261, -179, and -450) were methylated within 100% as compared to control samples (0%). The methylation status of the p16 promoter (-11 and +77) was also altered due to exposure to DDT. Methylated cytosines were detectable in 75% of the tested DNA samples. The Real-time PCR and western blot analyses showed a decrease in mRNA and protein levels of p53, respectively, which was related to the increase in DNA synthesis. These relationships were also observed for mRNA and protein expressions of p16, although to a slighter extent. We also showed that hypermethylation in the promoter region of both tumor suppressor genes was consistent with an increased Dnmt1 mRNA level, and this relationship was further confirmed at the protein level of DNMT1. Concluding, our data suggests that epigenetically mediated changes in gene expression may play an important role in the mechanism of DDT toxicity, including carcinogenic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Kostka
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Urbanek-Olejnik
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Liszewska
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Winczura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Lushchak VI. Contaminant-induced oxidative stress in fish: a mechanistic approach. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:711-747. [PMID: 26607273 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living organisms was described more than 60 years ago and virtually immediately it was suggested that ROS were involved in various pathological processes and aging. The state when ROS generation exceeds elimination leading to an increased steady-state ROS level has been called "oxidative stress." Although ROS association with many pathological states in animals is well established, the question of ROS responsibility for the development of these states is still open. Fish represent the largest group of vertebrates and they inhabit a broad range of ecosystems where they are subjected to many different aquatic contaminants. In many cases, the deleterious effects of contaminants have been connected to induction of oxidative stress. Therefore, deciphering of molecular mechanisms leading to such contaminant effects and organisms' response may let prevent or minimize deleterious impacts of oxidative stress. This review describes general aspects of ROS homeostasis, in particular highlighting its basic aspects, modification of cellular constituents, operation of defense systems and ROS-based signaling with an emphasis on fish systems. A brief introduction to oxidative stress theory is accompanied by the description of a recently developed classification system for oxidative stress based on its intensity and time course. Specific information on contaminant-induced oxidative stress in fish is covered in sections devoted to such pollutants as metal ions (particularly iron, copper, chromium, mercury, arsenic, nickel, etc.), pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) and oil with accompanying pollutants. In the last section, certain problems and perspectives in studies of oxidative stress in fish are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine.
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Harada T, Takeda M, Kojima S, Tomiyama N. Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Toxicol Res 2016; 32:21-33. [PMID: 26977256 PMCID: PMC4780236 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.1.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is still used in certain areas of tropics and subtropics to control malaria and other insect-transmitted diseases. DDT and its metabolites have been extensively studied for their toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans and shown to have an endocrine disrupting potential affecting reproductive system although the effects may vary among animal species in correlation with exposure levels. Epidemiologic studies revealed either positive or negative associations between exposure to DDT and tumor development, but there has been no clear evidence that DDT causes cancer in humans. In experimental animals, tumor induction by DDT has been shown in the liver, lung, and adrenals. The mechanisms of hepatic tumor development by DDT have been studied in rats and mice. DDT is known as a non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogen and has been shown to induce microsomal enzymes through activation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and to inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the rodent liver. The results from our previously conducted 4-week and 2-year feeding studies of p,p'-DDT in F344 rats indicate that DDT may induce hepatocellular eosinophilic foci as a result of oxidative DNA damage and leads them to hepatic neoplasia in combination with its mitogenic activity and inhibitory effect on GJIC. Oxidative stress could be a key factor in hepatocarcinogenesis by DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Harada
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043,
Japan
| | - Makio Takeda
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043,
Japan
| | - Sayuri Kojima
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043,
Japan
| | - Naruto Tomiyama
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043,
Japan
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Shimada Y, Tomita M, Yoshida T, Fukuyama T, Katoh Y, Ohnuma-Koyama A, Takahashi N, Soma K, Kojima S, Ohtsuka R, Takeda M, Kuwahara M, Harada T. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats treated with a hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme inducer p,p'-DDT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:245-51. [PMID: 25577727 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular hypertrophy in association with drug-metabolizing enzyme induction is considered to be an adaptive change associated with drug metabolism. To improve our understanding of liver hypertrophy, we determined the effect of a single ip injection of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle in male F344 rats with hepatocellular hypertrophy induced by oral delivery of p,p'-DDT for 2 weeks. The rats were sacrificed 3h or 24h after LPS or vehicle injection. LPS induced a focal hepatocellular necrosis in rats fed the control diet. When rats pre-treated with p,p'-DDT were injected with LPS, necrotic foci surrounded by ballooned hepatocytes were observed in the liver. The change was consistent with reduced LPS-mediated increases in plasma hepatic biomarkers, neutrophil influx, and apoptosis, and also associated with hepatic mRNA levels of TNF-α, CYPs, and NOS2. By contrast, when combined with p,p'-DDT and LPS, faint hepatocellular fatty change was extended, together with a synergistic increase in total blood cholesterol. These results suggest that hepatocytes exposed to p,p'-DDT are protected from the cell-lethal toxic effects of an exogenous stimulus, resulting in cell ballooning rather than necrosis in association with reduced inflammation and apoptosis, but compromised by an adverse effect on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimada
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Mariko Tomita
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Katoh
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Aya Ohnuma-Koyama
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Naofumi Takahashi
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Katsumi Soma
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Sayuri Kojima
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ohtsuka
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Makio Takeda
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Maki Kuwahara
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Takanori Harada
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
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10
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Jin XT, Song L, Zhao JY, Li ZY, Zhao MR, Liu WP. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane exposure induces the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Toxicol Lett 2013; 225:158-66. [PMID: 24355586 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a persistent organic pollutant, involved in the progression of many cancers, including liver cancer. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of DDT, especially how low doses DDT cause liver cancer, is poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the impact of p,p'-DDT on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma using both in vitro and in vivo models. The present data indicated that the proliferation of HepG2 cells was strikingly promoted after exposed to p,p'-DDT for 4 days. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content was significantly elevated, accompanied with inhibitions of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Interestingly, the levels of β-catenin and its downstream target genes (c-Myc and CyclinD1) were significantly up-regulated, and co-treatment of NAC, the ROS inhibitor, inhibited these over-expressed proteins. Moreover, the p,p'-DDT-stimulated proliferation of HepG2 cells could be reversed after NAC or β-catenin siRNA co-treatment. Likewise, p,p'-DDT treatment increased the growth of tumor in nude mice, stimulated oxidative stress and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our study indicates that low doses p,p'-DDT exposure promote the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma via Wnt/β-catenin pathway which is activated by oxidative stress. The finding suggests an association between low dose DDT exposure and liver cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Jin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li Song
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun-Yu Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuo-Yu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Mei-Rong Zhao
- Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wei-Ping Liu
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Kazantseva YA, Yarushkin AA, Pustylnyak VO. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane technical mixture regulates cell cycle and apoptosis genes through the activation of CAR and ERα in mouse livers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:137-43. [PMID: 23684557 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a widely used organochlorine pesticide and a xenoestrogen that promotes rodent hepatomegaly and tumours. A recent study has shown significant correlation between DDT serum concentration and liver cancer incidence in humans, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We hypothesised that a mixture of DDT isomers could exert effects on the liver through pathways instead of classical ERs. The acute effects of a DDT mixture containing the two major isomers p,p'-DDT (85%) and o,p'-DDT (15%) on CAR and ERα receptors and their cell cycle and apoptosis target genes were studied in mouse livers. ChIP results demonstrated increased CAR and ERα recruitment to their specific target gene binding sites in response to the DDT mixture. The results of real-time RT-PCR were consistent with the ChIP data and demonstrated that the DDT was able to activate both CAR and ERα in mouse livers, leading to target gene transcriptional increases including Cyp2b10, Gadd45β, cMyc, Mdm2, Ccnd1, cFos and E2f1. Western blot analysis demonstrated increases in cell cycle progression proteins cMyc, Cyclin D1, CDK4 and E2f1 and anti-apoptosis proteins Mdm2 and Gadd45β. In addition, DDT exposure led to Rb phosphorylation. Increases in cell cycle progression and anti-apoptosis proteins were accompanied by a decrease in p53 content and its transcriptional activity. However, the DDT was unable to stimulate the β-catenin signalling pathway, which can play an important role in hepatocyte proliferation. Thus, our results indicate that DDT treatment may result in cell cycle progression and apoptosis inhibition through CAR- and ERα-mediated gene activation in mouse livers. These findings suggest that the proliferative and anti-apoptotic conditions induced by CAR and ERα activation may be important contributors to the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis as produced by DDT in rodent livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya A Kazantseva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SB RAMS, Novosibirsk, Timakova str., 2, 630117, Russia
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Tomita M, Yoshida T, Fukumori J, Yamaguchi S, Kojima S, Fukuyama T, Ohnuma-Koyama A, Takahashi N, Takeuchi-Kashimoto Y, Kuwahara M, Nakashima N, Ohtsuka R, Takeda M, Kosaka T, Harada T. p, p′-DDT induces microcytic anemia in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:775-82. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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13
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Biomonitoring Equivalents for DDT/DDE. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 60:172-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lushchak VI. Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 101:13-30. [PMID: 21074869 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1394] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an unenviable part of aerobic life. Their steady-state concentration is a balance between production and elimination providing certain steady-state ROS level. The dynamic equilibrium can be disturbed leading to enhanced ROS level and damage to cellular constituents which is called "oxidative stress". This review describes the general processes responsible for ROS generation in aquatic animals and critically analyses used markers for identification of oxidative stress. Changes in temperature, oxygen levels and salinity can cause the stress in natural and artificial conditions via induction of disbalance between ROS production and elimination. Human borne pollutants can also enhance ROS level in hydrobionts. The role of transition metal ions, such as copper, chromium, mercury and arsenic, and pesticides, namely insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides along with oil products in induction of oxidative stress is highlighted. Last years the research in biology of free radicals was refocused from only descriptive works to molecular mechanisms with particular interest to ones enhancing tolerance. The function of some transcription regulators (Keap1-Nrf2 and HIF-1α) in coordination of organisms' response to oxidative stress is discussed. The future directions in the field are related with more accurate description of oxidative stress, the identification of its general characteristics and mechanisms responsible for adaptation to the stress have been also discussed. The last part marks some perspectives in the study of oxidative stress in hydrobionts, which, in addition to classic use, became more and more popular to address general biological questions such as development, aging and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Precarpathian National University named after Vassyl Stefanyk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
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Tebourbi O, Hallègue D, Yacoubi MT, Sakly M, Rhouma KB. Subacute toxicity of p,p'-DDT on rat thyroid: Hormonal and histopathological changes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 29:271-279. [PMID: 21787613 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of p,p'-DDT on thyroid activity of male Wistar rats. Pesticide was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 10 consecutive days at doses of 50 and 100mg/kg/day. At the end of the treatment, the endpoints examined included serum total levels of triiodothyronine (T(3)), total thyroxine (T(4)), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Thyroid gland histopathology and tissue metabolism of thyroid hormone (T(4) UDP-glucuronyltransferase UDP-GT and 5'-deiodinases) were determined. DDT treatment altered thyroid function namely by increasing hepatic excretion of T(4) glucuronide. At the dose of 50mg/kg it decreased T(4) circulating levels and increased thyroid 5'-deiodinase type I (5'-D-I) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) 5'-deiodinase type II (5'-D-II) activities but it did not affect liver 5'-D-I activity which might contribute to the maintenance of the serum T(3) level. Treatment with 100mgDDT/kg decreased serum thyroid hormone concentration and tissue 5'-D-I activity without affecting BAT 5'-D-II activity. Gland histomorphological analysis showed hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia with abundant colloid. These observations associated to the elevated serum TSH levels and gland hypertrophy suggest that DDT exposure induced an hypothyroidism state with a colloid goiter in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Tebourbi
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
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Vinken M, Doktorova T, Decrock E, Leybaert L, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Gap junctional intercellular communication as a target for liver toxicity and carcinogenicity. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 44:201-22. [PMID: 19635038 DOI: 10.1080/10409230903061215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Direct communication between hepatocytes, mediated by gap junctions, constitutes a major regulatory platform in the control of liver homeostasis, ranging from hepatocellular proliferation to hepatocyte cell death. Inherent to this pivotal task, gap junction functionality is frequently disrupted upon impairment of the homeostatic balance, as occurs during liver toxicity and carcinogenicity. In the present paper, the deleterious effects of a number of chemical and biological toxic compounds on hepatic gap junctions are discussed, including environmental pollutants, biological toxins, organic solvents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, peroxides, metals and phthalates. Particular attention is paid to the molecular mechanisms that underlie the abrogation of gap junction functionality. Since hepatic gap junctions are specifically targeted by tumor promoters and epigenetic carcinogens, both in vivo and in vitro, inhibition of gap junction functionality is considered as a suitable indicator for the detection of nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Hattis D, Chu M, Rahmioglu N, Goble R, Verma P, Hartman K, Kozlak M. A preliminary operational classification system for nonmutagenic modes of action for carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2009; 39:97-138. [PMID: 19009457 DOI: 10.1080/10408440802307467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article proposes a system of categories for nonmutagenic modes of action for carcinogenesis. The classification is of modes of action rather than individual carcinogens, because the same compound can affect carcinogenesis in more than one way. Basically, we categorize modes of action as: (1) co-initiation (facilitating the original mutagenic changes in stem and progenitor cells that start the cancer process) (e.g. induction of activating enzymes for other carcinogens); (2) promotion (enhancing the relative growth vs differentiation/death of initiated clones (e.g. inhibition of growth-suppressing cell-cell communication); (3) progression (enhancing the growth, malignancy, or spread of already developed tumors) (e.g. suppression of immune surveillance, hormonally mediated growth stimulation for tumors with appropriate receptors by estrogens); and (4) multiphase (e.g., "epigenetic" silencing of tumor suppressor genes). A priori, agents that act at relatively early stages in the process are expected to manifest greater relative susceptibility in early life, whereas agents that act via later stage modes will tend to show greater susceptibility for exposures later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hattis
- George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Kiyosawa N, Kwekel JC, Burgoon LD, Dere E, Williams KJ, Tashiro C, Chittim B, Zacharewski TR. Species-specific regulation of PXR/CAR/ER-target genes in the mouse and rat liver elicited by o, p'-DDT. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:487. [PMID: 18925944 PMCID: PMC2577663 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a persistent estrogenic organochlorine pesticide that is a rodent hepatic tumor promoter, with inconclusive carcinogenicity in humans. We have previously reported that o, p'-DDT elicits primarily PXR/CAR-mediated activity, rather than ER-mediated hepatic responses, and suggested that CAR-mediated effects, as opposed to ER-mediated effects, may be more important in tumor promotion in the rat liver. To further characterize species-specific hepatic responses, gene expression analysis, with complementary histopathology and tissue level analyses were investigated in immature, ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice treated with 300 mg/kg o, p'-DDT, and compared to Sprague-Dawley rat data. RESULTS Rats and mice exhibited negligible histopathology with rapid o, p'-DDT metabolism. Gene expression profiles were also similar, exhibiting PXR/CAR regulation with the characteristic induction of Cyp2b10 and Cyp3a11. However, PXR-specific target genes such as Apoa4 or Insig2 exhibited more pronounced induction compared to CAR-specific genes in the mouse. In addition, mouse Car mRNA levels decreased, possibly contributing to the preferential activation of mouse PXR. ER-regulated genes Cyp17a1 and Cyp7b1 were also induced, suggesting o, p'-DDT also elicits ER-mediated gene expression in the mouse, while ER-mediated effects were negligible in the rat, possibly due to the inhibitory effects of CAR on ER activities. In addition, o, p'-DDT induced Gadd45a, Gadd45b and Cdkn1, suggesting DNA damage may be an additional risk factor. Furthermore, elevated blood DHEA-S levels at 12 h after treatment in the mouse may also contribute to the endocrine-related effects of o, p'-DDT. CONCLUSION Although DDT is known to cause rodent hepatic tumors, the marked species differences in PXR/CAR structure, expression patterns and ligand preference as well as significant species-specific differences in steroidogenesis, especially CYP17A1 expression and activity, confound the extrapolation of these results to humans. Nevertheless, the identification of potential modes of action as well as species-specific responses may assist in the selection and further development of more appropriate models for assessing the toxicity of DDT to humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kiyosawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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Induction of characteristic hepatocyte proliferative lesion with dietary exposure of Wistar Hannover rats to tocotrienol for 1 year. Toxicology 2008; 250:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Involvement of oxidative stress in hepatocellular tumor-promoting activity of oxfendazole in rats. Arch Toxicol 2008; 83:503-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Takahashi N, Yoshida T, Takeuchi Y, Kuwahara M, Nakashima N, Chiba Y, Harada T. Malignant Myopericytoma-like Tumor in a Fischer Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:738-42. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623308320804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myopericytoma is a perivascular tumor that has been recently described in humans, but not in laboratory rodents. The authors encountered an intra-abdominal tumor resembling human malignant myopericytoma in a Fischer rat. Grossly, the tumor was found as two brown-colored masses located in the mesentery of rectum. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of oval to spindle-shaped cells, which were arranged in sheets around numerous thin-walled branching vessels and partly showed a concentric perivascular growth pattern. Mitoses were frequently seen, and the tumor cells showed a local invasion. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were strongly positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin and weakly positive for vimentin and desmin. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells had dendritic processes, actin-like thin filaments with dense bodies, basement membranes, hemidesmosomes, and micropinocytotic vesicles. These findings suggest that the most appropriate term for diagnosis of the present case could be a malignant myopericytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Maki Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakashima
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuko Chiba
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takanori Harada
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kiyosawa N, Kwekel JC, Burgoon LD, Williams KJ, Tashiro C, Chittim B, Zacharewski TR. o,p'-DDT elicits PXR/CAR-, not ER-, mediated responses in the immature ovariectomized rat liver. Toxicol Sci 2007; 101:350-63. [PMID: 17984292 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Technical-grade dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is an agricultural pesticide and malarial vector control agent that has been designated a potential human hepatocarcinogen. The o,p'-enantiomer exhibits estrogenic activity that has been associated with the carcinogenicity of DDT. The temporal and dose-dependent hepatic estrogenicity of o,p'-DDT was investigated using complementary DNA microarrays in immature ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats with complementary histopathology and tissue-level analysis. Animals were gavaged with 300 mg/kg o,p'-DDT either once or once daily for 3 consecutive days. Liver samples were examined 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, or 24 h after a single dose or following three daily doses. For dose-response studies, a single dose of 3, 10, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg body weight o,p'-DTT was administered for 3 consecutive days. Genes associated with drug metabolism (Cyp2b2 and Cyp3a2), the nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR), cell proliferation (Ccnd1, Ccnb1, Ccnb2, and Stmn1), and oxidative stress (Gclm and Hmox1) were significantly induced. Cyp2b2 exhibited dose-dependent regulation and was significantly induced across all time points, while cell proliferation- and oxidative stress-related genes exhibited transient induction. The induction of Cyp2b2 and Cyp3a2 mRNA levels suggest PXR/CAR activation, consistent with expression of genes associated with oxidative stress. Few genes known to be estrogen receptor (ER) regulated were differentially expressed when compared to the hepatic gene expression profile elicited by ethynyl estradiol in immature ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice using the same study design and analysis methods. These data indicate that o,p'-DDT elicits PXR/CAR-, not ER-, mediated gene expression in the rat liver. Based on the species-specific differences in CAR regulation, the extrapolation of rodent DDT hepatocarcinogenicity to humans warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kiyosawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Fiorini C, Gilleron J, Carette D, Valette A, Tilloy A, Chevalier S, Segretain D, Pointis G. Accelerated internalization of junctional membrane proteins (connexin 43, N-cadherin and ZO-1) within endocytic vacuoles: an early event of DDT carcinogenicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1778:56-67. [PMID: 17949680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stability of cell-to-cell interactions and integrity of junctional membrane proteins are essential for biological processes including cancer prevention. The present study shows that DDT, a non-genomic carcinogen used at a non-cytotoxic dose (1 microM), rapidly disrupted the cell-cell contacts and concomitantly induced the formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles close to the plasma membrane in the SerW3 Sertoli cell line. High-resolution deconvolution microscopy reveals that this vacuolization process was clathrin-dependent since a hyperosmotic media (0.2 M sucrose) blocked rhodamine-dextran endocytosis. In response to DDT, junctional proteins such as Cx43, N-Cadherin and ZO-1 were internalized and present in vacuoles. In Cx43-GFP transfected cells, time lapse videomicroscopy demonstrates that DDT rapidly enhanced fragmentation of the gap junction plaques and abolished the gap junction coupling without major modification of Cx43 phosphorylation status. Repeated exposure to DDT resulted in chronic gap junction coupling injury. The present results demonstrate that one of the early effect of DDT is to interfere with the plasma membrane and to perturb its function, specifically its ability to establish cell-cell junctions that are essential for tissue homeostasis and control of cell proliferation and differentiation. Such an alteration may play a specific role during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Fiorini
- INSERM U 670, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice cedex 02, France
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Terasaki Y, Akuta T, Terasaki M, Sawa T, Mori T, Okamoto T, Ozaki M, Takeya M, Akaike T. Guanine nitration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and its implication for carcinogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:665-73. [PMID: 16741153 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200510-1580oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitric oxide (NO)-induced nitrative stress of nucleic acids, as evidenced by guanine nitration, appears to be involved in inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. A high incidence of lung cancer in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the major reason for poor prognosis in patients with IPF. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We immunohistochemically analyzed the formation and localization of 8-nitroguanine in lung tissues from control subjects, patients with IPF, and patients with lung cancer. MAIN RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis of control smoker and nonsmoker lungs showed weak immunoreactivity for 8-nitroguanine, mainly in cytoplasm of bronchial epithelial cells. In addition to the bronchial epithelial cells, metaplastic regenerated epithelial cells overlying dense fibrotic lesions in IPF showed strong 8-nitroguanine staining in the cytoplasm. The staining in these metaplastic cells colocalized with staining of inducible and endothelial NO synthases and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine, as evidenced by double-immunostaining analysis. Confocal and immunoelectron microscopy revealed localization of 8-nitroguanine in metaplastic epithelial cytoplasm, mostly in mitochondria. Appreciable 8-nitroguanine immunostaining was also observed in both nuclei and cytoplasm of malignant epithelial cells in squamous cell carcinoma. No significant difference was found in the epithelial 8-nitroguanine formation between control smokers and nonsmokers, but much higher guanine nitration was observed in patients with IPF than in control subjects and patients with lung cancer, via a quantitative immunofluorescence image analysis. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that not only oxidative stress but also nitrative stress induced by NO may participate in the pathogenesis of epithelial cell damage and aberrant regeneration occurring in IPF. Thus, guanine nitration may be a major risk factor for lung cancer development in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Terasaki
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Osaka, Japan
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Harada T, Ohtsuka R, Takeda M, Yoshida T, Enomoto A, Kojima S, Tomiyama N, Nakashima N, Ozaki M. Hepatocarcinogenesis by DDT in Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2006. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.19.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kushida M, Sukata T, Uwagawa S, Ozaki K, Kinoshita A, Wanibuchi H, Morimura K, Okuno Y, Fukushima S. Low dose DDT inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis initiated by diethylnitrosamine in male rats: possible mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 208:285-94. [PMID: 15885732 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported a tendency for reduction of the development of glutathione-S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci, recognized as preneoplastic changes in rat liver, by a low dose of 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT), which belongs to the same group of hepatic cytochrome P-450 inducers as phenobarbital and is itself a non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogen. In order to clarify the biological significance of this phenomenon, we investigated the reproducibility and changes in other parameters using an initiation-promotion model in which male F344 rats were treated with DDT at doses of 0, 0.005, 0.5, 500 ppm in the diet for 11 or 43 weeks after initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN). When 500 ppm DDT was applied, the formation of GST-P positive foci and tumor were markedly elevated. In contrast, induction of GST-P positive foci and liver tumors tended to be inhibited at a dose of 0.005 ppm, correlating with protein levels of cytochrome P450 2B1 and 3A2 (CYP2B1 and 3A2) and generation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative DNA damage. mRNA levels for 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1), an 8-OHdG repair enzyme, connexin 32 (Cx32), a major component of Gap junctions, and hepatic nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF-1alpha), a Cx32 regulator, were inversely correlated with GST-P positive foci and tumor formation. These results indicate that low dose DDT may indeed exhibit inhibitory effects on chemically initiated-rat hepatocarcinogenicity, in contrast to the promotion observed with high doses, and that this is related to changes in metabolizing enzymes, cell communication, and DNA damage and its repair.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Connexins/drug effects
- Connexins/genetics
- Connexins/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/drug effects
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- DDT/administration & dosage
- DDT/pharmacology
- DNA Damage/drug effects
- DNA Glycosylases/drug effects
- DNA Glycosylases/genetics
- DNA Glycosylases/metabolism
- DNA, Single-Stranded/drug effects
- Deoxyguanosine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Diethylnitrosamine/administration & dosage
- Diethylnitrosamine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Diethylnitrosamine/toxicity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Gene Expression
- Glutathione S-Transferase pi/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glutathione S-Transferase pi/drug effects
- Glutathione S-Transferase pi/metabolism
- Glutathione Transferase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glutathione Transferase/drug effects
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha/drug effects
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha/metabolism
- Immunochemistry/methods
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Male
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Gap Junction beta-1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kushida
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Uppala PT, Roy SK, Tousson A, Barnes S, Uppala GR, Eastmond DA. Induction of cell proliferation, micronuclei and hyperdiploidy/polyploidy in the mammary cells of DDT- and DMBA-treated pubertal rats. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2005; 46:43-52. [PMID: 15880734 DOI: 10.1002/em.20131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The environmental estrogen, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and its metabolites have been implicated in the development of breast cancer through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. It has been hypothesized that exposure to DDT and its metabolites, during critical periods of development, can contribute to an elevated risk for breast cancer in adults. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of o,p'-DDT on mammary gland cell proliferation and chromosomal alterations, in a rat mammary cancer model (commonly used to study human cancer), to gain insights into its potential role in the development of breast cancer. Twenty-one-day-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administered o,p'-DDT, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), genistein, DDT+DMBA, or DDT+DMBA+genistein, over a 14-day period. To determine changes in chromosome number and structure, we used the micronucleus assay as well as multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) region-specific DNA probes for rat chromosomes 4 and 19. Cell proliferation was evaluated using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Significant increases in BrdU-incorporated cells were seen in the rats treated with DDT+DMBA. Although micronucleus frequencies were somewhat elevated in several of the treatment groups, significant increases were not seen in any of them. Significant increases in numerical chromosomal aberrations were detected in all of the DDT- and DMBA-treated groups. Genistein significantly reduced BrdU incorporation and polyploidy in the DDT+DMBA-treated rats. These initial studies indicate that DDT and DMBA can induce cellular and chromosomal alterations in the rat mammary gland, which is consistent with the hypothesis that these agents can induce early events in mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma T Uppala
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Sánchez-Pérez Y, Carrasco-Legleu C, García-Cuellar C, Pérez-Carreón J, Hernández-García S, Salcido-Neyoy M, Alemán-Lazarini L, Villa-Treviño S. Oxidative stress in carcinogenesis. Correlation between lipid peroxidation and induction of preneoplastic lesions in rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2005; 217:25-32. [PMID: 15596293 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress during carcinogen metabolism seems to participate in liver tumor production in the rat. N-diethylnitrosamine is an important carcinogen used in liver cancer animal models. This indirect alkylating agent produces DNA-ethyl adducts and oxidative stress. In contrast, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, a direct mutagen, which generates DNA-ethyl adducts, does not produce liver tumors in rat unless it is given under oxidative stress conditions such as partial hepatectomy or phenobarbital treatment. To gain insight into the relation between oxidative stress and hepatocarcinogenicity, the induction of preneoplastic liver lesions was compared among three different initiation protocols related to the initiation-promotion-resistant hepatocyte model. In addition, liver lipid peroxidation levels, determined as thiobarituric acid reactive substances were studied early during the initiation stage. Rats initiated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, 25 days after treatment developed fewer and smaller gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase positive preneoplastic lesions than rats initiated with N-diethylnitrosamine. A pre-treatment with the antioxidant quercetin 1 h before N-diethylnitrosamine initiation, significantly prevented development of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive lesions. Increased lipid peroxidation levels were induced with N-diethylnitrosamine from 3 to 24 h after initiation, while N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea did not induce increments, and importantly, pre-treatment with quercetin decreased lipid peroxidation induced by N-diethylnitrosamine. These results show correlation between lipid peroxidation and hepatocarcinogenicity and support the important role of oxidative stress on liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México 14, DF, CP 07360, Mexico
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Bannasch P. Comments on R. Karbe and R. L. Kerlin (2002). Cystic degeneration/spongiosis hepatis (Toxicol Pathol 30 (2), 216-227). Toxicol Pathol 2004; 31:566-70. [PMID: 14692626 DOI: 10.1080/01926230390224700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Karbe and Kerlin have questioned the classification of spongiosis hepatis as a preneoplastic lesion or even a benign neoplasm, designated as spongiotic pericytoma, and have proposed to use the term cystic degeneration for this lesion in rats and fish. However, the reclassification of spongiosis as cystic degeneration is unwarranted for several reasons. In the rat, spongiosis hepatis represents a specific pathomorphologic entity, originating from the perisinusoidal (Ito) cells; it may occur spontaneously in aged animals but its number and size increases significantly after exposure to various (hepato)carcinogens. Comparative morphological, immunohistochemical, and autoradiographic studies in rats exposed to N-nitrosomorpholine revealed that spongiosis hepatis is an integral part of larger proliferative Ito-cell aggregates showing an autonomous, progressive growth. The classification of spongiosis hepatis as a benign neoplasm is based on these findings that endorse and extend previous considerations on the preneoplastic or neoplastic nature of this lesion. Irrespective of the classification of spongiosis hepatis as a benign neoplastic or a preneoplastic lesion, there is compelling evidence for its reliability as a sensitive marker for (hepato)carcinogenic effects in rats and fish. The data collected by Karbe and Kerlin support rather than contradict the reliability of spongiosis hepatis as an effect marker for carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bannasch
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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